the muslim empires, 1450-1800
TRANSCRIPT
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The OttomanEmpire
The Rule of theSafavids
The Grandeur ofthe Moguls
THE MUSLIM EMPIRES,
1450-1800
The Ottoman Empire
Objectives:
1. Discuss how theOttoman Turks usedfirearms to expand theirlands and appointed localrulers to administerconquered regions
2. Characterize thecreation of a strongOttoman Empire withreligious tolerance andartistic achievements
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Rise of the Ottoman
Turks
A new leader, Osman, built anew power in the
*Anatolian Peninsula
The Osman Turks wereoriginally peaceful
pastoralists
When the Seljuk Empirebegan to decline in the 14thcentury, the Osman Turks
expanded creating the*Ottoman Empire
Eventually, they controlledthe *Bosporus and the
Dardanellestwo straitsseparated by the *Sea of
Marmara
By the 14th century, TheOttoman Turks expanded
into the *Balkans
The ruler took the titlesultan and created a
strong military and an eliteguard called *janissaries
Expansion of the
Empire
The Fall of Constantinople
Under *Mehmet II, theOttomans moved to end theByzantine Empire and laid
siege to Constantinople
The Ottomans used massivecannons (26 foot barrels
launching stone balls
weighing 1,200 pounds)
Constantinople fell in 1453and was sacked for three days
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Western Asia and
Africa
They made Constantinopletheir new capitalremaining it
*Istanbul
The Ottoman Turks dominatedthe Balkans and the Anatolian
Peninsula
*Sultan Selim I, (1514-17) tookcontrol of Mesopotamia,Egypt, and Arabia and
declared himself the newcaliph (controlling Mecca)
They advancedalong the African
coast
controllingregions throughlocal rulers
*pashas,appointed
officials whocollected taxes on
behalf of theOttoman Turks
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Europe
They took the Romanianterritory of Walachia, Hungary,
and into Austria as far asViennatheir advance stopped
in 1529, defeated by the HRE
The Ottoman Empire remainedoccupied with internal
problems
By 1683, the Ottomansmarched on Vienna, but wererepulsed and were no longer a
threat to central Europe
The Nature of
Ottoman Rule
The Ottomans were a
*gunpowder empire,formed by outsiders whounified regions throughconquest by means of
advanced artillery
The head of the Ottomansystem was the *sultan,
supreme authority in bothpolitics and militarya
hereditary position.
They created acentralized
administrative systemand the sultan became
isolated in TopkapiPalace and in his
*harem
The chief minister, the*grand vizier, led
council meetings andthe administration of
the kingdom
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Religion in the Ottoman
World
Ottomans were Sunni Muslimsonly the descendants of the
Umayyads are the rightful rulers
The sultans gave their religiousduties to a groups of religiousadvisers known as the *ulema
Islamic law and customs were
applied to all Muslims in the empire
Non-Muslims paid a tax, but wereallowed to practice their religion
Ottoman Society
The Empire was divided byoccupation: ruling class was atthe tope followed by four main
groupspeasants, artisans,merchants, and pastoral peoples
All land was ultimately ownedby the Sultan
Women were subject to thesame restrictions as in other
Muslim societies, but could ownand inherit property and had
limited divorce rights
Problems in the
Ottoman Empire
The Empire reached its highpoint under Sleyman theMagnificent (1520-1566)
He executed his two sonson suspicion of treason,
leaving the empire to thelesser son Selim II
Sultans eventually becameless involved in
government and constantwars depleted the treasury
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The empire wasstrongly influenced byideas from the West
wearing Western clothesand purchasing Western
furniture and art
The Europeansborrowed Ottoman
military technology andalso bought Ottoman artand furniture
Ottoman Art
Architecture was the greatestOttoman contribution to art
*Sinan, the greatest of allOttoman architects, built 81
mosques
His masterpiece was theSuleimaniye Mosque in
Istanbul
Silk industry resurfaced andboomed under Ottoman rule
Objectives:
1. Discuss how theOttoman Turks usedfirearms to expand theirlands and appointed localrulers to administerconquered regions
2. Characterize thecreation of a strongOttoman Empire withreligious tolerance andartistic achievements
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The Rule of the Safavids
Objectives:
1. Relate how the
Safavids used theirfaith as a unifying
force to bring Turks
and Persians together
2. Describe how the
Safavid dynasty
reached its height
under Shah Abbas
Rise of the Safavid
Dynasty
After the collapse of theempire of Timur Lenk power
shifted to a new dynastycalled *Safavidsardent
Shiites from *Azerbaijan, near*Caspian Sea
It was founded by *ShahIsmail and in 1501, they
seized Iran and Iraq
Ismail sent missionaries to
Anatolia to convert theTurkish tribes and orderedthe massacre of Sunni
Muslims; The Shiite faithunified the Safavid
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Glory and Decline
Under *Shah Abbas (1588 to1629) the Safavids reached the
high point of their glory
He strengthened his army andarmed them with the latest
weapons
Shah Abbas moved against theOttomans, aided by the
European states
After the death of Shah Abbas,the Safavid dynasty lost its vigor
Persian women hadconsiderable freedom
during the earlyempire, ultimately lost
under the Safavid
The Afghan peoplesinvaded and seized
the capital of Isfahan,
causing political c toemerge
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Political and Social
Structures
The majority of the peoplewere Persian but the societywas a blend of Turkish and
Persian elements
The Social Pyramid: the shahwere at the top, the
bureaucracy and landedclasses in the middle, andcommon people at the
bottom
The Role of the Shah
The Safavid rulers were
supported by theShiites, believing theshah was a direct
successor of the prophetMuhammad
This shah appointedsenior positions in the
bureaucracy based onmerit rather than birth
Safavid CulturePersia witnessed anextraordinary flowering ofthe arts during the reignof Shah Abbas from 1588
to 1629
Silk weaving based onnew techniques flourished
and carpet weavingexploded
*Riza-i-Abbasi createdexquisite works on simple
subjectsfarming,hunters, and lovers
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Objectives:
1. Relate how the
Safavids used their
faith as a unifying
force to bring Turks
and Persians together
2. Describe how the
Safavid dynastyreached its height
under Shah Abbas
The Grandeur of the Moguls
Objectives:
1. Explain how the Moguls
united India under a single
government with a common
culture
2. Discuss how the
introduction of foreigners
seeking trade opportunitiesin India hastened the decline
of the Mogul Empire
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The Mogul Dynasty
In 1500, the Indiansubcontinent was divided into
a number of Hindu andMuslim kingdoms
The Moguls established a newdynasty and brought a new
era of unity to the region
The founder of the Moguldynasty was *Babur,
descendant from Timur Lenkand from Genghis Khan
They hadsmaller
forces but
moreadvancedartillery
Baburcaptured
*Delhi andestablished
his power inNorth India
The Reign of Akbar
Baburs grandson was only 14when he came to the throne
By 1605, he had brought Mogulrule to most of India
The empire appeared highlycentralized but was actually a
collection of semi-independentstates held together by the
emperor
Though Muslim, he adopted apolicy of religious toleranceparticularly Hindu practices
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The upper ranks of thegovernment
bureaucracy were filledwith non-native
Muslims with lower-level positions called
*zamindars filled withHindus
All peasants were
required to pay 1/3 oftheir annual harvest to
the state
Decline of the MogulsAkbar died in 1605 and wassucceeded by his son Jahangir who
strengthened the central government
His Persian son *Shah Jahan
expanded the boundaries of theempire into the *Deccan Plateau butfailed to deal with domestic
problems
Raised taxes to fund buildingprojects and war efforts
The empire was ripped apart by histwo sons*Aurangzeb put his
brother to death and imprisoned hisfather
The British in IndiaBy 1650, British trading forts hadbeen established at Surat (now
*Calcutta) and *Chennai
British success in India attractedrivalsthe French established
their own forts
Sir Robert Clive served as thechief representative in India of
the East India Company, aprivate company empowered by
the British Crown
He fought any French or Indianthreat in India
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He forbade both *suttee,gambling, and drinking,
reversing the Mogul policies ofreligious tolerance
Hindus were forced to convertto Islam
In reaction, revolts againstimperial authority broke out in
provinces throughout theempire
In 1739, Delhi was sacked bythe Persians, who left it in
ashes
The Indian ruler of Bengal hadattacked Fort William in 1756
The British garrison wasthrown into the underground
prison called the Black Hole ofCalcuttanearly all died
Clive led the Battle of Plasseyin Bengal, a victory over aMogul-led army; From this
victory, the BEI Company couldcollect taxes around Calcutta
In the eighteenth century, theBEI Co. pressed inland
Society and Daily Life
in Mogul India
The Muslims ruled a large Hindupopulation
Major differences existed in therole of WomenMogul womenheld an relatively equal position
(property, business, etc.)
Islamic law restrictions also wereplaced on women, but Hinduclass structure was the most
effective social construction for
keeping women in their place
Child marriage remainedcommon
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Mogol Culture The Mogols brought togetherPersian and Indian influences in a
new and beautiful architecturalstyle
*Taj Mahal, built in *Agra byemperor Shah Jahan in memory
of his wife Mumtaz Mahal
Another major artisticachievement of the Mogul period
was in paintinga blend ofPersian and Indian culture
Akbar encouraged artists toimitate European art forms
Objectives:
1. Explain how the Moguls
united India under a singlegovernment with a common
culture
2. Discuss how the
introduction of foreigners
seeking trade opportunities
in India hastened the decline
of the Mogul Empire