the nature of living things: how they are organized
DESCRIPTION
The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized. Chapter 2. Taxonomy of Living Things. Next. Monera. Table. Protists. Table. Fungi. Table. Plants. Table. Animals. Table. Levels of Organization. Eukaryotic Cells. Prokaryotic Cells. Eukaryotic Cells Structures. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized
Chapter 2
![Page 2: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Taxonomy of Living ThingsKingdom Features Examples
Monera • Prokaryotic• Unicellular
Bacteria
Protista • Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms”• Most are unicellular
Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds
Fungi • Filamentous eukaryotes Yeast, Bread Mold
Plantae • Photosynthetic• Multicellular• Have cell walls
Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers
Animalia • Multicellular• Non-photosynthetic
Coral, Insects, Mammals
Next
![Page 3: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Monera
Table
![Page 4: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Protists
Table
![Page 5: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fungi
Table
![Page 6: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Plants
Table
![Page 7: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Animals
Table
![Page 8: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Levels of OrganizationEukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
• more complex• contain a nucleus• membrane-bound organelles• protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• simple cells• no nucleus• no organelles•bacteria
![Page 9: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 10: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cells
![Page 11: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells StructuresOrganelles Function
Plasma membrane Permeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment
Nucleus Contains DNA
Cytoplasm Part of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol
Ribosome Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)
Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis
Cell wall Boundary outside cell membrane
![Page 12: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Eukaryotic Nucleus
![Page 13: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cellular MoleculesSmall Organic Molecules Macromolecules
• Occur free in solution in cytoplasm• Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides
• Larger molecules • Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers)• Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides
![Page 14: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Small Organic Molecules
Glucose
Nucleotides
![Page 15: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Macromolecules
Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers
Macromolecule or Polymer
![Page 16: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Macromolecules
Amino Acids (Monomers)
Proteins (Polymer)
![Page 17: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Macromolecules
Nucleotides (Monomers)
Nucleic Acid (Polymer)
![Page 18: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Proteins• Long polymers made up of many monomers
(amino acids)• 20 different amino acids can combine in
different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains
![Page 20: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
For example:
![Page 21: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Function of Proteins
• Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes
• Catalysts (enzymes) or substrates (reactants)• Help regulate production of other proteins
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
![Page 25: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Enzymes
• Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
![Page 26: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DNA Structure
![Page 27: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DNA Structure• Nucleotides join together to form long strands• DNA consists of two strands• Strands twist around each other to form a double helix• Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond
– Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another
• Nucleotide sequence can vary
Phosphodiester bonds
![Page 28: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Polarity of DNA
• Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end– The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide– The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group
of the nucleotide
• A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’
•Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’
![Page 29: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DNA Structure
• DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair
• Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands– Adenine only base pairs with thymine– Guanine only base pairs with cytosine
• Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite– Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form
hydrogen bonds
![Page 31: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DNA Animations
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html#
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
• http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html• http://
www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html
![Page 32: The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56814b55550346895db84e57/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Images taken from:
• http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view¤t=bacecoli.png&newest=1
• http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm
• http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html• http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php• http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm• http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/• http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm• http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/• http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm• http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html• https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46• http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm• http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html• http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/• http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php• http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php• http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid• http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm• http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html