The Nature of MatterThe Nature of Matter

Carbon Compounds (Sec. 2-3)Carbon Compounds (Sec. 2-3)

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (Sec. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (Sec. 2-4)2-4)

What is organic chemistry?What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of all Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between compounds that contain bonds between carbon atomscarbon atoms

Carbon compounds are also called Carbon compounds are also called organic organic compounds.compounds.

What are macromolecules?What are macromolecules?

The prefix “macro” means “large”.The prefix “macro” means “large”. Many of the molecules in living things are so Many of the molecules in living things are so

large that they are called large that they are called macromolecules.macromolecules.

How are macromolecules How are macromolecules formed?formed?

Macromolecules are formed in a process Macromolecules are formed in a process called called polymerizationpolymerization

““Poly” means “many”.Poly” means “many”. Monomers Monomers are smaller units that join are smaller units that join

together to form together to form polymers, polymers, which are which are macromolecules.macromolecules.

The four organic compoundsThe four organic compounds

There are four groups of organic There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things:compounds found in living things:– Lipids Lipids – Carbohydrates( Carbohydrates( a.k.a. carbs, or carbos)a.k.a. carbs, or carbos)– ProteinsProteins– Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

LipidsLipids Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms (Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms (CC, , HH) )

and some O.and some O. Used in living things to Used in living things to store energy.store energy. Some are important parts of biological membranes Some are important parts of biological membranes

and water-proof coverings.and water-proof coverings. Others are used to send chemical messages (ex. Others are used to send chemical messages (ex.

Steroids).Steroids). Made up of compounds called Made up of compounds called fatty acids fatty acids (C-H chain)(C-H chain)

and glyceroland glycerol (contains O) (contains O) Examples: Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, steroidsFats, oils, waxes, steroids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (atoms (CC, , HH, , OO))

Hydrogen and carbon will be in a 2:1 ratioHydrogen and carbon will be in a 2:1 ratio Used by cells as the main source of Used by cells as the main source of energyenergy.. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates in Plants and some animals use carbohydrates in

structures.structures. Examples: Examples: Starches and sugarsStarches and sugars, such as , such as

glucose (glucose (CC66HH1212OO66) and cellulose (in plant cell ) and cellulose (in plant cell

walls)walls)

ProteinsProteins

Contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, Contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (and oxygen (CC,,HH,,OO,,NN))

Are polymers of Are polymers of amino acids amino acids (a.k.a. “the (a.k.a. “the building blocks of proteins”).building blocks of proteins”).

Some control the rate of reactions and regulate Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (cell processes (Enzymes Enzymes are proteinsare proteins).).

Some are used to form bone and muscles.Some are used to form bone and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells Some transport substances into or out of cells

or help fight diseases.or help fight diseases.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and may have either or both of phosphorus and may have either or both of phosphorus or sulphur (or sulphur (C,H,OC,H,O, , NN, , P, SP, S))

Made up of monomers of Made up of monomers of nucleotides.nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, sugar, a a

phosphate phosphate group, and a group, and a nitrogenous basenitrogenous base::

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.information.

Two kinds of nucleic acids:Two kinds of nucleic acids:– RNA (RNA (ribonucleic acid)ribonucleic acid)– DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Carbohydrate, Lipid, or Protein?Carbohydrate, Lipid, or Protein?

Protein

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid

Lipid

Remember CHONPSRemember CHONPS CHCH- -

CHOCHO--

CHONCHON- - CHONPSCHONPS--

LipidsLipids contain a fatty acid chain made contain a fatty acid chain made

of carbon and hydrogen atoms .of carbon and hydrogen atoms .

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are made up of are made up of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

ProteinsProteins also contain nitrogen. also contain nitrogen.

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids will contain will contain

C, H, O, N, and either/or both C, H, O, N, and either/or both

of phosphorus and sulfur.of phosphorus and sulfur.

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals (changes one set of chemicals (reactantsreactants) ) into another set of chemicals (into another set of chemicals (productsproducts).).

A + B C + DA + B C + D Reactants yield ProductsReactants yield Products

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Always involve the breaking of bonds in Always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.products.

Some reactions release energy, others Some reactions release energy, others absorb energy.absorb energy.

Every reaction needs energy to get started.Every reaction needs energy to get started. The starting energy is called the The starting energy is called the activation activation

energyenergy..

CatalystCatalyst

A substance that A substance that speeds up speeds up the rate of a the rate of a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.

Work by lowering the activation energy.Work by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes Enzymes are are proteins proteins that act as that act as catalysts.catalysts.

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

pH is a measurement of Hydrogen ion (HpH is a measurement of Hydrogen ion (H++) ) in a solution.in a solution.

Acids = Acids = High HHigh H++ low OH low OH--

Bases = Bases = Low HLow H++ High OH High OH--

pH ScalepH Scale

The scale goes from 1 to 14.The scale goes from 1 to 14. 1-6 are 1-6 are acidicacidic 7 is 7 is neutralneutral 8-14 are 8-14 are basicbasic

pHpH

Bloods pH is about 7.35-7.45. So is our Bloods pH is about 7.35-7.45. So is our blood basic or acidic?blood basic or acidic?

pH ScalepH Scale

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid.acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base.base. Water (Water (HH22O) is neutral.O) is neutral.

The pH of body fluids is 7.35, 7.45. If the The pH of body fluids is 7.35, 7.45. If the pH is altered below or above the norm it pH is altered below or above the norm it will disrupt the stability of cell will disrupt the stability of cell membranes, alter protein structure, and membranes, alter protein structure, and change the activities of important change the activities of important enzymes. enzymes.

Below 7.35-acidosisBelow 7.35-acidosis Above 7.45-alkalosisAbove 7.45-alkalosis Affects the Affects the nervous nervous system and system and

cardiovascular cardiovascular system. system.