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The neuropsychology of visual mental
imagery
Paolo Bartolomeo
U. 610 Fédération de Neurologie
Domains of visual mental imagery
• Shapes of objects• Colors of objects• Faces• Letters• Spatial relationships
Goldenberg, Baillière's Clinical Neurology 2:265-86, 1993
Bisiach & Luzzatti, Cortex 14:129-33, 1978
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti, Neurology 44:1710-4, 1994
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti, Neurology 44:1710-4, 1994
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti, Neurology 44:1710-4, 1994
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti, Neurology 44:1710-4, 1994
?
29%71%
Imaginal + visualVisual only
Visual, non imaginal
• Anderson, 1993• Bartolomeo et al., 1994• Coslett, 1997
Imaginal, non visual• Guariglia et al., 1993• Beschin et al., 1997• Coslett, 1997• Ortigue et al., 2001
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
12 20 255
Time after onset (days)
imaginal scoreimaginal cutoffvisual scorevisual cutoff
Rig
htw
ard
bias
Patient GSPatient GS
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti(see Bartolomeo & Chokron, in Handbook of Neuropsychology 2nd ed., 2001)
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
8 15 22 84
Time after onset (days)
imaginal scoreimaginal cutoffvisual scorevisual cutoff
Rig
htw
ard
bias
Patient AMPatient AM
Bartolomeo, D’Erme & Gainotti(see Bartolomeo & Chokron, in Handbook of Neuropsychology 2nd ed., 2001)
Place descriptions haveproblems
1. How to be sure that patients are using visual mental imagery, and not verbal-propositional knowledge?
2. Idiosyncratic responses are possible (e.g., patients’places of residency or vacation)
3. There is a strong influence of pre-morbid cultural level
4. Often, too few items are available for statistical analysis
5. How to know where patients put the centre of theirmental images?
Paris…BORDEAUX
mmhmmh…… LEFT!LEFT!
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Azouvi, & Chokron, Neuropsychologia, 43:1249-57, 2005
R: 712 ± 153 msL: 703 ± 248 ms
12 normal controls
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Azouvi, & Chokron, Neuropsychologia, 43:1249-57, 2005
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
RTs
(ms)
CTR RBD N+ RBD N-
geo Lgeo Rresp Lresp R
12 RBD patients (7 N+)
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Azouvi, & Chokron, Neuropsychologia, 43:1249-57, 2005
PATIENTS
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
N-5 N-4 N-3
N+5
N+2
N-1
N+7
N+3
N-2
N+6
N+4
N+1
(LW
bia
s <-
) Lat
eral
ity s
core
(->
RW
bia
s)
Resp. biasGeo
Single-case analysis
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Azouvi, & Chokron, Neuropsychologia, 43:1249-57, 2005
Chokron, Colliot & Bartolomeo, Cortex, 40:281-90, 2004
Rode, Perenin & Boisson, Rev Neurol 151:161-4, 1995
CONTROLS(n=8)
EYES OPEN EYES CLOSED
Rode, Revol, Rossetti, Boisson & Bartolomeo, Neurology 68:432-7, 2007
NEGLECT PATIENTS(n=8)
EYES OPEN EYES CLOSED
Rode, Revol, Rossetti, Boisson & Bartolomeo, Neurology 68:432-7, 2007
long-term visual memorygenerate
IMAGERY
visualbuffer
PERCEPTION
encode
Farah, Cognition 18:245-72, 1984
Penfield & Perot, 1963
Lee et al., 2000
Support to the model:
• Association of perceptual and imagerydeficits
Farah, Psychol Rev 95:307-17, 1988
But:
• Since the ’90, reports of double dissociations
Bartolomeo, Cortex 38:357-78, 2002
long-term visual memorygenerate
IMAGERY
visualbuffer
PERCEPTION
encode
Farah, Cognition 18:245-72, 1984
long-term visual memorygenerate
IMAGERY
visualbuffer
PERCEPTION
encode
Kosslyn, Image and Brain, 1994
Patient HJA
Humphreys & Riddoch, To see but not to see, 1987
• visual object agnosia
• prosopagnosia• alexia• achromatopsia• topographical
impairment
1982 1997
HJA: Drawings from memory
1982 1997
HJA: Drawings from memory
Riddoch, Humphreys, Gannon, Blott& Jones, Brain 122:537-59, 1999
Riddoch et al., 1999
• « The conclusion that visual memory is intact in cases of apperceptive agnosia is perhaps premature »
• « Our data are quite consistent with the notion that visual perception and long-term visual memory utilize common neural strata (e.g., in imagery tasks) »
Patient MD
R
Jankowiak, Kinsbourne, Shalev & Bachman, J Cogn Neurosci 4:119-31, 1992
Aglioti, Bricolo, Cantagallo, & Berlucchi, Curr Biol 9:1419-22, 1999
Patient CK
• visual object agnosia• alexia• intact face recognition• intact color perception
Behrmann, Moscovitch & Winocur, J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 20:1068-87,1994
Madame D
• visual object agnosia• alexia without agraphia• achromatopsia• prosopagnosia
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
R
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
Madame D
Madame D: Objects
Perception• Overlapping figures
13/30• Picture matching 11/20• Pointing to pictures 7/20• Picture naming 133/247• Shape naming 10/10
Imagery• High-imagery
sentences 16/18• Animal size 18/19• Object form 24/24
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
Madame D: Letters
Perception• Word reading 156/400• Letter reading 22/52
Imagery• Word imagery 100/100• Lowercase letter imagery
26/26• Uppercase letter imagery
26/26• Uppercase letter construction
26/26
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
Madame D: Colors
Perception• Farnsworth D-15 17/32• Ishihara plates 6/36• Colour matching 6/20• Colour pointing 8/20• Colour naming 8/40
Imagery• Colour verbal memory 20/20• Verbo-visuo-verbal test
15/15• Mental hue comparison
24/25
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
Madame D: Faces
Perception• Gender decision 12/20• Age decision 11/30• Facial decision 14/20• Facial features 5/27• Recognition of
celebrities 1/80• Gender decision 12/20• Age decision 11/30
Imagery• Overall similarity 15/15• Specific properties
14/15• Triads similarities 30/30• Triads properties 24/24
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, de Gelder, Denes, Dalla Barba, Brugières & Degos, Neuropsychologia 36:239-49,1998
long-term visual memorygenerate
IMAGERY
visualbuffer
PERCEPTION
encode
RBartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Chokron & Degos, Neuropsychologia 40:1363-71, 2002
Patient VSB
• Letter construction: 5/26• Letter imagery (presence of curved
lines): 35/56• Word imagery (presence of ascenders,
b, h; or descenders, p, g): 22/40
Bartolomeo, Bachoud-Lévi, Chokron & Degos, Neuropsychologia 40:1363-71, 2002
Patient VSB
Conclusions - I
• Every type of dissociation is possible between the different perceptual and imagery abilities
• Extensive left temporal lobe damage seems necessary in order to produce visual imagery deficits for object form or orthographic material
Conclusions - II
• Occipital damage can determine perceptual deficits, but it seems neither necessary, nor sufficient to produce imagery deficits
• This functional and anatomical evidence challenges the Kosslyn model