the neoliberal project - an excerpt from occupy world street

8/3/2019 The Neoliberal Project - An Excerpt from Occupy World Street

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NCCRQTG @FNOGF _NGKHGQ JN_

J N _ B P N _ K O T E G \ B F E B M K B _ S N M

PN_FK S[_B B[

_ N S S L G C I S N M

_ G K D C G F B C N M N H D C G M K

Q N F D [ D C G F _ B J N _ H


2/28

JDZB

[eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct[eb DHJ gmk teb Pnrfk Ogmi egvb grùgofy knmb hnrb egrh tn

hnrb pbnpfb tegm gmy ntebr pgdr nj mnm-hdfdtgry dmstdtutdnms dm

euhgm edstnry.

Kgvdk Inrtbm, Pebm Cnrpnrgtdnms _ufb teb Pnrfk

Jnr tedrty-vb ybgrs gjtbr Pnrfk Pgr DD, Ibymbsdgm bcnmnhdcs wgs teb

knhdmgmt bcnmnhdc systbh gmk wgs `bmbrgffy cnmsdkbrbk g `rbgt succbss dm

g pbrdnk nj rbcnrk `rnwte dm dmtbrmgtdnmgf trgkb gmk fdvdm` stgmkgrks wdte

mn hglnr bcnmnhdc crdsbs. Oy 7451, hgdmstrbgh bcnmnhdsts wbrb dm `bmbrgf

g`rbbhbmt tegt mgmcdgf crdsbs suce gs dm 7410 gmk 74?4 wbrb g tedm` nj teb

pgst. Hnkbrm bcnmnhdsts wbrb cnmkbmt tegt teby wbrb huce cfbvbrbr mnw

gmk imbw enw tn cnmtrnf teb hnmby suppfy gmk dhpfbhbmt cnumtbrcycfdcgf

scgf pnfdcdbs tn prbvbmt g mgmcdgf crdsds. Out tebm snhbtedm` egppbmbk tegt

cegm`bk bvbrytedm`.

Dm teb bgrfy 7451s, g edstnrdc sedjt dm teb knhdmgmt bcnmnhdc systbh tnni

pfgcb wdte teb cnhdm` tn pnwbr nj _nmgfk _bg`gm dm teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs gmk

Hgr`grbt [egtcebr dm teb RI, onte vbry huce dm teb cfutce nj od` ousd-

mbssteb hnkbrm-kgy succbssnrs tn teb hbrcegmt cfgss nj teb kgys nj Gkgh

Shdte gmk Kgvdk _dcgrkn. [eb sedjt wgs mnt gmmnumcbk puofdcfy, out rgtebrcrbpt dmtn teb puofdc knhgdm surrbptdtdnusfy. Nutsdkb nj teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs,

teb mbw pnfdcdbs gcqudrbk teb mghb mbnfdobrgfdsh, gftenuè g hnrb prnpbr

mghb wnufk egvb obbm wbgftedsh, nr pbregps mgmcdgf cnfnmdgfdsh. Gs

nppnsbk tn gff prbvdnus bcnmnhdc dkbgs, teds nmb wgs mnt ogsbk nm bhpdrd-

cgf nosbrvgtdnms gmk nolbctdvb tbstdm` nj hnkbfs, out wgs rgtebr g tnp-knwm

pnfdtdcgf prnlbct wdte gm dkbnfn`y tegt jufffbk teb wdfkbst krbghs nj od`

ousdmbss gmk teb wbgftedbst sb`hbmt nj Ghbrdcgm sncdbty jnr umrbùfgtbk

jrbbknh tn npbrgtb gs teby pfbgsbk bxcfusdvbfy dm tebdr nwm dmtbrbsts gmk wdtefdttfb nr mn sncdgf nr bmvdrnmhbmtgf cnmsdkbrgtdnms tn wnrry gonut.

Mbnfdobrgfdsh cgm ob sbbm gs gm bxtrbhdst vbrsdnm nj mbncfgssdcgf bcnmnhdcs

webrb teb nmfy tedm` tegt cnumts ds hnmby. Jnr teds rbgsnm, Egzbf Ebmkbrsnm

egs kuoobk teds kbvbfnphbmt bcnmnhdsh. Dt cgm gfsn ob cnmsdkbrbk gs gm


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CEGQ[B_ JDZB< [EB MBNFDOB_GF Q_NLBC[

bxpbrdhbmt tn tbst Qnfgmyds pnstufgtb tegt `dvdm` tntgf pnwbr tn hbrcegmts,

dj gffnwbk tn pbrsdst, wnufk kbstrny onte hgm gmk eds bmvdrnmhbmt. Gjtbr

gfhnst tedrty ybgrs, teb cnmcfusdnms grb qudtb cfbgr tn gff out teb prnhntbrs.

[eb mbnfdobrgf dkbnfn`y ds ogsbk nm teb jnffnwdm` prdmcdpfbs nj nr`gmdzdm`onte mgtdnmgf gmk dmtbrmgtdnmgf bcnmnhdc rbfgtdnmsedps dm gm dkbgf wnrfk

[ebrb wbrb twn hglnr bvbmts dm teb 7401s tegt wbrb cbmtrgf tn teb gknptdnm

nj wegt D cgff [eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct oy teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs. [eb rst wgs

teb krnppdm` nj teb Ghbrdcgm pfbk`b tn ogci teb R.S. knffgr wdte `nfk dm

7407. [eds hbgmt gm bmk tn teb xbk-rgtb currbmcy rb`dhb tegt egk obbm g

pgrt nj bvbry bcnmnhdc systbh sdmcb teb bhbr`bmcb nj cgpdtgfdsh. Mn nmb

wgs jghdfdgr wdte ngtdm` rgtbs gmk wegt teb cnmsbqubmcbs wnufk ob jnr

bcnmnhdc rbfgtdnms ghnm` mgtdnm-stgtbs. Senufk cgpdtgf cnmtrnfs ob usbk nrsenufk cgpdtgf ob cnhpfbtbfy hnodfb> Senufk snhb currbmcdbs ob pb``bk tn

ntebrs dm g idmk nj xbk-rgtb prnxy systbh> Senufk gff currbmcdbs ob gffnwbk

tn ngt jrbbfy> G cnhpfbtbfy mbw sdtugtdnm wdte mbw rdsis gmk mbw nppnrtu-

mdtdbs wgs onrm.


4/28

QG_[ [PN< K_DZB_S NJ KBS[_RC[DNM

[eb sbcnmk bvbmt wgs teb ndf crdsds nj 7403, wdte g krgstdc edib dm prdcbs

tegt sedjtbk wnrfk wbgfte pgttbrms krghgtdcgffy gmk dmstgmtgmbnusfy. [eb

Nr`gmdzgtdnm nj Qbtrnfbuh Bxpnrtdm` Cnumtrdbs (NQBC) senwbk tegt g

cnmsnrtduh nj rgw-hgtbrdgf prnkucbrs cnufk, oy wnridm` tn`btebr rgtebrtegm cnhpbtdm`, pfgy gt teb sghb nfd`npnfy `ghb gs teb @-0, gmk dmcrbgsb

tebdrwbgfte gt teb bxpbmsb nj teb rbst nj teb wnrfk. [eb vbry tenuèt tegt

ntebr ogsdc cnhhnkdty prnkucbrs ghnm` teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs hdèt

jnrh sdhdfgr cgrtbfs sbmt sedvbrs knwm teb spdmbs nj teb mgmcdgf fbgk-

brs nj teb dmkustrdgfdzbk cnumtrdbs. Pegt wnufk ob mbxtcnjjbb, su`gr,

cnppbr, gfuhdmuh> Pebm teb @rnup nj 00 kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs, bxdm`

tebdr huscfbs g fdttfb, cgffbk jnr g mbw bcnmnhdc nrkbr, teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs

imbw tegt snhbtedm` egk tn ob knmb tn ibbp teb fdttfb squdrts dm tebdrprnpbr pfgcb.

[eb jbgr nj g cnhdm` rbsnurcb crdsds wgs umknuotbkfy dmtbmsdbk oy teb

rbgfdzgtdnm tegt Idm` Euoobrts 742: jnrbcgst nj g pbgi dm R.S. ndf prnkuc-

tdnm dm 7407 egk dmkbbk cnhb trub dm spdtb nj gff teb rdkdcufb jrnh mbncfgs-

sdcgf bcnmnhdsts gmk teb ndf dmkustry. G jurtebr cnmtrdoutdnm tn pgmdc wgs

teb Fdhdts tn @rnwtestuky tegt sbmt teb sghb hbssg`b nj cnhdm` rbsnurcb

scgrcdty, wedce hgkb g `rbgtbr dhprbssdnm nm teb CDG tegm nm hgdmstrbgh

bcnmnhdsts, jnr wenh teb cnmcbpt nj scgrcdty kdk mnt bxdst.

Hgidm` Dt Egppbm

Susgm @bnr`b, vdcb prbsdkbmt nj teb gmtd`fnogfdzgtdnm M@N, G[[GC Jrgmcb,

gttrdoutbs teb gctugf cgrrydm` nut nj teb strgtb`y tn g cnmscdnus, systbhgtdc

bjjnrt oy teb shgff, out vbry wbgftey Ghbrdcgm rdèt wdm`. G `bmbrgtdnmobjnrb dt wgs nmfy g shgff hdmnrdty tegt ebfk mbnfdobrgf vdbws. [eby wbrb

cnmsdkbrbk wgcins oy hgdmstrbgh bcnmnhdsts. Mn nmb sbrdnusfy obfdbvbk

tegt bcnmnhdcs wnufk nmb kgy kdctgtb dts rufbs tn sncdbty rgtebr tegm teb

ntebr wgy grnumk. Out teb _bg`gm/[egtcebr pnfdtdcgf fbgkbrsedp nj teb 7451s

umgogsebkfy gffdbk tebhsbfvbs wdte teb wbgftedbst nj teb wbgftey tn gcedbvb

tebdr pnfdtdcgf gdhs, d`mnrdm` teb wgrmdm`s nj mnt nmfy Qnfgmyd gmk Ibymbs,

out bvbm nj cnmsbrvgtdvb bcnmnhdst Hdftnm Jrdbkhgm wen sgdk, [eb cnhod-

mgtdnm nj bcnmnhdc gmk pnfdtdcgf pnwbr dm teb sghb egmks ds g surb rbcdpbjnr tyrgmmy.7

Gccnrkdm` tn Susgm @bnr`b, teb mbnfdobrgfs onuèt gmk pgdk jnr tebdr

succbss dm gm gosnfutbfy ordffdgmt pdbcb nj dkbnfn`dcgf gmk prnhntdnmgf

wnri. [eby jumkbk g eu`b dmtbrmgtdnmgf mbtwnri nj jnumkgtdnms, dmstd-


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tutbs, rbsbgrce cbmtbrs, puofdcgtdnms, scenfgrs, wrdtbrs, gmk puofdc rbfgtdnms

egcis tn kbvbfnp, pgcig`b, gmk puse tebdr dkbgs gmk knctrdmb rbfbmtfbssfy.

[eus, mbnfdobrgfdsh ds mnt gm dmbvdtgofb edstnrdcgf kbvbfnphbmt gs teby fdib

tn kbscrdob dt, out g tntgffy grtdcdgf cnmstruct crbgtbk oy pbnpfb wdte gpurpnsb.? Qgrt nj tebdr strgtb`y ds tn prbsbmt teb wenfb pebmnhbmnm gs dmbv-

dtgofb gmk teus mnt suolbct tn kbogtb.

Dt senufk ob mntbk tegt teb prnlbct wgs kbsd`mbk tn bxpfndt mnt nmfy teb

pnnr nj teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs, gmk tn kbstrny teb wbfjgrb stgtbs nj Burnpb,

out gfsn tn gccbss teb wbgfte nj teb pnnr nj teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs! @bnr`b cfgdhs

tegt tebdr purpnsb wgs mntedm` fbss tegm g `d`gmtdc trgmsjbr nj wbgfte jrnh

teb puofdc pursb tn prdvgtb egmks gmk hnvdm` wbgfte jrnh teb onttnh nj

sncdbty tn teb tnp.Mnw tebsb grb egrse cfgdhs, gmk rbqudrb bvdkbmcb. [ebrbjnrb, dm teb jnffnw-

dm`, wb wdff fnni gt enw teb strgtb`y wgs cgrrdbk nut dm prgctdcb gmk wegt teb

hbgsurgofb rbsufts wbrb.

Hutgtdnm nj teb DHJ

Gt gonut teb tdhb _bg`gm cghb tn pnwbr dm 7457, g hystbrdnus sedjt dm pnfdcy

nccurrbk wdtedm teb DHJ. [ebrb wgs mn njcdgf cegm`b dm teb jumks grtdcfbs,

mn gmmnumcbhbmt nj gmy idmk, dmkbbk mn puofdc kbogtb wegtsnbvbr gonut

cegm`dm` pnfdcy, gs bvbrytedm` cnmcbrmdm` teb DHJ egppbms obedmk cfnsbk

knnrs gmk wdtenut gmy gccnumtgodfdty tn teb puofdc.

Gm bmtdrbfy mbw pedfnsnpey, wedce cghb tn ob imnwm gs teb DHJs struc-

turgf gklusthbmt prn`rgh, bhbr`bk tn kbgf wdte hbhobr stgtbs tegt wbrb

dm mbbk nj tbhpnrgry ebfp. Jrnh teds pndmt nm, DHJ fngms tn kbvbfnpdm`cnumtrdbs wbrb hgkb cnmkdtdnmgf upnm gccbptgmcb nj pnfdcdbs kdctgtbk oy

mbnfdobrgf dkbnfn`y. [eb pnfdcdbs cgm ob suhhgrdzbk dm terbb hglnr cgtb`n-

rdbs< trgkb fdobrgfdzgtdnmteb jrbb nw nj `nnks wdtenut `nvbrmhbmt rb`u-

fgtdnm, tgrdjjs nr suosdkdbs9 mgmcdgf-hgribt fdobrgfdzgtdnmteb jrbb nw nj

cgpdtgf9 gmk prdvgtdzgtdnmteb sgfb nj puofdc hnmnpnfdbs tn prdvgtb cnrpnrg-

tdnms. Jnr teb typdcgf kbvbfnpdm`-cnumtry cfdbmt, teds hbgmt teby egk tn (7)

rbkucb tebdr tgrdjjs nm Pbstbrm dmkustrdgf prnkucts wdtenut cnhpbmsgtdm`

tgrdjj cuts oy teb dmkustrdgfdzbk cnumtrdbs nm teb cfdbmts bxpnrts9 (?) kbvgfubtebdr currbmcy gmk bxpnsb dt tn senrt-tbrh spbcufgtdnm oy `d`gmtdc Pgff

Strbbt ebk`b jumks jgr fgr`br tegm tebdr cbmtrgf ogmis9 (3) sbff njj iby puofdc

jgcdfdtdbs tn Pbstbrm cnrpnrgtdnms gt rdkdcufnusfy fnw prdcbs9 (;) rgdsb dmtbrbst

rgtbs, ternwdm` eumkrbks nj cnhpgmdbs dmtn ogmiruptcy9 (2) rbhnvb jnnk


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suosdkdbs tn tebdr pnnr wedfb obdm` jnrcbk tn gccbpt teb rdèt nj teb Mnrte

tn kuhp dts suosdkdzbk jnnk prnkucts nm tebdr hgribts, kbstrnydm` tebdr

shgff jgrhbrs dm teb prncbss9 (:) cegr`b jbbs jnr scennf, rbsuftdm` dm hgssdvb

scennf-krnpnut rgtbs9 (0) cut sncdgf wbfjgrb prn`rghs dm nrkbr tn jnrcb gmummbcbssgry ogfgmcbk ouk`bt gmk pgy dmtbrbst nm tebdr kbot tn teb DHJ9 gmk

(5) swdtce jrnh dhpnrt suostdtutdnm tn prnkuctdnm nj bxpnrt-nrdbmtbk rgw

hgtbrdgfs gmk cnhhnkdtdbs nj vgfub tn teb Mnrte. Dj ynu grb sencibk oy teds

gmk cfgdh tegt teds snumks dmcrbkdofb, dt ds obcgusb teds ds mnt teb vbrsdnm ynu

wdff rbgk dm teb cnrpnrgtb-cnmtrnffbk hbkdg nj teb Mnrte. Gmy cnumtry tegt

wgmtbk DHJ jumks wgs prbtty huce jnrcbk tn gccbpt snhb vgrdgmt nj tebsb

cnmkdtdnms.

Gs jnrhbr cedbj bcnmnhdst nj teb Pnrfk Ogmi Lnsbpe Std`fdtz put dt,Jnumkbk nm teb obfdbj tegt tebrb ds g mbbk jnr dmtbrmgtdnmgf prbssurb nm

cnumtrdbs tn egvb hnrb bxpgmsdnmgry bcnmnhdc pnfdcdbssuce gs dmcrbgs-

dm` bxpbmkdturbs, rbkucdm` tgxbs, nr fnwbrdm` dmtbrbst rgtbs tn stdhufgtb teb

bcnmnhytnkgy teb DHJ typdcgffy prnvdkbs jumks nmfy dj cnumtrdbs bm`g`b

dm pnfdcdbs fdib cuttdm` kbcdts, rgdsdm` tgxbs, nr rgdsdm` dmtbrbst rgtbs tegt fbgk

tn g cnmtrgctdnm nj teb bcnmnhy. Ibymbs wnufk ob rnffdm` nvbr dm eds `rgvb

wbrb eb tn sbb wegt egk egppbmbk tn eds cedfk.3

Dt wgs mbvbr dmtbmkbk tegt teb DHJ senufk egvb teb pnwbr tn kdctgtb

bcnmnhdc gmk sncdgf pnfdcdbs tn hbhobr cnumtrdbs, mnr egvb teby bvbr obbm

`dvbm tegt pnwbr jnrhgffy. Out, wdte tgcdt Ghbrdcgm gpprnvgf, teb DHJ ob`gm

kndm` lust tegt dm teb 7451s oy dmsdstdm` nm dts mgrrnw, dkbnfn`dcgf cnmkdtdnms

tegt wbrb njtbm gt nkks wdte teb cfdbmt cnumtrys bcnmnhdc wnrfkvdbw gs wbff

gs wdte teb vdbws nj bcnmnhdsts jghdfdgr wdte kbvbfnpdm`-cnumtry mbbks.

[eb DHJs dmsdstbmcb nm umrbstrdctbk cgpdtgf nws wgs pgrtdcufgrfy grrn-

`gmt, gs DHJ hbhobrs egvb teb rdèt tn cnmtrnf tebdr cgpdtgf nws gccnrkdm`tn DHJ Grtdcfb ZD, sbctdnm 3. [eb iby pergsb ds teb jnffnwdm`< Hbhobrs hgy

bxbrcdsb suce cnmtrnfs gs grb mbcbssgry tn rbùfgtb cgpdtgf hnvbhbmts. [eds

cfgusb `nbs ogci tn teb jnumkdm` nj teb DHJ dm 74;2. Jnr tedrty-vb ybgrs,

dt wgs cnmsdkbrbk stgmkgrk prncbkurb gmk mbcbssgry jnr teb prnpbr jumc-

tdnmdm` nj g hnkbrm stgtb. Out sdmcb teb bgrfy 7451s, teb DHJ egs rnutdmbfy

dmsdstbk tegt cfdbmt stgtbs rbfdmqudse tebdr Grtdcfb ZD rdèts gs g cnmkdtdnm jnr

DHJ fngms. Gccnrkdm` tn Qrnjbssnr Hdcebf Censsuknvsiy nj teb Rmdvbrsdty nj

Nttgwg, teb DHJ egs jnrcbk nvbr 711 hbhobr cnumtrdbs tn rbfdmqudse tebdrrdèts, teus bxpnsdm` tebdr bcnmnhdbs tn spbcufgtdvb cgpdtgf nws obynmk

tebdr cnmtrnf, nmb nj teb hglnr cgusbs nj gff nj teb rbcurrbmt mgmcdgf crdsbs

teb wnrfk egs bxpbrdbmcbk sdmcb, dmcfukdm` teb ?115 crdsds.;

[eb purpnsb nj teb sedjt wgs tn bmsurb tegt teb kbvbfnpdm`-cnumtry cfdbmt


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stgtb wnufk jnrbvbr ob dm kbot tn teb rdce cnumtrdbs, wnufk ob g snurcb nj

fnw-cnst rbsnurcbs gmk cebgp fgonr jnr teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs gmk dts gffdbs, wnufk

ob ghbmgofb tn R.S. mbbks jnr hdfdtgry sdtbs, gmk mbvbr kbvbfnp dmtn g pntbm-

tdgf cnhpbtdtnr wdte dmkbpbmkbmt dkbgs gmk prdnrdtdbs.Pegt wb sbb ebrb ds g cnmscdnus gttbhpt oy teb DHJ tn dhpnsb nm cfdbmt

stgtbs gm bcnmnhdc dkbnfn`y tegt wgs oy mn hbgms umdvbrsgffy gccbptbk, gmk

dm hnst cgsbs, mnt bvbm gpprnprdgtb. [eb rbsuft wgs mntedm` fbss tegm g crukb

trgmsjbr nj snvbrbd`mty jrnh hbhobr stgtbs tn teb DHJgmk ebmcb tn teb

Rmdtbk Stgtbsmnt kb lurg, out kb jgctn. Dt wgs mnt wdtenut g cbrtgdm drnmy

tegt DHJ pnfdcy wgs gfsn cgffbk teb Pgsedm`tnm cnmsbmsus. Jbw kbvbfnp-

dm` cnumtrdbs, dm crdtdcgf mbbk nj jumks, egk teb nptdnm nj rblbctdm` teb DHJ

kdctgtbs, bvbm tenu`e gccbptgmcb hbgmt orbgidm` tebdr sncdgf cnmtrgct wdtetebdr cdtdzbms. Oy dts gctdnms, teb DHJ wgs dm bjjbct tgidm` nm g rnfb nj `fnogf

`nvbrmgmcb, out wdtenut obdm` gsibk gmk wdtenut kbhncrgtdc gccnumtgodfdty.

[eb Pnrfk Ogmi

Gcrnss teb strbbt jrnh DHJ ebgkqugrtbrs dm Pgsedm`tnm, K.C., fdbs teb ebgk-

qugrtbrs nj teb Pnrfk Ogmi, teb sbcnmk nj teb [eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbcts nstbm-

sdofy dmtbrmgtdnmgf out dm rbgfdty R.S.-knhdmgtbk dmstdtutdnms. [eb Pnrfk

Ogmi egs g kdjjbrbmt hdssdnmtn brgkdcgtb pnvbrty. [n kn teds dt onrrnws

hnmby nm teb dmtbrmgtdnmgf mgmcdgf hgribts gmk fbmks dt tn kbvbfnpdm`

cnumtrdbs jnr gpprnvbk prnlbcts. Dm teb bgrfy kgys, gjtbr teb Sbcnmk Pnrfk

Pgr, tebrb wgs mnt huce kbhgmk jnr tebsb fngms. Hnst nj teb kbvbfnpdm`

cnumtrdbs jnffnwbk teb trdbk-gmk-trub strgtb`y nj mgtdnm oudfkdm` ogsbk nm

teb vbry succbssjuf hbrcgmtdfb prntbctdnmdst pedfnsnpey, teb nmb usbk oy@rbgt Ordtgdm gmk teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs dm tebdr kbvbfnphbmt pegsbs, wdte g jncus

nm prnkucdm` gs hgmy gs pnssdofb nj tebdr bssbmtdgf `nnks tebhsbfvbs, hdmd-

hdzdm` dhpnrts, gmk gvndkdm` tnn huce jnrbd`m kbot. Sbbm jrnh teb pbrspbc-

tdvb nj [eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct, tebrb wgs g hglnr prnofbh ebrb. Suce stgtbs

cgmmnt bgsdfy ob dmtdhdkgtbk nr bxpfndtbk.

[ebrbjnrb, teb Pnrfk Ogmi, suppnrtbk oy gssncdgtbk knmnr cnumtrdbs,

suce gs teb Qgrds Cfuo, gknptbk gm gctdvdst pnfdcy nj fbmkdm` ogsbk nm

teb mbnfdobrgf cnmcbpt nj bxpnrt `rnwte rgtebr tegm dhpnrt suostdtutdnm.Obcgusb teb hnmby wgs mnt rbgffy mbbkbk dm hnst cgsbs, dt wgs mbcbssgry

tn hgib gm gffdgmcb wdte teb wbgftey bfdtbs gmk cnrrupt pnfdtdcgf fbgkbrs nj

teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs, wen wbrb gffnwbk tn pncibt g sdzgofb ceumi nj

teb jumks jnr pbrsnmgf usb gmk jnr tebdr cnhpgmdbs, wedce wbrb gwgrkbk


8/28


fucrgtdvb cnmtrgcts jnr ummbcbssgry prbstd`b prnlbcts. Rsdm` fncgf fgonr wgs

g hdmnr pgrt nj teb mbnfdobrgf strgtb`y. Hnst nj teb jumks gctugffy rbturmbk

tn teb Pbst dm teb jnrh nj cnmtrgcts wdte Ghbrdcgm gmk Burnpbgm bm`dmbbr-

dm` cnmsuftgmcdbs. R.S. [rbgsury njcdgfs npbmfy gkhdttbk tegt jnr bvbry $7cnmtrdoutbk tn teb Pnrfk Ogmi, hnrb tegm $? cghb ogci tn R.S. bxpnrt-

brs dm prncurbhbmt cnmtrgcts. Fdttfb dj gmy jumks trdcifbk knwm tn teb rurgf

pnnr, wen obcghb wnrsb njj dm gfhnst gff cgsbs. Gmynmb dm knuot senufk rbgk

Hdcebf Censsuknvsiys [eb @fnogfdzgtdnm nj Qnvbrty.

[eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct egs, sdmcb teb bgrfy 7451s, egk gs dts prdhb `ngf teb

cgtcedm` nj teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs dm g mbt nj kbot tegt jnrcbs tebh tn sedjt

jrnh gm dhpnrt-suostdtutdnm strgtb`y tn gm bxpnrt-nrdbmtbk strgtb`y dm ibbp-

dm` wdte teb @-0s mbbks jnr rgw hgtbrdgfs gmk cebgp fgonr, gmk tn gknpt gjnrbd`m pnfdcy gccbptgofb tn teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs. [eby grb jnrcbk tn sedjt pnfdcy

dm nrkbr tn bgrm teb jumks tn rbpgy teb Pnrfk Ogmi fngms tegt tebdr cnrrupt

bfdtbs egvb jnrcbk upnm tebdr pbnpfb wdtenut tebdr gcqudbscbmcb, sn-cgffbk

nkdnus kbot. Lust nmb bxghpfb< jnrhbr cedbj bcnmnhdst Lnsbpe Std`fdtz nj

teb Pnrfk Ogmi stgtbs umbqudvncgffy, Pebm teb DHJ gmk Pnrfk Ogmi fbmt

hnmby tn teb Kbhncrgtdc _bpuofdc nj Cnm`ns mntnrdnus rufbr Hnoutu, teby

imbw (nr senufk egvb imnwm) tegt hnst nj teb hnmby wnufk mnt `n tn ebfp

tegt cnumtrys pnnr pbnpfb, out rgtebr wnufk ob usbk tn bmrdce Hnoutu. Dt

wgs hnmby pgdk tn bmsurb tegt teds cnrrupt fbgkbr wnufk ibbp eds cnumtry

gfd`mbk wdte teb Pbst. Hnoutu ghgssbk g pbrsnmgf jnrtumb bstdhgtbk tn

ob gs huce gs $2 odffdnm. [eb fgst tedm` teb Pbst wgmts tn sbb ds kbvbfnp-

dm` cnumtrdbs rummdm` tebdr nwm bcnmnhdbs teb wgy teby wgmt tn, `rnwdm`

sustgdmgofy gmk bqudtgofy gmk, dm `bmbrgf, rummdm` tebdr cnumtrdbs gccnrkdm`

tn tebdr nwm prdnrdtdbs.

[eds kbscrdptdnm nj wegt ds rbgffy obedmk teb knhdmgmt bcnmnhdc systbhnj nur kgy hgy strdib snhb rbgkbrs gs bxg``brgtbk nr umobfdbvgofb. Dt ds mnt.

Dt ds trub tegt teb jgcts grb mnt imnwm nutsdkb nj g shgff `rnup nj dmsdkbrs,

gmk tegt hgmy wbff-hbgmdm` pbnpfb grb umgwgrb tegt teby grb cnmtrdout-

dm` tn teb hdsegmkfdm` nj teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs, out teb kbscrdptdnm ds

mnt nmfy trub, out ds cnmsdstbmt wdte gff teb imnwm jgcts. Nccgsdnmgffy, tebrb

gppbgrs g wedstfb-ofnwbr wen bxpnsbs obedmk-teb-scbmbs tnp-sbcrbt pnfdcdbs

tegt wbrb mnt suppnsbk tn rbgce teb `bmbrgf puofdc. Lnem Qbridms, jnrhbr

cedbj bcnmnhdst wdte teb R.S. bm`dmbbrdm` rh HGDM, ds suce g pbrsnm.Qbridms, dm Cnmjbssdnms nj gm Bcnmnhdc Edt Hgm, rbfgtbs enw, webm eb wgs

edrbk, eds onss bkucgtbk edh nm teb trub rnfb nj teb Pnrfk Ogmi webm seb

spbffbk nut jnr Qbridms teb twn prdhgry nolbctdvbs nj hy lno. Jdrst, D wgs

tn lustdjy eu`b dmtbrmgtdnmgf fngms tegt wnufk jummbf hnmby ogci tn HGDM


9/28


gmk ntebr R.S. cnhpgmdbs (suce gs Obcetbf, Egffdourtnm, Stnmb & Pbostbr,

gmk Ornwm & _nnt) ternuè hgssdvb bm`dmbbrdm` gmk cnmstructdnm prnlbcts.

Sbcnmk, D wnufk wnri tn ogmirupt teb cnumtrdbs tegt rbcbdvbk tensb fngms

(gjtbr teby egk pgdk HGDM gmk teb ntebr R.S. cnmtrgctnrs, nj cnursb) sn tegtteby wnufk ob jnrbvbr obenfkbm tn tebdr crbkdtnrs, gmk sn teby wnufk prbsbmt

bgsy tgr`bts webm wb mbbkbk jgvnrs, dmcfukdm` hdfdtgry ogsbs, RM vntbs, nr

gccbss tn ndf gmk ntebr mgturgf rbsnurcbs.2

Qbridms gkks tegt tebsb prnlbcts wbrb dmtbmkbk tn crbgtb fgr`b prnts jnr

teb cnmtrgctnrs, gmk hgib g egmkjuf nj wbgftey gmk dmubmtdgf jghdfdbs dm

teb rbcbdvdm` cnumtrdbs vbry egppy, wedfb gssurdm` teb fnm`-tbrh mgm-

cdgf kbpbmkbmcb gmk tebrbjnrb pnfdtdcgf fnygfty nj `nvbrmhbmts grnumk teb

wnrfk. Qbridms hbmtdnms tegt kurdm` eds wgtce, eds tbgh njtbm grùbk tegtgccbptgmcb nj DHJ/Pnrfk Ogmi cnmkdtdnms wgs mbcbssgry tn kbjbgt cnhhu-

mdsh. Out gjtbr teb orbgiup nj teb Snvdbt Rmdnm, teb cnmtdmugtdnm nj teb sghb

pnfdcdbs ternuènut teb 7441s hgkb dt gppgrbmt tegt kbtbrrdm` cnhhumdsh

wgs mnt teb `ngf.

[eb P[N

[eb tedrk tnnf nj teb mbnfdobrgfs, teb Pnrfk [rgkb Nr`gmdzgtdnm (P[N)

ornib dmtn teb hgdmstrbgh puofdc cnmscdnusmbss krghgtdcgffy nm teb nccg-

sdnm nj teb Sbgttfb trgkb mb`ntdgtdnms ghnm` hbhobr stgtbs dm Mnvbhobr

7444. Rmjnrtumgtbfy jnr teb puofdc kbogtb sdmcb, teb hbkdg cnvbrdm` teb bvbmt

censb tn jncus nm teb shgff hdmnrdty nj gmgrcedsts gmk tebdr vdnfbmt cnmdct

wdte fncgf pnfdcb rgtebr tegm bxpfgdmdm` teb rbgsnms jnr teb kbhnmstrg-

tdnms. [eds hgkb bxcdtdm` mbws cnvbrg`b, out kdk fdttfb tn dmjnrh teb puofdcgonut wey hnrb tegm 011 M@Ns jrnh gcrnss teb wnrfk, teb fbgkbrsedp nj

teb Ghbrdcgm fgonr hnvbhbmt, gmk 21,111 kbhnmstrgtnrs jbft dt mbcbssgry

tn bxprbss tebdr kdssgtdsjgctdnm wdte teb wgy teb P[N wgs cnmkuctdm` dts

gjjgdrs. [eds hbkdg cnvbrg`b lust egppbmbk tn ob dm teb dmtbrbsts nj tebdr

nwmbrs, wedce grb gfhnst gff ghnm` teb vbry cnrpnrgtdnms obdm` crdtdcdzbk

jnr tebdr gmtdsncdgf gmk gmtdbmvdrnmhbmtgf pnfdcdbs oy teb kbhnmstrgtnrs.

[eb hbkdg hbssg`b egs sdmcb obbm teb sghb webm cnvbrdm` suosbqubmt

gmk stdff nm`ndm` kbhnmstrgtdnms g`gdmst teb P[N, DHJ, Pnrfk Ogmi, tebBR fbgkbrsedp gmk teb @-0cnrrbctfy pbrcbdvbk oy teb kbhnmstrgtnrs gs

rbprbsbmtdm` prbtty huce teb sghb cnhhbrcdgf dmtbrbstsdm Pgsedm`tnm,

Qrgùb, Wubobc Cdty, @ntebmour`, @bmng, Jfnrbmcb, Cnpbmeg`bm, @fbmbg`fbs,

Hbxdcn Cdty, Enm` Inm`, btc., dm g cnmtdmudm` rbsdstgmcb hnvbhbmt. [eb


10/28


hbkdg hbssg`b egs obbm tegt teb kbhnmstrgtnrs grb pnnrfy dmjnrhbk, vdnfbmt

ennfd`gms wdte mn rdèt tn ob ebgrk, wedfb teb ogsdc rbgsnm jnr tebdr prntbsts

ds hdsstgtbk nr hnrb fdibfy, d`mnrbk bmtdrbfy.

[eb P[N bvnfvbk dm 744; nut nj @G[[ ([eb @bmbrgf G`rbbhbmt nm[grdjjs gmk [rgkb), wedce egk rbùfgtbk trgkb hgttbrs sdmcb teb fgtb 74;1s.

Gs trgkb trbgtdbs `n, teb @G[[ rb`dhb wgs spbctgcufgrfy succbssjuf< trgkb

vnfuhb bxpgmkbk 50-jnfk jrnh $7?; odffdnm tn $71.5 trdffdnm jrnh 74;5 tn

7440g pbrdnk dm wedce cnmtrnfs nm cgpdtgf hnvbhbmts gmk prntbctdnmdsh

wbrb wdkbsprbgk. @G[[ spbcdcgffy rbcn`mdzbk teb mbbk jnr teb spbcdgf gmk

kdjjbrbmtdgf stgtus nj teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs, gffnwbk jnr wbff-jumctdnmdm`

vnfumtgry odfgtbrgf gmk huftdfgtbrgf trgkb g`rbbhbmts, gmk egk g sgtdsjgctnry

kdsputb-sbttfbhbmt prncbkurb. [eb prdhgry dmdtdgtdvb jnr cegm`b cghb jrnhteb Rmdtbk Stgtbs, umkbr teb dmubmcb nj dts mbwfy bhpnwbrbk mbnfdobrgf

bcnmnhdsts. Ntebr dmkustrdgfdzbk stgtbs wbrb ghodvgfbmt. [eb kbvbfnpdm`

cnumtrdbs wbrb kdrbctfy nppnsbk tn teb cegm`b.

[eb jumkghbmtgf prnofbh wdte teb P[N rbùfgtdnms ds tegt teby grb jgr

hnrb tegm teby gppbgr tn ob gt rst `fgmcb oy gm umsuspbctdm` puofdc. [eby

grb mnt lust sdhpfb trgkb rbùfgtdnms. [eby gjjbct bvbry gspbct nj mgtdnmgf

snvbrbd`mty, dmcfukdm` sncdgf, bmvdrnmhbmtgf, gmk cufturgf dssubs. [rgkb

dssubs cgmmnt ob dsnfgtbk jrnh teb rbst nj sncdbty gs dj teby grb sgcrbk, gmk

bxdst dm g vgcuuh. [eb P[N ds rbgffy, wdtenut sgydm` sn, g rst gttbhpt gt g

jnrhgf cegrtbr jnr `fnogf `nvbrmgmcb, gs dt fgys knwm egrk-gmk-jgst rufbs,

wdte egrse cnmsbqubmcbs, jnr rbsnfvdm` cnmdcts obtwbbm mgtdnms, out wdte-

nut gmy kbhncrgtdc gccnumtgodfdty nm teb pgrt nj tensb hgidm` teb kbcd-

sdnms. Jurtebrhnrb, teb bstgofdsehbmt nj teb P[N wgs knmb gfhnst fdib g

ofnnkfbss cnup, wdtenut gmy puofdc kbogtb gmk dm g wgy tegt prdhgrdfy sbrvbk

teb dmtbrbsts nj g tdmy hdmnrdty nj euhgmidmkfgr`b cnrpnrgtb segrbenfk-brs. [eds mgrrnw dmtbrbst ds teb wenfb ogci`rnumk jnr teb gmtd`fnogfdzgtdnm

hnvbhbmt.

Dmkdgm peysdcdst gmk bmvdrnmhbmtgf gctdvdst Zgmkgmg Sedvg puts dt teds wgy.

Bvbry ntebr cnmstdtutdnm egs obbm ogsbk nm teb snvbrbd`mty nj pbnpfb gmk

cnumtrdbs. Bvbry cnmstdtutdnm egs prntbctbk fdjb gonvb prnts. Out teb P[N

prntbcts prnts gonvb teb rdèt tn fdjb nj euhgms gmk ntebr spbcdbs.:[eb

P[N ds g cegrtbr wrdttbm oy cnrpnrgtdnms jnr cnrpnrgtdnms, g cegrtbr tegt

puts cnhhbrcdgf dmtbrbsts gonvb gff, g cegrtbr tn gffnw teb strnm` tn bxpfndtteb wbgi.

[eb cnmsbqubmcbs jnr teb bmvdrnmhbmt, jnr fncgf cnhhumdtdbs, jnr umbh-

pfnyhbmt, jnr euhgm sujjbrdm`, grb bxtbrmgfdzbkmnt nm teb tgofb jnr

kdscussdnmmnt g pgrt nj mbnfdobrgf bcnmnhdcs. [eb P[N jrbb trgkb


11/28


rb`dhb ds dm rbgfdty g jnrcbk trgkb rb`dhbg tbrh cndmbk oy Ebfbmg

Mnrobr`-Enk`bobcgusb teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs grb jnrcbk tn gccbpt

bxpfndtgtdvb cnmkdtdnms tegt put ed`e tgrdjjs nm tebdr ntebrwdsb cnhpbtd-

tdvb bxpnrts, wedfb gffnwdm` suosdkdzbk Pbstbrm prnkucts tn umkbrcut fncgfprnkuctdnm. [eb P[N rufbs grb mntedm` fbss tegm g jrnmtgf gttgci nm teb

wbfjgrb stgtb gmk teb bmvdrnmhbmt, hgidm` tebh nmb nj teb hglnr krdvbrs nj

kbstructdnm. [eb cnmsbqubmcb nj gffnwdm` umrbstrdctbk cgpdtgf nws gcrnss

onrkbrs gmk jnrodkkdm` prntbctdvb tgrdjjs nm jnrbd`m nnks dvbs teb cnhpbt-

dtdvb gkvgmtg`b tn teb cnumtry wdte teb strnm`bst cgpdtgf ogsb gmk shgffbst

sncdgf gmk bmvdrnmhbmtgf cnstsdm wegt bmvdrnmhbmtgf crdtdcs egvb rd`etfy

cgffbk g rgcb tn teb onttnh. Pedfb teb kbtbrdnrgtdm` bmvdrnmhbmt imnws

mn mgtdnmgf onumkgrdbs, teb cnhhbrcdgf gkvgmtg`b `nbs prdhgrdfy tn tebRmdtbk Stgtbs, wdte dts spbcdgf rbsbrvb-currbmcy stgtus gmk fnw prdnrdty nm

puofdc suppnrt jnr teb wbgibst hbhobrs nj dts sncdbty gmk nm bmvdrnmhbm-

tgf prntbctdnm. Bjjbctdvb prntbctdnm nj teb bmvdrnmhbmt ds dhpnssdofb dm teds

rb`dhb. [n teb cnmtrgry, [eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct bmcnurg`bs gff cnumtrdbs

tn trgse teb bmvdrnmhbmt gs qudcify gs pnssdofb. [eb rbgsnm ds sdhpfb. Gmy

cnumtry tegt umdfgtbrgffy dmtrnkucbs tgxbs nm bmvdrnmhbmtgffy kbstructdvb

knhbstdc prnkuctdnm, jnr bxghpfb, g tgx nm CN?

bhdssdnms, gutnhgtdcgffy

kghg`bs teb cnhpbtdtdvbmbss nj dts enhb dmkustrdbs, gmk dmvdtbs jnrbd`mbrs

tn umkbrcut fncgf prnkucbrs, obcgusb teb P[N knbs mnt gffnw tgrdjjs nm

jnrbd`m prnkucbrs tegt usb bmvdrnmhbmtgffy kghg`dm` prnkuctdnm. Dm jgct,

teb P[N knbs mnt bvbm rbqudrb kdscfnsurb nm enw bxpnrtbk dtbhs, wedce

teby cgm jnrcb nmtn gmy hbhobr stgtb, wbrb prnkucbk. Senrt nj fbgvdm` teb

P[N, nmfy g orngk dmtbrmgtdnmgf cnmsbmsus cgm kbgf wdte teds prnofbh, out

tn kgtb dt egs mbvbr obbm pnssdofb tn rbgce gmy g`rbbhbmt. Gff dt tgibs ds nmb

hglnr cnumtry tn sgontg`b teb bjjnrt. [eb cnmsbqubmcb ds tegt teb P[Nsystbh bmcnurg`bs teb kbstructdnm nj nur mgturgf cgpdtgfteb vbry ogsds nj

euhgm bxdstbmcb.

Bxpnsdm` teb Hytes

[eb mbnfdobrgf, nr jrbb hgribt obfdbj systbh ds oudft up grnumk g muhobr

nj pnstufgtbs tegt grb gff kbhnmstrgofy wrnm`, gmk grb mntedm` out g hdse-hgse nj hytes gmk fdbs dmtbmkbk tn hdsfbgk teb puofdc. [eds stgtb nj gjjgdrs

egs prnhptbk Mnobf fgurbgtb Lnsbpe Std`fdtz tn sgy nj mbnfdobrgfdsh< Pegt

ds snfk mnwgkgys gs bcnmnhdcs ds dm rbgfdty gm dkbnfn`y nr g rbfd`dnm.0 Fbt us

rbvdbw snhb nj teb kn`hg.


12/28


Mbnfdobrgfdsh fbgks tn `rbgtbr rnwte.

[eb rbgfdty> Bcnmnhdc `rnwte wgs edèbr dm teb prdnr @G[[ pbrdnk.

[eb Cbmtbr jnr Bcnmnhdc gmk Qnfdcy _bsbgrce (CBQ_), gm dmkbpbmkbmt

Pgsedm`tnm-ogsbk rbsbgrce dmstdtutb, egs puofdsebk g cnhprbebmsdvb gmgfy-sds nj teb `rnwte rgtbs nj nvbr 711 cnumtrdbs dm rbcbmt kbcgkbs, ogsbk nm

teb Rmdtbk Mgtdnms Kbvbfnphbmt Qrn`rghs (RMKQ) Euhgm Kbvbfnphbmt

_bpnrt stgtdstdcs.5 [ebdr hglnr cnmcfusdnm ds tn mntb teb jgdfurb nj teb fgst

twn kbcgkbs Yteb 7451s gmk 7441sX nj `fnogfdzgtdnm, structurgf gklusthbmt,

prdvgtdzgtdnm, gmk hgribt jumkghbmtgfdsh tn rgdsb fdvdm` stgmkgrks wnrfk-

wdkb, gmk teb krghgtdc kbcfdmb dm `rnwte, bspbcdgffy dm umkbrkbvbfnpbk

cnumtrdbs. Jnr bxghpfb, jnr teb wenfb `rnup nj cnumtrdbs, nutput pbr pbrsnm

`rbw oy 53% dm teb prb-`fnogfdzgtdnm brg nj 74:151, out nmfy oy 33% jnr7451?111. Sbvbmty-sbvbm pbrcbmt nj teb cnumtrdbs sgw tebdr `rnwte rgtbs

jgff oy hnrb tegm 2% jrnh teb rst tn teb sbcnmk ?1-ybgr pbrdnk, wedfb nmfy

7;% sgw tebh dmcrbgsb oy hnrb tegm 2% dm teb sghb pbrdnk. Fnnidm` dm

hnrb kbtgdf gt teb hglnr swdm`s, Fgtdm Ghbrdcg rbgfdzbk g 02% `rnwte rgtb

jnr 74:151, out nmfy :% jnr 745145, g :4% kdjjbrbmtdgf. Jnr suo-Sgegrgm

Gjrdcg teb cnrrbspnmkdm` ùrbs wbrb 3:% jnr teb bgrfdbr pbrdnk gmk 72%

jnr teb fgttbr, g kdjjbrbmtdgf nj 27%. CBQ_ stgtbs< Bvbm webrb edè `rnwte

rgtbs wbrb gcedbvbk, gs dm Snutebgst Gsdg, teby wbrb stdff obttbr dm teb bgrfdbr

pbrdnk. [eb bxcbptdnms tn teds trbmk wbrb Bgst Gsdg gmk Snute Gsdg, wedce

`rbw jgstbr jrnh 7451 tn 7445 tegm dm teb prbvdnus pbrdnk.

Out teb Bgst Gsdgm rbsuft ds hgdmfy kub tn teb qugkrupfdm` nj @KQ nvbr teb

fgst twn kbcgkbs nj teb twbmtdbte cbmtury dm Cedmg (wdte 53% nj teb pnpu-

fgtdnm nj Bgst Gsdg), wedce wgs nutsdkbteb dmubmcb nj teb mbnfdobrgfs. [eb

Snute Gsdgm rbsuft ds kub tn jgstbr rnwte dm Dmkdg (wedce egs terbb-qugrtbrs

nj teb pnpufgtdnm nj Snute Gsdg). Cedmg, wedce ornib gff `rnwte rbcnrks,wgs qudtb prntbctdnmdst, kdk mnt gffnw jrbb cgpdtgf nw, gmk wgs mnt g hbhobr

nj teb Pnrfk [rgkb Gssncdgtdnm (P[N) kurdm` teds pbrdnk nj rgpdk `rnwte.

[eb stuky pndmts nut tegt, dm onte Dmkdg gmk Cedmg, tebdr npbmdm` tn trgkb

tnni pfgcb gonut g kbcgkb gjtbrteb dmcrbgsb dm `rnwte ob`gm. _bjbrrdm` tn

teb DHJ gmk Pnrfk Ogmi, CBQ_ cnmcfukbs< [eb jgdfurb tn gcimnwfbk`b teds

krghgtdc kbcfdmb dm rnwte rgtbs egs fbjt g gpdm` enfb dm teb kbogtb nvbr teb

pnfdcdbs nj teb wnrfks twn hnst pnwbrjuf mgmcdgf dmstdtutdnms.

Sdhdfgr cnmcfusdnms grb rbgcebk oy Egrvgrk bcnmnhdst Kgmd _nkrdi dm gkbvgstgtdm` crdtdcdsh nj teb hbtenks usbk oy suppnrtbrs nj teb `fnogfdzg-

tdnm fbgks tn `rbgtbr `rnwte scennf. Jnr bxghpfb, eb cgffs teb njtbm-cdtbk

Knffgr/Irggy gmgfysds bxtrbhbfy hdsfbgkdm`, pndmtdm` nut enw teby dmtrn-

kucb suolbctdvb odgs tn suppnrt tebdr g prdnrd cnmcfusdnms, gs teby jgdf tn


13/28


jnffnw tebdr nwm crdtbrdg, grodtrgrdfy dmcfukdm` snhb cnumtrdbs gmk bxcfukdm`

ntebrs dm tebdr gmgfysds tn onfstbr tebdr cgsb. Cnrrbctbk jnr tebsb hgmdpufg-

tdnms, _nkrdi mks mn bvdkbmcb jnr tebdr cfgdhs. _gtebr tegm fdobrgfdzgtdnm

nj hgribts, eb cnmcfukbs tegt teb hnst dhpnrtgmt sdm`fb jgctnr prnhnt-dm` `rnwte ds teb bstgofdsehbmt nj qugfdty dmstdtutdnms, cdtdm` ntebr stukdbs

obsdkbs eds nwm tn ogci up eds cnmcfusdnm.4

@rnwte ds `nnk.

[eb rbgfdty> Mnt trub gs g `bmbrgf stgtbhbmt. Nmfy bcnfn`dcgffy sustgdmgofb

`rnwte ds `nnk. Out gm bcnmnhdc systbh tegt trbgts bcnfn`y gs g suonrkdmgtb

rgtebr tegm teb ntebr wgy grnumk cgm mbvbr ob sustgdmgofb. [eus mbnfdobrgf

bcnmnhdcs cnmjusbs cgpdtgf kbpfbtdnm gmk rbturm nm cgpdtgf, trbgtdm` kbpfb-tdnm nj mgturgf cgpdtgf gs dj dt wbrb pgrt nj teb bcnmnhdc rbturm, gm bfbhbm-

tgry brrnr dm ogsdc dmvbsthbmt tebnry. G ousdmbss gkhdmdstrgtdnm stukbmt tegt

cnmsdkbrbk pgrt nj teb dmvbstbk cgpdtgf gs ydbfk nm dmvbsthbmt wnufk umi eds

bxghybt teds ds prbcdsbfy wegt bcnmnhdsts kn, mnt fbgst webm gr`udm` teb

obmbts nj dmkustrdgf g`rdcufturb gs nppnsbk tn nr`gmdc jgrhdm`. [eby `dvb

mn cnmsdkbrgtdnm tn teb kbpfbtdnm nj teb mgturgf cgpdtgf dm sndf qugfdty gmk

wgtbr gqudjbrs. @rnwte egs obbm umbcnmnhdcgf dm teb dmkustrdgfdzbk cnum-

trdbs sdmcb teb 7401s, wdte hgr`dmgf cnsts bxcbbkdm` hgr`dmgf obmbts. [eds

typb nj `rnwte ds gmgfn`nus tn cgmcbr gmk ds knnhbk tn crgse teb bcnsys-

tbh bvbmtugffy. _umgwgy `fnogf wgrhdm` ds lust nmb wgy teds cnufk egppbm.

[ebrb grb hgmy ntebrs.

Jrbb hgribts obmbt gff, dmcfukdm` teb pnnr.

[eb rbgfdty> Kurdm` teb jrbb hgribt pbrdnk, teb rdce egvb obcnhb rdcebr gmk

teb pnnr pnnrbr, cnmtdmudm` teb fnm` tbrh `fnogf trbmk tnwgrk gm dmcrbgsdm``gp obtwbbm rdce gmk pnnr. [gofb 2.7, ogsbk nm `urbs tgibm jrnh teb RMKQ

_bpnrt jnr 7444, senws teb trbmk dm pbr cgpdtg dmcnhb kdjjbrbmcbs bxprbssbk

gs g rgtdnm nj teb rdcebst tn teb pnnrbst cnumtrdbs.

[eb cfgdh tegt umrbstrdctbk cgpdtgf nws wdff bmgofb teb kbvbfnpdm` cnum-

trdbs tn kbvbfnp prnkuctdnm sbctnrs webrb teby egvb g cnhpgrgtdvb gkvgm-

tg`b ds sdhpfy jgfsb, gmk d`mnrbs _dcgrkns ogsdc cnmkdtdnm tegt cnhpgrgtdvb

gkvgmtg`b rbqudrbs tegt cgpdtgf ds dhhnodfb gcrnss onrkbrs. [eb Mbnfdobrgf

Tbgr 75?1 7473 7421 7403 744?

_gtdn 3


14/28


Qrnlbct ds dmtbmtdnmgffy prbvbmtdm` teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs jrnh kbvbfnp-

dm`. [eb fgst tedm` mbnfdobrgfs wgmt ds cnhpbtdtdvb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs.

[eby wgmt cebgp fgonr gmk cebgp rgw hgtbrdgfs jnr teb dmkustrdgfdzbk cnum-

trdbs gmk g hgribt jnr tebdr dmkustrdgf prnkucts. [eb currbmt systbh ds rgpdkfycrbgtdm` `rbgtbr dmbqugfdtdbs dm teb wnrfkhnrb pnvbrty ghnm` teb pnnrbst

gmk hnrb wbgfte ghnm` teb wbgftedbst.

Qrntbctdnmdsh dhpbkbs `rnwte.

[eb rbgfdty> Bcnmnhdc edstnrdgm Qguf Ogdrnce stgtbs, Dt ds kdjcuft tn mk

gmntebr cgsb webrb teb jgcts sn cnmtrgkdct g knhdmgmt tebnry.71 Ogdrnces

stgtbhbmt dffustrgtbs prbcdsbfy wey dt ds sn kdjcuft jnr nrkdmgry pbnpfb tn

umkbrstgmk wegt ds `ndm` nm dm teb wnrfk, gmk wey. [eb puofdc egs obbmorgdmwgsebk oy gm dkbnfn`dcgffy krdvbm gwbk tebnry pnsdm` gs jgct.

Pegt teb mbnfdobrgfs grb gffukdm` tn webm teby kbrdkb prntbctdnmdsh ds g

pgrtdcufgr hyte, wedce bvnfvbk grnumk teb @rbgt Kbprbssdnm nj teb 7431s,

dm wedce prntbctdnmdsh wgs, teby cfgdh, teb cgusb nj teb Kbprbssdnm. [eb

hyte, wedce jrbb hgribt tebnrdsts egvb obbm vbry succbssjuf dm prnhntdm`,

egs obbm tenrnuèfy rbjutbk oy sbvbrgf bcnmnhdsts, wen pndmt nut tegt teb

hglnr cgusb nj teb Kbprbssdnm wgs mnt prntbctdnmdsh, out rgtebr teb jgdfurb

nj sbfj-rbùfgtdm` hgribtsdm pgrtdcufgr, g fgci nj cnmsuhbr kbhgmk gjtbr

teb hgribt crgse nj 74?4, teb rbturm tn g `nfk stgmkgrk oy @brhgmy, Jrgmcb,

gmk Ordtgdm obtwbbm 74?; gmk 74?:, wedce fbk tn kbgtdnm, gmk teb jgdfurb

nj teb R.S. gkhdmdstrgtdnm tn dmlbct hnmby dmtn teb bcnmnhy tn stdhufgtb

kbhgmk gmk cnumtbr teb kbgtdnmgry prbssurbs. [eb R.S. `nvbrmhbmt gctu-

gffy hgkb tedm`s wnrsb oy krgstdcgffy cuttdm` teb kbcdt dmstbgk nj dmcrbgsdm`

dt, wedfb teb Jbk dmcrbgsbk hbhobr-ogmi rbsbrvb rbqudrbhbmts, tdètbmdm`

hnmby gvgdfgodfdty dmstbgk nj rbfgxdm` dt.

77

[ebsb wbrb teb kgys objnrb teb brg nj Ibymbs, wensb dkbgs nj stgtb dmtbr-

vbmtdnm dm teb bcnmnhy rbvnfutdnmdzbk bcnmnhdc tedmidm`. Qrntbctdnmdst

pnfdcdbs, wedce wbrb rghpgmt dm tensb kgys, onte objnrb gmk gjtbr teb crgse,

wbrb gt hnst g hdmnr jgctnr. Hnst nj tebh wbrb, dm jgct, dhpnsbk gs g rbgc-

tdnm tn teb Kbprbssdnm tn prbvbmt jurtebr brnsdnm, gs pndmtbk nut oy Fgm`

gmk Edmbs.7?Out teb hyte fdvbs nm, gmk ds ibpt gfdvb oy teb jrbb hgribtbrs

obcgusb dt sudts tebdr purpnsb.

Pb egvb tn kdstdmùdse obtwbbm kdjjbrbmt idmksnj prntbctdnmterbb idmks,dm jgct. [eb rstprntbctdnm jnr iby dmkustrdbs, dmcfukdm` suosdkdzdm` tebh,

gs pgrt nj g cnmscdnus, fnm`-tbrh strgtb`dc nvbrmhbmt pfgm nj mgtdnm oudfk-

dm`ds pnsdtdvb prntbctdnmdsh, gmk prnhntbs rbgf `rnwte, gs teb edstnry nj

hbrcgmtdfdsh senws qudtb cfbgrfy.


15/28


Dm hgmy cgsbs, tgrdjjs gmk suosdkdbs, teb sbcnmk idmk nj prntbctdnmdsh,

egvb obbm gknptbk wdtenut gmy strgtb`dc pfgm, jnr bxghpfb, gs g mbw snurcb

nj rbvbmub (tgrdjjs), nr gs g snp tn rb`dnmgf bcnmnhdc nr pnfdtdcgf dmtbrbsts nr

spbcdgf-dmtbrbst fnoodbs (suosdkdbs). [eds idmk nj prntbctdnmdsh sdhpfy fbgkstn dmbjcdbmcdbs gmk stg`mgtdnm. [eds ds teb idmk nj prntbctdnmdsh wb senufk

`bt rdk nj. Dt ds gfsn teb idmk nj prntbctdnmdsh tegt teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs gmk teb

BR dmsdst tegt ntebrs senufk krnp, wedfb rbjusdm` tn kn sn tebhsbfvbs, jnr

bxghpfb, g`rdcufturgf gmk jnssdf jubf suosdkdbs gmk Ghbrdcgm pnri ogrrbf

pnfdtdcs.

[eb tedrk idmk ds prntbctdnm nj teb mnmbcnmnhdc gspbcts nj g sncdbty, gmk

ds kbmdtbfy g kbsdrgofb jnrh nj prntbctdnmdsh. [eds cnufk dmcfukb, jnr bxgh-

pfb, dhpnrt rbstrdctdnms gs pgrt nj g stgtbs bmvdrnmhbmtgf prntbctdnm pnfdcy,b.`., g pnfdcy tn mnt gccbpt dhpnrts jrnh cnrpnrgtdnms nr cnumtrdbs jnffnw-

dm` bmvdrnmhbmtgffy kghg`dm` pnfdcdbs. Nr dt hdèt dmvnfvb g pnfdcy nj jnnk

sbcurdty tn bmsurb survdvgf dm gm dmtbrmgtdnmgf crdsds, nr pbregps dmcbmtdvbs

jnr shgff ousdmbssbs gmk pbmgftdbs jnr fgr`b ousdmbssbs dm nrkbr tn crbgtb g

hnrb kbcbmtrgfdzbk, egrhnmdnus, gmk cnebsdvb sncdbty tegt g kbhncrgtdc

mgtdnm kbcdkbs dt wgmts jnr dtsbfj, rgtebr tegm g cbmtrgfdzbk gmk dmbqudtgofb

sncdbty knhdmgtbk oy jnrbd`m cnhhbrcdgf dmtbrbsts gmk fgr`b hnmnpnfdbs.

Nr dt hdèt ob wdte g vdbw tn crbgtdm` juff bhpfnyhbmt. Jrnh g mgrrnw

bcnmnhdc vdbwpndmt, tebsb pnfdcdbs hgy wbff rbprbsbmt g mbt cnst tn sncdbty,

fdib hgmy ntebr `nvbrmhbmt prn`rghs, out teb vbry jgct tegt suce pnfdcdbs

grb gknptbk dhpfdbs tegt teb trgkb-njj ds cnmsdkbrbk pnfdtdcgffy gccbptgofb oy

teb pnpufgcb, gmk tebrbjnrb ds bxpbctbk tn ob pnsdtdvb nm ogfgmcb.

Jrnh teb vdbwpndmt nj jnrbd`m cnhhbrcdgf dmtbrbsts, pnfdcdbs prntbctdm`

cdtdzbm dmtbrbsts grb kbmdtbfy ogk mbws9 jnr suce jnrbd`m dmtbrbsts cgm ob

ibpt nut nj tebsb hgribts, nr dm teb fbgst ob jnrcbk tn noby teb fncgf rufbs.[ebrbjnrb, mbnfdobrgfs cnmsdkbr suce pnfdcdbs gs rbstrdctdnms nj trgkb gmk

dmsdst tegt teb fgws ob cegm`bk tn jgvnr jnrbd`m cnhhbrcdgf cnrpnrgtdnm

wdsebs nvbr fncgf cdtdzbm wdsebs. Nmb wnufk tedmi tegt suce g orgse, sbfj-

sbrvdm` gttdtukb nj jnrbd`m cnhhbrcdgf dmtbrbsts tnwgrk g snvbrbd`m mgtdnm

wnufk bvnib rdkdcufb, dj mnt obffy fguès, jrnh teb mgtdvbs. Gmk dmkbbk, dt

senufk. [eb sencidm` tedm` ds tegt teby gctugffy `nt gwgy wdte dt wdte teb

P[N wedfb wb dmmncbmt cdtdzbms wbrb fnnidm` teb ntebr wgy dm 744;, dm wegt

cgm ob cnmsdkbrbk g ofnnkfbss cnup. [eb P[N bssbmtdgffy edlgcibk g hglnrpgrt nj bcnmnhdc pnfdcy hgidm` jrnh dts hbhobr stgtbs.

Pegt teb jrbb hgribtbrs egvb knmb dm teb P[N ds tn ternw nut teb ogoy

wdte teb ogtewgtbr. [n `bt rdk nj teb mb`gtdvb idmk nj prntbctdnmdsh (teb

sbcnmk typb), teby hgmg`bk tn ogm gffidmks nj prntbctdnmdst pnfdcdbs dm teb


16/28


P[N trgkb trbgty. [eds ds mgturgffy nj `rbgt obmbt tn teb cnrpnrgtb prnhnt-

brs gs dt supprbssbs cnhpbtdtdnm gmk crbgtbs hnrb prnts jnr tebh, out dt

ds cbrtgdmfy ogk mbws jnr teb bmvdrnmhbmt gmk mnt dm teb dmtbrbsts nj teb

cdtdzbms nj teb P[N hbhobr cnumtrdbs, gmk pgrtdcufgrfy mnt dm teb kbvbfnp-dm` cnumtrdbs. Bssbmtdgffy, teds cfgusb prbvbmts snvbrbd`m `nvbrmhbmts jrnh

bxbrcdsdm` cnmtrnf nvbr vdtgf gspbcts nj tebdr nwm cnumtrdbs.

@fnogfdzgtdnm ds dmbvdtgofb.

[eb rbgfdty> [eds stgtbhbmt ds mnt nmfy wrnm`, out purpnsbfy dmtbmkbk tn

cnmjusb. Mbnfdobrgfs egvb prnhntbk `fnogfdzgtdnm gs gm bvnfutdnmgry

prncbss dm nrkbr tn bfdhdmgtb kbogtb. [eby fdib tn sgy tedm`s fdib @fnogfdzgtdnm

ds dmbvdtgofb, gmk [ebrb ds mn gftbrmgtdvb tn dmtdhdkgtb teb nppnsdtdnm. [ebcgusb nj teb cnmjusdnm ds tegt teb tbrh `fnogfdzgtdnm ds usbk wdte kdjjbr-

bmt hbgmdm`s oy kdjjbrbmt pbnpfb, jnr wedce rbgsnm D try tn gvndk usdm` dt gt

gff. Jnr snhb, teb tbrh rbjbrs tn teb `rgkugf dmtbrmgtdnmgfdzgtdnm nj `fnogf

sncdbty, wedce egs bvnfvbk dm pgrgffbf wdte gkvgmcbs dm cnhhumdcgtdnm gmk

trgvbf, g pebmnhbmnm, wedce hnst pbnpfb wnufk cnmsdkbr pnsdtdvb, gmk

wedce cnufk wbff ob dmbvdtgofb. Ntebrs, jnr bxghpfb, teb gmtd`fnogfdzgtdnm

hnvbhbmt, usb teb tbrh webm rbjbrrdm` tn teb knhdmgmt bcnmnhdcsystbh.

[ebdr hbssg`b wnufk ob cfbgrbr dj teby cgffbk tebdr hnvbhbmt gmtd-mbnfdobr-

gfdsh. Dt ds gosnfutb ruoodse tn cfgdh mbnfdobrgf bcnmnhdcs tn ob dmbvdtgofb.

Dj gmytedm` ds dmbvdtgofb, dt ds teb nppnsdtb, stbgky-stgtb bcnmnhdcs, wdtenut

wedce nur cdvdfdzgtdnm ds umfdibfy tn survdvb.

Hnst nj teb pbnpfb nppnsbk tn mbnfdobrgf bcnmnhdcs grb vbry huce dm

jgvnr nj dmtbrmgtdnmgf cnffgonrgtdnm, pgrtdcufgrfy dm tbrhs nj snfvdm` euhgm

rdèts gmk bmvdrnmhbmtgf prnofbhs. [eby sbb teb mbbk tn fbgrm jrnh ntebr

cufturbs, out teby gfsn rbcn`mdzb teb mbbk jnr cufturgf, bcnmnhdc, gmk pnfdtd-cgf sbfj-kbtbrhdmgtdnm. Hnst wnufk fdib tn cegm`b teb bcnmnhdc systbh tn

snhbtedm` hnrb dm ibbpdm` wdte teb mbbks nj pbnpfb gmk mgturb rgtebr tegm

cnhhbrcdgf cnrpnrgtdnms.

Hgribts grb sbfj-cnrrbctdm`.

[eb rbgfdty> [eds ds teb `rbgtbst fdb nj gff dm teb mbnfdobrgf rbfd`dnm gmk ybt

ds teb ogsds nj tebdr kbhgmks jnr kbrbùfgtdnm. Bvbry bcnmnhdst jrnh Gkgh

Shdte tn Lnem Hgymgrk Ibymbs imbw tegt hgribts rbqudrb nvbrmhbmt rbù-fgtdnm tn jumctdnm. [eds ds trub jnr gmybcnmnhdc systbh. Jdmgmcdgf dmstdtu-

tdnms grb teb rst tn rum jnr ebfp jrnh teb tgxpgybrs webm hgribts jgdf, gs wb

sgw hnst rbcbmtfy dm ?115. _bùfgtdnm ds bspbcdgffy bssbmtdgf jnr mbnfdobrgf

bcnmnhdcs obcgusb teds pgrtdcufgr systbh ds dmtrdmsdcgffy umstgofb gmk wdff


17/28


fbgk tn rbcurrbmt mgmcdgf crdsbs. [eds ds sn dhpnrtgmt tn umkbrstgmk tegt D

wdff bxpfgdm wey, wdte sbvbrgf edstnrdcgf bxghpfbs, dm cegptbr :.

[eb sghb rufbs gppfy tn gff cnumtrdbs.[eb rbgfdty> [eds hytesnhbtdhbs prnhntbk gs teb fbvbf pfgydm` bfk

cnmcbptds kbhnmstrgofy jgfsb. [eds ds pbregps teb hnst cbrtgdm prnnj tegt

mbnfdobrgfdsh ds g pnfdtdcgf prnlbct gmk mnt lust gonut bcnmnhdcs. Jnr bxgh-

pfb, teb DHJ structurgf gklusthbmt prn`rghs jnrcbk nm kbvbfnpdm` cnum-

trdbs webm teby stgrt oudfkdm` up umgccbptgofy edè trgkb kbcdtsedè

dmtbrbst rgtbs, currbmcy kbvgfugtdnm, cuts dm puofdc spbmkdm`, gmk cnmtrgctdnm

nj teb bcnmnhykn mnt gppfy tn teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs. Pebm teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs

`nt dmtn prbcdsbfy teb sghb sdtugtdnm dm ?117, teb nppnsdtb pnfdcdbs wbrbdhpfbhbmtbk. Dmtbrbst rgtbs wbrb cuts bfbvbm tdhbs tegt ybgr tn stdhufgtb gmk

bxpgmk teb bcnmnhy dm spdtb nj gm bmnrhnus jnrbd`m kbot gmk gm bxpfnkdm`

trgkb kbcdt. Structurgf gklusthbmt stnps gt teb R.S. gmk BR onrkbrs.

[eb fbvbf pfgydm` bfk hbtgpenr, dhpfydm` jgdrmbss, rbfgtbs tn teb P[N

rufbs tegt gppfy bqugffy tn gff hbhobrs. Out teds ds teb jgdrmbss nj puttdm` gm

511-pnumk `nrdffg dm teb onxdm` rdm` wdte g 41-pnumk wbgifdm`. Dt hgy ob

tegt teb sghb rufbs gppfy tn onte pgrtdbs, out ubss wen ds ndm` tn wdm bvbry

tdhb> [n wdm g kdsputb dm teb P[N g`gdmst teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs nr teb BR ds mnt

nmfy cnstfy, out rbqudrbs bkucgtbk cdvdf sbrvgmts, puofdc gkhdmdstrgtdnm dmstd-

tutdnms, gmk fb`gf bxpbrtdsb tegt hgmy kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs lust kn mnt egvb.

G trgkdm` rb`dhb fdib teb P[N ds nmfy gpprnprdgtb jnr rbfgtdnms obtwbbm

bqugffy strnm` pfgybrs.

[eb Mbnfdobrgf Qrnlbct ds cnmscdnusfy kbsd`mbk tn ibbp teb kbvbfnpdm`

cnumtrdbs dm tebdr prnpbr pfgcb gs suppfdbrs nj cebgp rgw hgtbrdgfs gmk

fgonrg jnrh nj mgmcdgf cnfnmdgfdsh. Cnfnmdgfdsh< teb prdmcdpfb nr prgc-tdcb dm wedce g pnwbrjuf cnumtry rufbs g wbgibr nmb gmk bstgofdsebs dts nwm

trgkb gmk cufturb tebrb (Fnm`hgm Kdctdnmgry nj Cnmtbhpnrgry Bm`fdse,

7442). Mntb tegt cnfnmdgfdsh knbs mnt rbqudrb hdfdtgry rufb. [egt wgs bdè-

tbbmte-cbmtury tedmidm`. Gs jnrhbr R.S. sbcrbtgry nj stgtb Lnem Jnstbr Kuffbs

ds cfgdhbk tn egvb sgdk, [ebrb grb twn wgys nj tgidm` nvbr g sncdbtys bcnm-

nhy. Nmb ds oy grhbk jnrcb, gmk teb ntebr ds oy mgmcdgf hbgms.

Suosdkdbs

Pb sbb teb sghb cnfnmdgfdsh pgttbrm wdte suosdkdbs. [eb kbvbfnpdm` cnum-

trdbs grb jnrcbk tn cut suosdkdbs tn tebdr knhbstdc prnkuctdnm wedfb teb


18/28


Rmdtbk Stgtbs gmk dts gffdbs grb gffnwbk tn `dvb bmnrhnus suosdkdbs tn tebdrs,

wdte teb rbsuft tegt teb rdce cnumtrdbs cgm umkbrcut knhbstdc prdcbs dm kbvbf-

npdm` cnumtrdbs, bvbm dmcfukdm` fncgf jnnk prnkuctdnm. [enuè bstdhgtbs

vgry, teb ghnumts grb stg``brdm`. Jnr R.S. cnrpnrgtdnms, [dhb hg`gzdmbbstdhgtbk suosdkdbs nj $7?2 odffdnm pbr ybgr dm g hglnr grtdcfb.73[eb Cgtn

Dmstdtutb bstdhgtbk $02 odffdnm pbr ybgr dm tbstdhnmy objnrb Cnm`rbss.7; [eb

Onstnm @fnobbstdhgtbk $721 odffdnm pbr ybgr dm g 744: grtdcfb. Jnr cnhpgrd-

snm, tntgf cnrpnrgtb bgrmdm`s dm teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs dm 7440 wbrb $3?2 odffdnm.

Sn wb grb tgfidm` gonut cnrpnrgtb wbfjgrb ebrb nj g hg`mdtukb cnrrb-

spnmkdm` tn rnuèfy nmb-tedrk nj tntgf cnrpnrgtb prnts gmk dm gm ghnumt

bxcbbkdm` teb cnst nj teb cnrb prn`rghs nj teb wbfjgrb stgtb nj gonut $7;2

odffdnm.72Jnr cnhpgrdsnm, teb cnst nj R.S. jnrbd`m gdk wgs $71.4 odffdnm dm?117. [eds ùrb ds `rnss. Gccnrkdm` tn teb kdrbctnr nj teb R.S. Gdk G`bmcy,

5;% nj tegt ghnumt rbturms tn teb Rmdtbk Stgtbs jnr purcegsb nj R.S. `nnks

gmk sbrvdcbs.7:[eus teb mbt ghnumt nj gdk wgs nmfy gonut $7.2 odffdnm, wedce

ds rnuèfy 7% nj R.S. kdrbct cnrpnrgtb suosdkdbs. Bvbm usdm` teb `rnss ùrb,

g cut nj kdrbct cnrpnrgtb suosdkdbs oy lust 71% cnufk mgmcb g knuofdm` nj

R.S. jnrbd`m gdk, wedce ds teb fnwbst nj gff NBCK cnumtrdbs gs g pbrcbmtg`b nj

@KQ (1.77% dm ?117).

Burnpbgm gmk Lgpgmbsb ùrbs grb hnrb kdjcuft tn cnhb oy, out currbmt

P[N rufbs gffnw teb BR up tn $:1 odffdnm gmmugffy dm trgkb-kdstnrtdm` g`rd-

cufturgf suosdkdbs wdtenut rbpbrcussdnms, wedfb Lgpgm ds gffnwbk $31 odffdnm,

onte mb`ntdgtbk ogci dm 744; ogsbk nm prb-P[N fbvbfs.70 [ebRmdtbk Stgtbs

egs g`rdcufturgf suosdkdbs nj gonut $21 odffdnm pbr ybgr, wedce dmcfukbs gm

51% edib dm Hgy ?11?, g hnvb tegt gm`brbk teb dmtbrmgtdnmgf cnhhu-

mdty lust gs wnrfk fbgkbrs wbrb pfgmmdm` tn `gtebr gt teb Bgrte Suhhdt

dm Lnegmmbsour` tn kdscuss enw tn oudfk g sustgdmgofb wnrfk gmk rbkucbpnvbrty dm teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs. [eb R.S. edib wgs g sfgp dm teb jgcb tn

dts jbffnw P[N hbhobrs, gt g tdhb webm teb rbkuctdnmnj suosdkdbs wgs g

hglnr suolbct jnr kdscussdnm gt teb P[N hbbtdm` dm Kneg. [eb sghb snurcb

bstdhgtbs currbmt BR g`rdcufturgf suosdkdbs gt gonut BR_ ;2 odffdnm.75

Pegt gonut teb rbst nj teb wnrfk> Jnr teb bmtdrb NBCK `rnup nj twbmty-

mdmb rdce cnumtrdbs, tntgf g`rdcufturgf suosdkdbs wbrb rnuèfy $3:1 odffdnm

dm 7444,74nr rnuèfy 0 tdhbs teb tntgf nj gff jnrbd`m gdk, wedce ghnumtbk

tn rnuèfy $2; odffdnm. Kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs tebhsbfvbs suosdkdzb tebdrjgrhbrs wdte gonut $20 odffdnm.?1Gm gcrnss-teb-ongrk `fnogf cut nj 72% dm

NBCK g`rdcufturgf suosdkdbs gfnmb cnufk mgmcb g knuofdm` nj jnrbd`m gdk.

G cnhprbebmsdvb stuky oy teb Dmstdtutb jnr _bsbgrce nm Quofdc Bxpbmkdturb

egs bstdhgtbk tntgf wnrfk suosdkdbs tn ob gt fbgst $011 odffdnm pbr ybgr dm


19/28


lust jnur sbctnrsg`rdcufturb, bmbr`y, wgtbr, gmk rngk trgmspnrtgtdnm. [eds

dmcfukbs cnmsuhptdnm suosdkdbs dm kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbs nj gonut $?31

odffdnm. Hnst nj tebsb suosdkdbs bmcnurg`b teb usb nj jnssdf jubfs, obmbt teb

wbgftey, gmk pbmgfdzb teb pnnr. [eb dmkdrbct bmvdrnmhbmtgf gmk sncdgf cnsts,wedce grb vbry suostgmtdgf, grb mnt dmcfukbk dm tebsb `urbs.?7Gm bcnmnhdc

systbh wdte mn pbmgftdbs jnr kbstrnydm` teb bmvdrnmhbmt gmk prnkuctdnm

prdcbs jurtebr kdstnrtbk oy bmnrhnus suosdkdbs cgm nmfy fbgk tn dmgpprnprd-

gtb kbcdsdnms gmk wrnm` rbsnurcb gffncgtdnms gff ternu`e sncdbty.

[n dffustrgtb enw tebsb suosdkdbs njtbm wnri dm prgctdcb, dt wdff ob dmstruc-

tdvb tn fnni ordby gt teb rbcbmt suosdky edstnry nj terbb pgrtdcufgr dmkustrdbs,

wedce grb dhpnrtgmt tn teb kbvbfnpdm` cnumtrdbssu`gr, cnjjbb, gmk cnttnm.

[eb jnffnwdm` grb mnt teb wnrks nj snhb wdfk gmk umdmjnrhbk gmtd`fnogf-dzbr out mnmb ntebr tegm teb jnrhbr kdrbctnr-`bmbrgf nj teb P[N, Hdib

Hnnrb

the neoliberal project - an excerpt from occupy world street

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