the nephron hsc biology: maintaining a balance syllabus link: explain how the processes of...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nephron
HSC Biology: Maintaining a Balance Syllabus link: explain how the processes of filtration and reabsorption
in the mammalian nephron regulate body fluid composition
BEGIN
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Instructions and notesThe nephron is one of the more difficult concepts
to understand in the Maintaining a Balance module of the HSC Biology course.
This resource is designed to build upon your knowledge of the kidney, test your understanding of the nephron and be used as a study tool for your exams.
Work through the questions slowly and don’t cheat – it’s not going to help you understand the concept! NEXT
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NephronsThere are about _______________ in each
mammalian kidney
10 000 nephrons
100 000 nephrons
1 000 000 nephrons2 000 000 nephrons
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Formation of urineThe nephron is a small filtering unit in which
urine is produced.
The three processes in the formation of urine are: filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
The kidneys process a large amount of blood, but produce a relatively small amount of urine.
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BOM CHICKA WOW WOW
Excellent!
There are about one million nephrons in each kidney.
NEXT
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Errr…Not quite.
Try re-watching the videos or check your textbook!
TRY AGAIN
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Label the nephronA
B
C
D
E
F
GH
Label A, B & C
Label D, E & F Label G & H
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Label the nephronThe parts of the nephron labelled A, B and C,
respectively, are:
Return to diagram
Bowman’s capsule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
Glomerulus, loop of Henle, collecting duct
Glomerulus, loop of Henle, urethra
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Ohh yeah!On to the
next one…
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Not quite… Try again!
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Label the nephronThe parts labelled D, E and F, respectively, are:
Return to diagram
Bowman’s capsule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle Glomerulus, loop of Henle, collecting duct
Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
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Ohh yeah!On to the
next one…
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Not quite… Try again!
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Label the nephronThe parts labelled G and H, respectively, are:
Return to diagram
Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
Affluent arteriole, efferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole
Efferent duct, afferent duct
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Not quite… Try again!
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Finito!(except not)
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Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
Filtration is the removal of wastes from blood and other fluids through a semi permeable membrane.
Reabsorption is an active process that requires energy. It is the movement of materials being reabsorbed into the blood.
Secretion is:The body actively transporting substances from the nephron into
the bloodThe body actively transporting substances from the blood into the
nephron
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Not quite…(Hint: It’s the other
one)
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Ohh yeah!On to the next
one…
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BloodBlood comes to the kidneys via the:
Renal vein
Renal artery
The ____________ arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus.
Efferent
Afferent
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One down… one to go!
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Not quite.(Hint: it’s the other
one)
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Ohh yeah!On to the
next one…
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Not quite.(Hint: it’s the other
one)
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The GlomerulusThe glomerulus is a ball of capillaries in which
blood pressure is so high that some of the liquid from the blood is forced through the walls of the blood vessels into the Bowman’s capsule.
This liquid does not have:Blood cells
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Large proteins
Blood cells AND large proteins
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Not quite.Let’s give it another
whirl!
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Great work!The filtrate should not contain large proteins or blood
cells but does contain:
- Blood plasma
- Water
- Solutes: NaCl, K+, HCO3-
- Glucose and amino acids
- Other ingested substances like penicillin and aspirin
- Hormones
- Nitrogenous waste products such as ureaNEXT
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Proximal tubuleReabsorption is an active process that requires
energy.
Click on the different substances to see if they are secreted into the nephron or reabsorbed into the blood.
Bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen ions
Water
NaClK+
Amino acids
Glucose
Drugs e.g. aspirin
NEXT
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Amino acids are actively transported into transported from the proximal tubule into
the blood. This is reabsorption.
BACK
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Glucose is actively transported into transported from the
proximal tubule into the blood. This is reabsorption.
BACK
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As salt moves out of the tubule, water passes by osmosis back
into the blood. This is reabsorption.
BACK
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Sodium ions are actively transported back into the blood
and chloride ions follow passively. This is absorption.
BACK
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Most of the bicarbonate ions are actively reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule. Some hydrogen ions may be secreted in order to keep the constant pH of blood
and body fluids.
BACK
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Drugs such as aspirin and penicillin and poisons identified
by the liver are actively secreted into the tubule.
BACK
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Some hydrogen ions are secreted into the proximal tubule. This is done to maintain the constant
pH of blood and body fluids
BACK
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Potassium ions are actively transported into the blood.
This is absorption.
BACK
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Reabsorption checkpointSurrounding each tubule is a large capillary
network. As the filtrate travels through the tubules and the loop of Henle, the substances that the body can re-use are reabsorbed into the blood.
These substances include glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, bicarbonate and water.
NEXT
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Loop of HenleThe loop of Henle has a descending and an
ascending limb.
The walls of the loop of Henle are permeable to water but not to salt.
Water passes across the membrane by:
Diffusion
Osmosis
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Ohh yeah!On to the next
one…
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Not quite.(Hint: it’s the other
one)
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Loop of HenleIn the ascending portion of the loop of Henle, the
walls are permeable to salt not water.
Salt passes out passively across a thin-walled section and then ____________ across a thick-walled section.
_____________ is:actively
passively
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Ohh yeah!On to the
next one…
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Not quite.(Hint: it’s the other
one)
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Loop of HenleWhat part of the kidney does the loop of Henle
mostly sit?
cortex
medulla
pelvis
pyramid
Source: http://www.comprehensive-kidney-facts.com/kidney-anatomy.html
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Ohh yeah!On to the
next one…
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Not quite.Let’s try again, shall
we?
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Loop of HenleAs water is removed from the loop of Henle in the
descending limb, the concentration of salt in the medulla:
As salt is removed from the loop of Henle in the ascending limb, the concentration of salt:
Decreases
Increases
Decreases as it moves towards up to the cortex
Increases as it moves up towards the cortex
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BOO YAH! On to the next
one...
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Not quite.(Hint: it’s the other one)
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Ohh yeah!NEXT!
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Not quite(Hint: it’s the other one)
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As you can see in the diagram above, the concentration of salt is high in the bottom of the loop of Henle in the medullary region of the kidney. This is called an osmolarity gradient, where the solute concentration (sodium and urea in this case) increases from the cortex down to the inner medulla.
Source: http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3410saul/resources/kidney.html
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Distal tubuleIn the distal tubule, the pH of the blood and
the level of salts, in particular sodium and potassium, are adjusted by selective absorption and secretion.
In the distal tube, small amounts of NaCl and H2O are reabsorbed and K+ and H+ ions are secreted.
NEXT
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Collecting DuctThe collecting duct transports urine to the pelvis of
the kidney which leads to the ureter.
The walls of the collecting duct are are permeable to water, but not salt which results in water passing out of the duct by osmosis. Urea and salt is also actively reabsorbed in the duct.
This results in the formation of of urine.
NEXT
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FIN!Questions to ask yourself:•What do I know?•Where are the gaps in my knowledge? What do I need to study in order to understand this concept?
This is a resource for you! So feel free to change it up, add things in and build upon your knowledge. This could be a very useful study tool for you!