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The Neutral Kaon System
The Neutral Kaon System
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Characteristics of the Kaon System
In the neutral kaon system, the two physical states,
differ significantly in their lifetimesand the K-longthe K-short ,
The is the heavier state
A striking numerical “coincidence”
The “super-weak” phase
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
More Phases write
with
where we have introduced (convention-dependent) phases and
define
the effective Hamiltonian
CP violation in mixing is small if either or is small,
or if is close to or
in the kaon system
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Indirect CP ViolationThe decay of neutral kaon is dominated by a single CP final state
and are almost antiparallel
andTherefore, to first order in
almost a pure phase
In the limit of CP conservation ( )
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Specific Kaon Notations
anddefine
do not depend
on phase conventions
or, equivalently
link with previous notations
using
alternate definitions
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Specific Kaon NotationsPhysical states, as a function of flavor states
T conservation
CPT conservation
CP conservation… and as a function of the CP eigenstates
with
Note: Always more K0 than K0!
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The Bell-Steinberger Relation
If CP is violated, the physical states are not orthogonal
Conservation of the probability (general unitarity)
,Taken at t=0, this leads to
connects indirect CPT violation with
CP-violating decays
Bell-Steinberger, 1966with
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Kaon Decay Modes
69%
31%
21%
13%
27%
39%
0.2%
0.1%
Physical states Flavor eigenstates
decays are dominated by three-pion and semileptonic
The two-pion final states, common to both , are dominantand
The two-pion decays of theare CP-violating
CP violation
lifetimesplitting:pure KLbeam
KS-KLinterference
region
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The ππ Final Statesangular momentum
Consider the decay
The two-pion final states are common to both and
Note: when CP is conserved
and
the CP-odd eigenstate
cannot decay into two pions
(identified to physical state)
Define the CP-violating observables
,
all three types of CP violation can lead to non-zero andNote:
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Experimental Methodson purpose,
only last generationexperiments
Measurements of ( and )
Pure and (almost pure) beamsNA48
& KTeV
sensitive to and double ratio
Regeneration of in a beam
sensitive tois the regeneration amplitude
Incoherent production of and (close target)NA48/2
sensitive to
“Strangeness” tagging, and “beams”CPLEAR
sensitive to
Coherent production of and at the KLOE
Where It All Started…
V.L.Fitch R.Turlay J.W.Cronin J.H.Christenson
Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1964) 138.
A very active field in the seventies!
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
E832 (KTeV) at FNALDouble KL beams (<p>=70 GeV/c)Regenerator for KSPure CsI calorimeterTagging by event positionMC acceptance correctionMaximize statistics
regenerator beam
neutral pionreconstruction
in CsI Calorimeter
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KTeV: Acceptance Issues
vacuum
regenerateddifferent average
acceptance
different momentum spectra
Need an analysis technique
to put the two beams on equal footing
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KTeV: Detector Simulation
KTeV analysis relies on a verydetailed Monte-Carlo simulationto predict the acceptance of each beam
Counting experiment: large Monte-Carlo acceptance corrections –
but mostly geometric (90%)
check of acceptance using vacuum beam
use large statistics control samplesto cross-check Monte-Carlo performance
correct residual bias due to different vertex distributions in vac/reg beams
Other difficulty: the regenerator beam
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KteV: the Regenerator Beam
The regenerator beam is a NOT a pure beamIt is a coherent superpositionof and
Two-pion time-dependent decay rate
Quantum coherenceover 30m !
With the regenerator beam, KTeV can measure not only decay rates, but also phases (and other kaon parameters, including and )
(assuming CPT)
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
NA48 at CERN
Simultaneous near/far targetsConverging beams (<p>=100 GeV/c )Liquid Kr calorimeterTagging by time-of-flightLifetime weighting to minimize acceptance correction
separate and decays in time
analyse andwith the same effective proper time
relative acceptancecancels ☺
NA48 technique:
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Neutral Kaon Beam at NA48
The NA48 Detector
π0π0 detection ( →4 γ)LKr calorimeterσ(E)/E=0.032/√E⊕0.09/E⊕0.0042
< 1% for E=25 GeV
π+π- detectionmagnetic spectrometerσ(p)/p = 0.5%⊕0.9%∗(p/100 GeV)
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CP Violation in Semileptonic Decays
semileptonicasymmetries
only non-zero semileptonic amplitudes
rule semileptonic decays can be used to monitor the
content of the stateand
Experimentally, use a pure KL beam
Assuming CPT( )
CP and Tviolation or CP and CPTviolation?
measurement of CP violation
in mixing
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KL Semileptonic Asymmetries
KTeV KTeV 2001 data events
Pπ (GeV/c)
δ · 10-3
χ2/n.d.f=0.90 (n.d.f.=9)1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
NA48 preliminary
eventsNA48 2001 data
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Check of Initial Statement
semileptonic decayshave slightly more positively-charged
than negatively-charged leptonsdue to a slight excess of over
to second order in
CP violation in mixing is smallbecause the relative phase
between andis close to zero
CPLEAR at CERN
intense beam of slow antiprotons
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The CPLEAR DetectorCP physics at a Low Energy Antiproton Ring
Technique: stop 200 MeV/c antiprotons in a gaseous pressurized hydrogen target
strangeness tagging
detection of low energy particles within 4π solid angle
kaon tagging, tracking, calorimetrypresence of large backgrounds
Experimental challenge
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CPLEAR, Event Displays
Semileptonic eventTwo-neutral pionsTwo-charged pions
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
charged kaon
primary pion
neutral kaon
track fit
9-C fitCPLEAR, Analysis
Resonant structure of the reaction
9-C Constrained kinematic fitimproves considerably the momentum (and decay-time) resolution
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KLOE at Frascati
• Ebeam=510 MeV• 2 separate rings for e+ and e- to
minimize beam-beam• high current (20 mA per bunch)• up to 120 bunches• crossing angle at 12.5 mrad
DAΦNE factory
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KLOE, Analysis Technique
in a state
factoryat a
coherent production
constrained kinematics
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KLOE Data Sample
1999 run : 2.5 pb-1
machine and detector studies
2000 run : 25 pb-1
7.5 x 107 φpublished results
2001 run: 190 pb-1
5.7 x 108 φ analysis in progress
2002 run: 300 pb-1
9.0 x 108 φ analysis in progress
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The KLOE Detector
Pb-SciFi Calorimeter( barrel + endcap,15 X0 depth, 98%solid angle coverage)
0.52 T magnetic field
Big volume Drift Chamber(13K cells, He gas mixt.)
Interaction region:Instrumented quadrupoles,Al-Be spherical beam pipe
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
K-Long “Beam”
KS tagtwo opposite charge tracks
from Interaction Point,with loose cuts on mass
and momentum Good determination of the KL
direction and momentum (~2MeV)
efficiency ~ 85%
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
K-Short “Beam”
KL-crashclean KS tags by
time of flight identification of KL interactions in the calorimeter
efficiency ~ 30%
Total sample:1.5 108 tagged KS
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Quantum Coherence
KLOE preliminary310 pb-1 (2001+2002)
First observation of quantum interference in relative decay-time
distribution of KL,KS
KLOE preliminary
in principle such distributionscontain all the CP-violating informationbut two order of magnitude more datais needed to compete with NA48 & kTeV
An interesting prelim. result from KLOEfrom decays
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Isospin Amplitudes
To separate from CP violation effects, one introduces
due to Bose statisticsonly and
states are allowed
isospinstates
, , withisospinamplitudes
Watson’s theorem: FSI of states
is only elastic
only two scattering phasesand
no direct CP violation in
the amplitude is dominantrule
from measured decay rates
one gets
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The Phase of Γ12
rulesemileptonicfinal states
are not common
The evaluation of involves the decay final states
andthat are common to
Significant common final states
almost saturates
define
expect up to tiny corrections
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The ε0 Parameterdominates the and two-pion decays
define with
phase-invariant parameters
because we consider only one amplitude
CP violation in mixing
CP violation in interferencemixing/decay
The parameter receives
the contribution of two types of CP violation
what about direct CPV?
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The ε′ Parameter
define
then, to first order in and,
alternate definition
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Double Ratios
eliminate mixing by forming the ratio
manifestation of direct CP violation in the decays
implies and/or
contribution of two amplitudes andwith different weak phases and strong phases
a different type of direct CP violation! direct CP because no mixing involved
due to phase difference between the decays to two different final states
Experimentally: the double ratio R
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CP Parameters in ππ Decays
= phase vs
= phase vs
not to scale!
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The ππ Asymmetry
neglecting direct CP violation
one has
and
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The ππ Asymmetry
one checks that, at , before mixing starts
The asymmetry is an interplay between two types of CP violation
CP violation in mixing
CP violation in the interference mixing.decay
non zero
Unique to the K system: dominance of one common channel
Note: the two phases are strongly related
If direct CP violation is not neglected,
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CPLEAR: ππ Decay RatesMeasured decay rates (after acceptance corrections)
as expected, not a pure exponential
background
andafter acceptance correction and background subtraction
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
The CPLEAR Asymmetry
CPLEAR ππ asymmetrydefined so that
CPLEAR 99The relative reconstruction efficiency
is corrected event by event
From the fit to the distribution
in agreement with the superweak phase
(in the limit of low backgrounds)
The Quest for Direct CPViolation
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Indirect CP Violation in the SM
In the Standard Model (refer to Guido’s lecture 1)
box diagrams with internal u,c,t exchange including short-distance QCD
—0.4x10—3 1.1x10—3 2.1
~dominateshyperbolic constraintin the ρ−η plane
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Direct CP Violation in the SM Tree diagrams QCD and electroweak penguin diagrams
Gluonic penguin undergo transitionsonly contribute to
Eletroweak penguins contribute to both and(with opposite signs!)
gluonic electroweak ~1
relativeweak phase
main theoreticaluncertainties fromthe hadronic matrixelements
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Experimental MeasurementsNew generation of experiments after measurements in the early 90’s
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Data Taking Periods
ε’/ε
ε’/εRare Rare
Rareε’/ε
1996Total: 5.3M KL→π0π0
NA48: ε’/ε
ε’/ε
ε’/ε
ε’/ε low intensity
KS
KS
KS
NA48/1: KS
KL
no spectrometer
NA48/2: K±
1997
1998
1999
2000 FNAL-KTeV2001
2002
2003
Total: 7.1M KL→π0π0
= ε’/ε resultsCERN-NA48
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
NA48: Acceptance Weighting
Residual correction (beam geometry)∆(R) = (21.9±3.5±4.0) 10-4
does not rely on detailed detector simulation
weight KL events to equalizedecay vertex distribution andmake detector acceptance the same
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
NA48: Control of SystematicsExample: determine KS ToF tagging inefficiencies and accidental KL tagging from the data
Check result as a function of kaon momentum(different acceptance corrections)
χ2/ ndof = 32/19
analysis is performed in kaon energy bins:less sensitive to
differences between KLand KS spectra
Control of tagging efficiency
History of a Measurement
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
World Average
After 5 (2) years of data taking by NA48 and KTeV
This implies direct CP violation in decays
… really a small effect!
it translates into a tiny CP-violating phase difference
Theoretical Pre(post)dictions
The ball is on the theory side
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Also the Imaginary Part?
Measurements of Im e’/eare not quite as precise yet
Current data is consistent with CPT conservation
different fermilab experiments have various regenerator lengths
KTeV
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
T-odd Asymmetry in KL →π+π−e+e−
decay dominated by two amplitudes:−+−+ππ→ eeKL
CP-violating inner bremstrahlung CP-conserving direct emission
INTERFERENCEgives rise to indirect CP-violating circular photon polarization
large asymmetry (~14%) between (e+e-) and (π+π-) planes predicted
BR = (3.63 ± 0.18) × 10-7very rare decay
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KTeV: KL
NA48: KL,KS
1.5K eventsKTeV: BR = (3.63 ± 0.18) × 10-7
No asymmetry:AΦ = (−1.1 ± 4.1)%
NA48: BR = (3.08 ± 0.2) × 10-7
KTeV:AΦ = (13.3 ± 1.7)%
NA48:AΦ = (14.2 ± 3.6)%
NA48: BR = (4.69 ± 0.30) × 10-5
compatible with indirect CP violation only, no evidence of direct CP violation
subtleties in interpretation as a T-odd effect: controversy in literature
Nice cross-check, no asymmetry in KS decays
KTeV
NA48
−+−+ππ→ eeKL
−+−+ππ→ eeKL
Tests of CPT from Kaon Physics
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
KS Semileptonic Asymmetry
Possible test of CPT
assuming CPT in SL decay amplitudes
KTeV
KLOE preliminary
KLOE preliminary
first timemeasurement
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
T-odd AsymmetryIs the indirect CP violation observed in KL decays accompanied with T violation?
compare and
CPLEAR T-odd asymmetry
assumerule
at times larger than
in agreement with
direct observation of T violation
CPLEAR
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CPT-odd Asymmetry
Is the indirect CP violation observed in KL decays accompanied with CPT violation?
compare and
assumerule
CPLEAR CPT-odd asymmetry
No evidence for CPT violation
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
CPLEAR: KS → 3π0
CP-violating parameter
Fitted asymmetry
CPLEAR 1999
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
NA48/1: KS → 3π0
Time-distribution of events from near target
NA48 2000 run (without tracking chambers)
near-target data, 3.5M 3π0 eventsnormalize to far-target data,
155M eventscorrection of residual acceptance
difference from Monte Carlo
cible
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
NA48/1: KS → 3π0
NA48 2003, preliminary
fixing to
NA48
pre
limin
ary
example of momentum bin fit
G. Hamel de Monchenault – Experimental Aspects of CP Violation
Test of CPT with η000
recallBell-Steinberger
Previous contributions:
With NA48/1 preliminary result:
assuming