the national energy foundation, 12 ground-source heat pumpsground-source heat pumps 30,000...

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Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumpsin Scandinavia in Scandinavia

-- a success storya success story

Göran HellströmGöran HellströmLund University, SwedenLund University, Sweden

Geoenergy Ltd, UKGeoenergy Ltd, UK

The National Energy Foundation, 12The National Energy Foundation, 12thth May 2005May 2005 GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat PumpsCountry Number of installations Country Number of installations

nn USA 900,000USA 900,000

nn Sweden 275,000Sweden 275,000

nn NorwayNorway 13,00013,000

nn UKUK 3,0003,000

nn Rest of Europe 250,000Rest of Europe 250,000

GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps

30,000 ground30,000 ground--source heat source heat pumps with pumps with verticalverticalboreholes are installed boreholes are installed each year in Swedeneach year in Sweden

Sweden’s total demand for heating and cooling is ca 100 TWhSweden’s total demand for heating and cooling is ca 100 TWh

In 2000 about 15% of this energy was produced by groundIn 2000 about 15% of this energy was produced by ground--source systemssource systems

In 2010 the groundIn 2010 the ground--source contribution is expected to have doubledsource contribution is expected to have doubled

10,000 ground10,000 ground--source heat source heat pumps with pumps with horizontalhorizontalloops are installed each loops are installed each year in Swedenyear in Sweden

Single or Block ResidentsØ Number of systems (5-100 kW) 275 000

Ø Average load capacity 12 kW

Ø Full load hours 3 600 h

Ø Extraction of ground heat at COP 3,0 7 900 GWh

Larger SystemsØ Number of systems (100 –20 000 kW) 700

Ø Average load capacity 1 000 kW

Ø Full load hours 4 500 h

Ø Extraction of ground heat at COP 3,0 2 100 GWh

Total energy extracted 10 TWh/year

Total energy produced 15 TWh/year


Natural Heat Extraction (2004)

⌦ For Single Residents, 7 900 GWh

⌦ Larger Distribution Systems, 2 100 GWh

Corresponds to

⌦ 10 % of total space heating demand

⌦ CO2 reduction with 2,3 Million tons

⌦ or 3,5 % of the total emission


Ground-source heat pumps in Stockholm

Swedish Geological Survey

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Ground source heat pumps in Stockholm


Ground source heat pumps in Gothenburg


GroundGround--Source Heat PumpsSource Heat Pumps⌦ 275 000 Installations⌦ 80 000 km Plastic Pipe Installed⌦ Annual Growth Rate > 30 %⌦ Drilling Industry Doubled in 10 years⌦ Side Industrial Growth Considerable

nl

ee

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1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

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Accumuleratfram till 1985

Prognosuntil 1985 2004

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Borehole Heat ExchangerBorehole Heat Exchanger

Developed industrial production of borehole heat exchangerDeveloped industrial production of borehole heat exchanger

⌦ Groundwater Heat ⌦ Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

(ATES) ⌦ High Temperature Underground

Storage under Development

Open Loop SystemsOpen Loop Systems TypicalTypical Swedish GSHP InstallationSwedish GSHP Installation

⌦ Ground Source Temp, 7 oC⌦ Borehole Length, 150 m⌦ Borehole Capacity, 7 kW⌦ Ground Loop Temp Design, -3/0 oC⌦ Distribution Temp, 50/40 oC⌦ Heat Production, 30 000 kWh/a⌦ System COP 3.3⌦ Energy savings, 21 000 kWh/a⌦ Heat pump technical life 15-20 years⌦ Borehole technical life 30-50 years⌦ Payback time, 7 years

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⌦⌦ Ground Source Heating (and Cooling) is well established Ground Source Heating (and Cooling) is well established

⌦⌦ Technologies are proven to be energy efficient, profitable and Technologies are proven to be energy efficient, profitable and environmentally beneficial by scientific evaluationsenvironmentally beneficial by scientific evaluations

⌦⌦ Main obstacles for further market deployment are:Main obstacles for further market deployment are:

üü Lack of recognition by authorities, politicians, etc.Lack of recognition by authorities, politicians, etc.

üü Lack of education, general knowledge and competent designersLack of education, general knowledge and competent designers

üü Resistance from the established energy industry, who represent Resistance from the established energy industry, who represent the “conventional systems”the “conventional systems”

General ObservationsGeneral Observations Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers

Average length 350 m

Important factors:

climate, snow cover, soil type, water saturation

Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers

Passive solar regeneration of cooled soil

Shallow horizontal Shallow horizontal ground heat exchangersground heat exchangers

Horizontal loopsHorizontal loops

Can the trench be shortened?

Ditch ground heat exchangerDitch ground heat exchanger

Compact ditch GHE (Austria)

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Field testsField testsnn Nordic climate Nordic climate nn Long heating seasonLong heating seasonnn Low ground temperaturesLow ground temperatures

nn Heat pump covers 60Heat pump covers 60--70 % of peak 70 % of peak demanddemand

nn Typical heat pump run times 3500Typical heat pump run times 3500--4000 4000 hourshours

nn Freezing of the groundFreezing of the groundProject: Swedish Geotechnical Institute/Lund University and industrial partners

nn Two pipes at different depthsTwo pipes at different depths

nn Horizontal Slinky coilsHorizontal Slinky coils

nn Vertical installation of pipes in clayVertical installation of pipes in clay

Field tests of compact GHEField tests of compact GHE

Ground heat exchangers considered in the project:

Compact GHECompact GHE

Two pipes at different depths

SlinkySlinky

Flistad, jordtemp, dygnsmedel. T1=närmast fördelningbrunn

-25

-15

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Tem

pera

tur,

°C

T1-0,25 T1-0,5 T1-1,0 slang T1-1,5 T1-1,0 brevid 0,5 Ref-1,0 Lufttemp

Flistad – Slinky coils

Measured soil temperatures Vertical U-pipes in clay

Vertical installationVertical installation

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Installation of vertical U-pipes in clay (SGI/LTH)

Vertical installation Vertical installation -- LidingöLidingö Compact collector (IVT)Compact collector (IVT)

Vertical installationPEM DN40PN6 (2 m high)

nn Compact GHE design can be achievedCompact GHE design can be achievednn Verified in Swedish climateVerified in Swedish climatenn Cheaper than boreholesCheaper than boreholesnn No thermal influence on neighborsNo thermal influence on neighbors

nn Hybrid system Hybrid system –– horizontal loops horizontal loops combined with vertical boreholescombined with vertical boreholes

Compact Ground Heat ExchangersCompact Ground Heat Exchangers

nn HeatingHeating of of domesticdomestic hot hot water (substitution of water (substitution of energyenergy from heat pump)from heat pump)

nn ProvideProvide lowlow--temperaturetemperaturefloorfloor heatingheating

nn NaturalNatural regeneration of regeneration of boreholeborehole duedue to to decreaseddecreasedrunrun time of heat pumptime of heat pump

nn IncreaseIncrease of fluid of fluid temperaturetemperature to evaporator to evaporator and COP of heat pumpand COP of heat pump

Solar Heat and Solar Heat and GroundGround SourceSource Heat PumpHeat PumpBenefitsBenefits of of GlazedGlazed Solar Solar CollectorsCollectors

nn IncreaseIncrease of of seasonalseasonalperformance performance factorfactor and and savingssavings of electricity (?)of electricity (?)

nn Regeneration of Regeneration of boreholeboreholewith heat from solar with heat from solar collectorscollectors

nn IncreaseIncrease of fluid of fluid temperaturetemperature to evaporator to evaporator and COP of heat pumpand COP of heat pump

nn IncreaseIncrease of of seasonalseasonalperformance performance factorfactor and and savingssavings of electricity (?)of electricity (?)

Solar Heat and Solar Heat and GroundGround SourceSource Heat PumpHeat PumpBenefitsBenefits of of UnglazedUnglazed Solar Solar CollectorsCollectors

Large systemsLarge systems

Increased interest for large installations requiring multiple boIncreased interest for large installations requiring multiple boreholesreholes

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Closed loop systemClosed loop system

COOLINGAUTUMN - WINTER

The heat pump (HP) extracts energyfrom the boreholes

1 kW input (electricity) – 3 kW output (heat)Free cooling if needed

COOLING

HP

HEATING


HP

COOLINGHEATINGEARLY SUMMER

Free cooling

1 kW input => 30-50 kW output (cold)

COOLING


HP

COOLING(HEATING)LATE SUMMER

The heat pump operates as a cooling machine

Waste heat from condenseris stored in the ground

Large BTES projectsLarge BTES projectsSwedenSweden

Number of borehNumber of boreholes Borehole deptholes Borehole depth

nn Kemicentrum (IKDC), Lund Kemicentrum (IKDC), Lund 165165 230 m230 mnn Vällingby Centrum, Stockholm Vällingby Centrum, Stockholm 133133 200 m200 mnn Musikhögskolan, ÖrebroMusikhögskolan, Örebro 6060 200 m200 mnn Näsby Parks Slott, Stockholm Näsby Parks Slott, Stockholm 4848 180 m 180 m nn Projekt Lulevärme, Luleå Projekt Lulevärme, Luleå 120120 65 m65 mnn QQ--MED, UppsalaMED, Uppsala 3838 200 m200 mnn InfraCity, UpplandsInfraCity, Upplands--Väsby Väsby 6464 110 m110 mnn Anneberg, Stockholm Anneberg, Stockholm 100100 65 m65 mnn SpråkSpråk-- och litteraturcentrum, Lund och litteraturcentrum, Lund 3636 150 m150 mnn IKEA, HelsingborgIKEA, Helsingborg 3636 150 m150 mnn Hotellet, StorforsenHotellet, Storforsen 3333 160 m160 mnn Stadsgårdskajen, StockholmStadsgårdskajen, Stockholm 2828 185 m185 mnn Astronomihuset, LundAstronomihuset, Lund 2020 180 m180 m

Large BTES projectsLarge BTES projectsNorway Norway

Number of boreholes Borehole depthNumber of boreholes Borehole depth

nn AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo 160 (90+70) 200/260 m160 (90+70) 200/260 mnn Ericsson, AskerEricsson, Asker 5656 230 m230 mnn Alnafossen, OsloAlnafossen, Oslo 5454 200 m200 mnn Rutebilplata/Hönefoss, BuskerudRutebilplata/Hönefoss, Buskerud 5050 160 m160 mnn Greverud senter, OsloGreverud senter, Oslo 4040 200 m200 mnn Brönnöy, NordlandBrönnöy, Nordland 4040 200 m200 mnn Röyken, AskerRöyken, Asker 4040 200 m200 mnn Björåsen school, OsloBjöråsen school, Oslo 2424 200 m200 mnn Kastellet school, OsloKastellet school, Oslo 2424 200 m200 mnn Ulsrud school, OsloUlsrud school, Oslo 2020 220 m220 mnn Apallökka, OsloApallökka, Oslo 22 22 200 m200 mnn Rove, HolmestrandRove, Holmestrand 1818 300 m300 mnn Nedre Bekkelaget school, OsloNedre Bekkelaget school, Oslo 1818 200 m200 m

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

Large and cheap energy storage unitLarge and cheap energy storage unit

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UUnderground nderground TThermal hermal EEnergy nergy SStoragetorage

ATESATES – Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

BTESBTES – Borehole Thermal Energy Storage

CTESCTES – Cavern Thermal Energy Storage

Energy balance?Energy balance?

HEAT COLD

Energy balance for the ground determines choice of system design of ground source

Renewable energy rechargeRenewable energy recharge

Winter coldWinter coldnn Outdoor airOutdoor airnn Surface waterSurface waternn Snow and iceSnow and ice

Summer heatSummer heatnn Outdoor airOutdoor airnn Surface waterSurface waternn Solar heatSolar heat

MarkHEATINGHEATING COOLINGCOOLING

GROUNDGROUND

Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme, , LuleåLuleå

HighHigh--temperature seasonal storage of waste heattemperature seasonal storage of waste heat

Project Project LulevärmeLulevärme

Ø Summer: Storage of waste heat from steel plant

Ø Stored heat: ca 2000 MWh (maximum temp 82 °C)

Ø Winter: University building heated with/without heat pump

Ø Extracted heat: 1000-1200 MWh

Ø In operation 1983-1989

Seasonal storage of waste heatSeasonal storage of waste heat


Connection pipes and manifoldConnection pipes and manifold

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Borehole heat store: 120 boreholes depth 65 mBorehole heat store: 120 boreholes depth 65 m


Measured temperature in center of storeMeasured temperature in center of store


Estimated ground temperature after chargingEstimated ground temperature after charging

Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderyd

Seasonal storage of solar heatSeasonal storage of solar heat


Ø 70 single-family houses

Ø Summer: Storage of excess solar heat in ground store

Ø Winter: Heating without heat pump using under-floor heating

Ø 100 borehole to 65 meters depth

Ø In operation: March 2002

Ø Solar fraction estimated to 70 % of total energy demand

Seasonal storage of solar heatSeasonal storage of solar heat


Drilling and installation of double UDrilling and installation of double U--pipe BHEpipe BHE

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Project Project AnnebergAnneberg, , DanderydDanderydStorage performance

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C]

Coll. Gain Storage losses

To coll. Temp. Storage temp.

Temperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat storeTemperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat store

DärlingenDärlingen, Switzerland, Switzerland

Solar heat collection from road surfacesSolar heat collection from road surfaces

DärlingenDärlingen, Switzerland, Switzerland

Summer: heat from bridge deck stored in borehole heat storeSummer: heat from bridge deck stored in borehole heat store

Winter: heat from store keeps the road frost freeWinter: heat from store keeps the road frost free

Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby, Sweden, Sweden

Infra CityInfra CityUpplandsUpplands--VäsbyVäsby

Ø Offices 100.000 m2

Ø Winter: ground heat extraction and district heating

Ø Summer: cooling machine with ground and air

Ø 64 boreholes to 110 meters depth

Ø In operation: 1989-2001


Borehole configuration Borehole configuration –– spacing 4 mspacing 4 m

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Fluid temperatures and mean store temperature (measured)Fluid temperatures and mean store temperature (measured)

0

5

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15

20

25

30

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40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Days

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Outlet temperature

Inlet temperature

Mean store temperature

Näsby Parks Slott, StockholmNäsby Parks Slott, Stockholm

Hybrid system Hybrid system -- Boreholes with summer recharge from lakeBoreholes with summer recharge from lake

Näsby Parks SlottNäsby Parks Slott

Heat load from buildings (18.000 mHeat load from buildings (18.000 m22) marked in yellow) marked in yellow

Boreholes

Water intake

Water outlet

Näsby parks slott Näsby parks slott GroundGround--coupled heat pump with recharge from the seacoupled heat pump with recharge from the sea

HP48 boreholes

Lake

48 boreholes x 180 m

Granite 3,9 W/m,K

Temperature 8,5 C

Heat pump 400 kW

Run hours 6000 h

Heat supply 2400 MWh

Cost of borehole storage

230,000 EUR Borehole storage without lake recharge:80 boreholes400,000 EUR

Lake water temperatureLake water temperature

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5

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25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re (C

)

Normal water temperature

High water temperature


Energy flows and temperatures 040927Energy flows and temperatures 040927

HP48 boreholes

+13,2+9,8

+9,7

+5,8

Lake

+11,2

17 l/s

11 l/s +38,0

+41,8

263 kW180 kW

250 kW

70 kW

6 kW

2,2 kW

83 kW

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Energy flows and temperatures 041117Energy flows and temperatures 041117

HP48 boreholes

+4,3+3,4

+5,5

+2,5

Lake

+3,6

17 l/s

15 l/s +38,7

+42,8

284 kW177 kW

62 kW

115 kW

10 kW

2,2 kW

102 kW

ProfitabilityProfitabilityEstimated based on first seven months of operation Estimated based on first seven months of operation (june(june--december 2004)december 2004)

Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 2. GroundAlternative 2. Ground--source heat pump and oil (peak)source heat pump and oil (peak)

Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 750.000 EUR750.000 EURReduced operational cost:Reduced operational cost: 180.000 EUR/year180.000 EUR/year

Straight Straight paypay--off off time:time: 4,2 years4,2 years

Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %

QQ--MED, UppsalaMED, Uppsala

nn New facilities for New facilities for manufacturing of manufacturing of medicinemedicine

nn Building consists of four Building consists of four storeys incl. basementstoreys incl. basement

nn Total areaTotal area ca 7020 mca 7020 m22

nn Energy service rooms Energy service rooms prepared for future prepared for future storage space of ca storage space of ca 2000 m2000 m22

Design load & criteria Design load & criteria

Annual energy loadAnnual energy loadCapacityCapacity

330 kW330 kW

90 kW90 kW

160 kW160 kW

410 kW410 kW

305 MWh305 MWhCool load Cool load summersummer

190 MWh190 MWhCool load Cool load winterwinter

50 MWh50 MWhHeat load Heat load summersummer

925 MWh925 MWhHeat load Heat load winterwinter

Design loadsDesign loads

Criteria for system design:l Boreholes designed for max entering fluid temp +14 °Cl All air cooling coils designed for 14-17 °Cl All air heating coils designed for 50-35 °C

Geological conditionsGeological conditions

nn 00--25 meter soft clay25 meter soft clay

nn 2525--30 meter silt / sand30 meter silt / sand

nn 3030--200 meter granite200 meter granite

Ground water level ca 4 meter below ground surface

Borehole configurationBorehole configuration

Boreholes are drilled from a trench along the property border and gradedunder the building to achieve suitable borehole spacing in the ground

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BoreholesBoreholes

nn 38 boreholes for heat pump and 38 boreholes for heat pump and direct coolingdirect cooling

nn 168 mm steel casing to a depth 168 mm steel casing to a depth of ca 30 mof ca 30 m

nn 140 mm borehole to a depth of 140 mm borehole to a depth of 200 m200 m

nn 2 x 40 mm PEM U2 x 40 mm PEM U--pipe in each pipe in each boreholeborehole

nn Boreholes are filled with Boreholes are filled with groundwatergroundwater

168 mm ODEX drilling for casing.Removal of water and cuttings to container

BoreholesBoreholes

Fitting of 168 mm cap on the casing fora single U-pipe with PEM 40 mm pipes

Installation equipment for U-pipe PEM 40 mmU-pipe filled with 29% ethanol/water solution

Header pipesHeader pipes

Testing horizontal pipes from boreholesbefore connecting to manifold

Horizontal pipes (PEM 50 mm) before being covered with thermal insulation sheets

Electric welding to join borehole pipes (PEM 40 mm)with horizontal pipes (PEM 50 mm) connecting boreholeswith manifold in energy service room

ManifoldsManifolds

Manifolds of stainless steel with throttle valves for each header pipe (borehole)

Energy service roomEnergy service room

nn 6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity

nn Three of the heat pumps fitted Three of the heat pumps fitted with desuperheaters forwith desuperheaters forheating of tap waterheating of tap water

nn Refrigerant R407CRefrigerant R407C

nn Electric heater 255 kWElectric heater 255 kW

Heat pumps (IVT Greenline F40H) in the service room

ProfitabilityProfitability

Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 900.000 900.000 SEKSEK100.000 100.000 EUREUR

Reduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 360.000 360.000 SEK/yearSEK/year40.000 40.000 EUR/yearEUR/year

Straight payStraight pay--backback timetime 2,5 2,5 yearsyears

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Astronomy Department, LundAstronomy Department, Lund

BTES heating and free cooling combined with district heatingBTES heating and free cooling combined with district heatingOffice space 4.900 mOffice space 4.900 m22

Borehole

20 boreholes, depth 200 m, moraine/shale

BoreholesBoreholes

Energy balanceEnergy balance

4,84,8Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor –– ground source (heat pump + free cooling)ground source (heat pump + free cooling)

100 kWh/m100 kWh/m22,yr,yrHeating and cooling demandHeating and cooling demand

25 kWh/m25 kWh/m22,yr,yrBought energyBought energy

Key factors Normal year (adjusted)Key factors Normal year (adjusted)

4,04,0Seasonal performance factorSeasonal performance factor–– total (ground source + district heating)total (ground source + district heating)

4747Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- free coolingfree cooling

3,53,5Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- heat pump (incl. circulation)heat pump (incl. circulation)

95 MWh95 MWhElectricity to heat pump compressorElectricity to heat pump compressor

20 MWh20 MWhDistrict heating (hot water + peak load)District heating (hot water + peak load)

Energy balance Normal year (adjusted)Energy balance Normal year (adjusted)

7 MWh7 MWhElectricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side)Electricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side)

140 MWh140 MWhCold from ground source (free cooling)Cold from ground source (free cooling)

350 MWh350 MWhHeat from heat pumpHeat from heat pumpProfitabilityProfitability

Additional investment:Additional investment: 180.000 EUR180.000 EURReduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 18.000 EUR/yr18.000 EUR/yrStraight payStraight pay--back time: 10 yearsback time: 10 years

Grants: 80.000 EURGrants: 80.000 EURStraight payStraight pay--back time (with grants): 6 yearsback time (with grants): 6 years

⌦ New office, Helsingborg, Sweden⌦ 36 boreholes á 140 m⌦ Limestone⌦ 340 kW heat and 450 kW cold capacity⌦ 600 MWh heat / 400 MWh cold annually⌦ Pay-back time approx 6 years

IKEA Meeting PointIKEA Meeting Point

WINTER HEATINGWINTER HEATING

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE

GROUND GROUND

Combining groundCombining ground--source for buildings source for buildings with different load characteristicswith different load characteristics

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SPRINGSPRING

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE


SUMMER COOLING: Combining sources to achieve SUMMER COOLING: Combining sources to achieve free cooling of officefree cooling of office

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE

FREE COOLING


AUTUMNAUTUMN

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE


Common ground sourceCommon ground source

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE


Chemistry Department, LundChemistry Department, Lund

Chemistry

IKDC

Architecture

Energy balance by combining buildings with different load profiles

Energy store 165 boreholes

Heating loadHeating load

ChemistryIKDC

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Cooling loadCooling load

ChemistryIKDC

Architecture

Building area : 180.000 m2Energy wells :180 wells, 200 m deepCentral heating and cooling stationDistrict heating and cooling

Energy storage (wells)

Housing flats

Office building

Radisson Hotel

University

AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, Oslo

Avantor – Nydalen, april 2003


View of completed borehole installation with connection pipesView of completed borehole installation with connection pipes

Avantor - Nydalen

Connection pipes from boreholes to field headerConnection pipes from boreholes to field header


Manifolds from field headers to energy plant roomManifolds from field headers to energy plant room

AvantorAvantor--Nydalen, OsloNydalen, OsloProfitabilityProfitability

Additional investment cost: Additional investment cost: 1.950.000 EUR1.950.000 EUR

Reduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 480.000 EUR480.000 EUR

Straight payStraight pay--backback time:time: 4,1 years4,1 years

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BTES design toolBTES design toolEED EED –– Earth Energy DesignerEarth Energy Designer

nn easy and fast to use (GUI)easy and fast to use (GUI)

nn ground propertiesground properties

nn borehole heat exchanger (type, depth, material, filling materialborehole heat exchanger (type, depth, material, filling material ))

nn 307 predefined borehole configurations307 predefined borehole configurations

nn heat carrier fluidheat carrier fluid

The model provides databases for the input data and also reThe model provides databases for the input data and also re lies on a database lies on a database

of preof pre--calculated response functionscalculated response functions

Results:Results: fluid temperature variation and required borehole lengthfluid temperature variation and required borehole length

Base loadPeak cool loadPeak heat load

Year 25JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Flui

d te

mpe

ratu

re [º

C]

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

BTES simulation modelBTES simulation model

SBM SBM –– Superposition Borehole ModelSuperposition Borehole Model

nn homogeneous ground propertieshomogeneous ground properties

nn borehole heat exchanger (depth, material, filling material)borehole heat exchanger (depth, material, filling material)

nn arbitrary placement of boreholes (vertical or graded)arbitrary placement of boreholes (vertical or graded)

nn ValidatedValidated

Results: Results:

nn fluid temperature variation and required borehole lengthfluid temperature variation and required borehole length

nn temperature in the groundtemperature in the ground

nn energy balanceenergy balance

Site Investigation TechniquesSite Investigation Techniques

ThermalThermal responseresponse test for dtest for determinationetermination of ground thermal propertiesof ground thermal properties

Ø Heating and coolingØ 18 boreholes, 300 mØ Heat pump: 280 kWØ Built 2002-2003

Rove nursing home, Norway

Very deep boreholes (300 m)Very deep boreholes (300 m)

Office parkOffice park

ØØ HeatingHeating and and coolingcoolingØØ 54 54 boreholesboreholes, 200 m, 200 mØØ Heatpump: 1200 kWHeatpump: 1200 kWØØ Built: 2002Built: 2002--20032003

Alnafossen, NorwayAlnafossen, Norway

Excess solar heat through glassExcess solar heat through glass--frame stored in the groundframe stored in the ground

Hønefoss (Oslo), NorwayHønefoss (Oslo), NorwayShopping Shopping centercenter and and apartmentsapartments

ØØ Heating and Heating and coolingcoolingØØ 50 50 boreholesboreholes, 160 m, 160 mØØ Heatpump: 600 kWHeatpump: 600 kWØØ Built: 2004Built: 2004--20052005

Buildings built on top of ground loop fieldBuildings built on top of ground loop field

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Nursery homeNursery homeØØ 4 4 wellswells, , openopen systemsystemØØ Heat pump : 180 kWHeat pump : 180 kWØØ Built: 2002Built: 2002--20032003

Sande, NorwaySande, Norway

Open loop system in hard rockOpen loop system in hard rock CoolingCooling in industrial processesin industrial processes

BTES ApplicationsBTES Applications

nn Based on developed techniques and parts Based on developed techniques and parts nn Low operational costsLow operational costsnn Reasonable payReasonable pay--back timesback timesnn Seasonal energy storageSeasonal energy storagenn Potential for further developmentPotential for further development

nn Heating Heating andand coolingcoolingnn Large fraction renewable energy (75Large fraction renewable energy (75--80 %)80 %)

nn HeatingHeatingnn Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)

A sustainable and cost effective choice!A sustainable and cost effective choice!

Large hybrid groundLarge hybrid ground--source systemssource systems

the national energy foundation, 12 ground-source heat pumpsground-source heat pumps 30,000...

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