the movie - virtual explorer · alps. beginning of disruption of the alpine belt by extensional...

TECTONICS, MAGMATISM AND GEODYNAMICS OF ITALY.

WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE IMAGINE.

THE MOVIEEugenio Carminati1,2, Michele Lustrino1,2, Marco Cuffaro2, Carlo Doglioni1,2

1 = Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy

2 = Istituto di Geologia Applicata e Geoingegneria (IGAG) – CNR, Roma, Italy

This movie is part of the paper by E. Carminati, M. Lustrino, M. Cuffaro, and C. Doglioni (2010). Tectonics, magmatism and geodynamics of Italy: What we know and what we

imagine. In: M. Beltrando, A. Peccerillo, M. Mattei, S. Conticelli, and C. Doglioni (Eds.), The Geology of Italy, Journal of the Virtual Explorer, ISSN 1441-8142, Vol. 36.

Although a full and detailed description of the evolution of the entire western and central Mediterranean region is beyond the scope of the paper attached to this movie, the movie includes also features external to the Italian area (e.g., Pyrenees, Dinarides, Betics, Rif, Maghrebides, Carpathians, Pannonian Basin). This was done in order to place the geodynamic evolution of the Italian region in a more regional context. For more details on the evolution of the Mediterranean region and for alternative views, the reader is referred to previous reviews of the geology and geodynamics of the central and western Mediterranean area (e.g., Faccenna et al., 1997. Carminati et al., 1998; Gueguen et al., 1998; Wortel and Spakman, 2000; Tari, 2002; Csontos and Voros, 2004; Carminati and Doglioni, 2005; Rosenbaum and Lister, 2004; Mauffret, 2007; Chalouan et al., 2008). The movie is intended to be as much rigorous as possible. However, the scale of the representation and the complexity of the evolution of the region are such that some features had to be represented in a schematic way. For example, the normal faults associated with the opening of the back-arc basins are not to be taken as representative of real faults but indicate the location where normal faulting occurred. Moreover, we admit the following uncertainties and under-constraints in the paleogeographic reconstructions. A general (and easily understandable) rule is that the uncertainties are larger for older time frames. In the 50-40 Ma frames of the movie, the geometry of the Liguro-Piedmont-Penninic Ocean is largely speculative. Another poorly constrained point is the contact between the Betics and Rif mountain belts. As concerns the age of the igneous activity, most of the geochronological data are incomplete and scattered (no systematic cover exists).Most of the isotopic ages are based on old (produced during ’70s-’80s) K-Ar ages and only very few are based on detailed 40Ar/39Ar ages. Moreover, the ages should be considered only as the youngest limit, no one knowing exactly when igneous activity started in these igneous districts.

CAVEATS AND UNCERTAINTIES

“Anorogenic” or “within-plate-like” igneous rocks

“Orogenic” or “subduction-related” igneous rocks(mostly calcalkaline to potassic and ultrapotassic alkaline rocks, with rare arc-tholeiites, lamproites, lamprophyres, kamafugites and carbonatites).

Central-Western Mediterranean Cenozoic igneous rocks

MORB-like (either E- T- or N-type; Enriched, Transitional, Normal)

(mostly tholeiitic to sodic alkaline, with very rare potassic, ultrapotassic alkaline rocks and carbonatites).

RED = Active PINK = Extinct

BLUE = Active SKY BLUE = Extinct

BLACK = Active GREY = Extinct

X

Volcanic and Pyroclastic

Volcaniclastic

Plutonic

Dyke (hypoabyssal)

Thrust fronts associated with east-directed subduction andcollision zones

Thrust fronts associated with west-directed subduction andcollision zones

Thrust fronts associated with retrobelts in double-verging orogens

Active normal faults

Inactive normal faultsBorder of back-arc basins

Inverted intracontinental basins

Alpine-Betic and Dinarides-Hellenides Belts

Oceanic/thinned Continental lithosphere

Apennines-Maghrebides and Carpathians Belts

Backarc stretched areas previously belonging to Alpine-Betic and Dinarides Belts

Active drifting

Backarc stretched continental lithosphere in the Alpine foreland

Recent Oceanic Basins

50 MaSulcis

Hyblean Plateau (Capo Passero)

Lessini Mts.

x

Rekkame

Taourirt

OsojeSintra

Pietre Nere

Mt. Queglia

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

?

EOCENE(Ypresian)

Charolais ForezMenat

Lisboa

SinesMonchique

Algarve

Carminati, E., Lustrino, M., Cuffaro, M. and Doglioni, C. (2010). Tectonics, magmatism and geodynamics of Italy: What we know and what we imagine.In: (Eds.) M. Beltrando, A. Peccerillo, M. Mattei, S. Conticelli, C. Doglioni, The Geology of Italy, J. Virt. Expl., ISSN 1441-8142, Vol. 36.






Active drifting



The consumption of the Alpine Tethys is already completed through SE-directed subduction associated with the Alpine orogen. No subduction-related igneous activity in the Alps. No clear lateral continuity between Alpine and Dinaride systems. Neo-Tethys (Ionian oceanic lithosphere) not subducted.

49 Ma

x

Ostrovica?







Active drifting



EOCENE(Ypresian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

48 Ma

x

Prosara-Motajica?

(Lutetian)







Active drifting



EOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

47 Ma

Limagne

x

?







Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

46 Ma

Hérault

x

x

?


Onset of the European Cenozoic RIft System (ECRIS).






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

45 Ma

x

x

?


Tamazert






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Beginning of the NW-directed (and SE-radially retreating) Apennine-Maghrebide subduction, developed along the Alpine-Betic retrobelt.


44 Ma

Charolais

x

x

?






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

First dated cases of “orogenic” volcanic activity in the Alps. Alpine-Dinaride orogens possibly merging.


43 Ma

x

x

Gandino-Presolana






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


42 Ma

Adamello

x

x






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


41 Ma

x

x






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Last Alpine Tethys remnant disappears. Apennine-Maghrebide thrusts start developing. Development of wedge-top basins onto Apennines thrust units. Shortening recorded in Atlas, Iberian Chain, Pyrenees and Alps. Beginning of disruption of the Alpine belt by extensional tectonics in the embryonic back-arc of the Apennines subduction.


40 Ma

Molasse Basin

x

Berici Mts. - Euganean Hills

x

x x






Active drifting



EOCENE(Lutetian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Bartonian)


39 Ma

x

x

Okruglica

x






Active drifting



EOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

First Apennine subduction-related igneous activity in Sardinia and S Spain. Corsica experiences continental collision.


38 Ma

Calabona

x

x

Charolais

Malaga

x






Active drifting



EOCENE(Bartonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


37 Ma

x

x x






Active drifting



EOCENE(Bartonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Priabonian)


36 Ma

x

x

Fruska Gora

x






Active drifting



EOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Significant stretching in the W Mediterranean back-arc basins. Stretching also in the Algerian and Tunisian Atlas.


35 Ma

Euganean Hills

Ibar

xx






Active drifting



EOCENE(Priabonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


34 Ma

Esterel

Caltanissetta Basin

xx






Active drifting



EOCENE(Priabonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Rupelian)

Peak of igneous activity in the Alps starts. Abundant subduction-related igneous activity also in the Dinarides. Subduction-related volcanic activity in Provence and Alpine foreland. Atlas stops growing.

OLIGOCENE


33 Ma

Taveyanne W Alps dykesBiella

Bergell

St. Antonin

x x

Boranja

Mt. Cer

Rogozna

xx






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


32 Ma

Ortler-Cevedale

Rensen

x x

Siliqua

Bergell (now completely eroded volcano)

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Rupelian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

x


31 Ma

Traversella

Tonalitic Lamellae

x x

Osilo

x

Rieserferner

x

Ranzano

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Rupelian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

The lithosphere in the embryonic Ligurian-Provençal Basin is thinned. Anomalous/unclear position of subduction-related volcanism at Mortara and Aveto-Petrignacola.


30 MaBas Languedoc(Montpellier)

Mortara

Aveto-Petrignacola

Karawanken

x

Marostica

Arcuentu

Srebrenica

x

xx






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Rupelian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx


29 Max

Mionica

x

xx






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Rupelian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

The Carpathians accretionary prism develops along the retrobelt of the Dinarides where oceanic or thinned continental lithosphere occurs. Stretching affects Sardinia-Corsica and Balearic Islands. The Apennines-Maghrebides arc increases its curvature, being bounded by continental lithosphere to the N and to the S.


28 Max

Sulcis

x

x

x

x

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Rupelian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Chattian)

Igneous activity in the Alps strongly decreases. Subduction-related volcanic activity in Sardinia is fully developing. Clockwise rotation of the Balearic Promontory is due to intra-continental rifting in the Valencia Trough.


27 Ma

x

x

Limagne

Bukulja

x

x

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx


26 Ma

x

x x

x

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Chattian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

The Pyrenees stop growing. Major exhumation stage in the Lepontine Dome in Central Alps. The Taveyanne volcaniclastics are probably trapped in the Apine thrusts.


25 Ma

PohorjeNovate

x

x

xx






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Chattian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx


24 Ma

Logudoro-BosanoMallorca Is.Valencia Trough

Mutanj

Mt. Zeljin

x x

x

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Chattian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

First episodes of subduction-related igneous activity in the Carpathian system. Consumption of relict Alpine Tethys in N Apennines.


23 Ma

Drava-Sava

Dru etič

Borač

Trijebine

xx

x

x






Active drifting



OLIGOCENE(Chattian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

The peak of igneous activity in Sardinia begins.

MIOCENE(Aquitanian)


22 Ma

Forez

Sarroch

Tre Paduli –SW Corsica

Gharyan

?

xx

x

x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx


21 MaBukk Foreland

Cserhat-Matra

Anglona Nova Varo

Devaje

?

xx

x

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Aquitanian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

Beginning of spreading in the Apennines-Maghrebides back-arc. Inset of counter-clockwise rotation of Sardinia-Corsica. Acme of igneous activity in Sardinia. Subduction-related volcanic activity starts in the Betics. Back-arc stretching in the embryonic Pannonian Basin.


20 Ma

Mecsek

S. Transdanubia

S. Danube-Tisza

Nograd – S Slovakia

Mijas

Mt. Golija

Malaga

?

x

xx

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Aquitanian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

xx

(Burdigalian)

Fast counter-clockwise rotation of Sardinia-Corsica.


19 Ma

Central Trans-Tisza

x

?

x

x

x

x

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


18 Ma

x

Styrian Basin

N. Danube-Tisza

Mar Menor

?

x

x

x

x

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Burdigalian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Gradual closure of the Indian Ocean-Atlantic Ocean connection. Monterey Carbon Isotope Excursion in Central Mediterranean begins (~17-13.5 Ma).


17 Max

Little Hungarian Plain

Stiavnica

Alboran Seafloor (ODP 977-978)

x

?

x

x

xx






Active drifting




48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Possible docking of the Apennines-Maghrebides prism with Adria and Africa continental lithospheres. Subduction-related igneous activity in the Kabilies. Iberian Chain stops growing.


16 Ma

Menat

Borsod Basin

Vtacnik-Kremnické vrchy

Cap Bougaroun

El Aouana

Bejaia AmizourAlgerois

Middle Atlas -Azrou

?

x

x

x

x

xx






Active drifting




48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Sardinia-Corsica block rotation stops. Calabria and Peloritani Mts. still attached to Sardinia-Corsica plate. First subduction-related volcanic activity in the embryonic Tyrrhenian Sea at Sisco. No substantial tectonic modifications in the embryonic Tyrrhenian Sea until 10 Ma. Numidian sand event in the southern Apennines.

(Langhian)


15 Ma

Transylvanian Basin

Apuseni Mts.

Banat

GutâiGutin-Beregovo

Zala Basin

Sisco

Cabo de Gata

Ras Tarf

x

x

x

xx

La Galite Is.

Cap de Fer-Filfila

?

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Volcanic activity increases in the Betics, Rif and Alboran Sea.


14 Ma

Causses

Slanské vrchy-VihorlatTokaj-Milič-Zemplin

?

x

x

x

xx

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Langhian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Serravalian)


13 Ma

Eastern VelayCaussenardPieniny

Oaş

Eastern Moravia

Cornacya Smt.

Nefza

Cherchell

?

Cuguttada

x

x

x

xx

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Subduction-related igneous activity in Sardinia stops. First “anorogenic” igneous activity in Sardinia. Calabria and Peloritani Mts. begin to separate from Sardinia-Corsica block.


12 Ma

Cantal

Tibles-Toroiaga-Rodna-Bargau

Isola del Toro

Sirwa

?

x

x

x

xx

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Serravalian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Tortonian)


11 Max

Călimani

Styrian Basin

Yusuf Ridge

Oranie

Mar Menor

?

x

x

xx x






Active drifting



MIOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Important igneous activity in the French Massif Central.


10 Ma

Sillon Houiller S

x

S. Danube-Tisza

Olot-Garrotxa-Ampurdan

Alboran Ridge and Island

x

x

xx

?

x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Tortonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


9 Ma

Aubrac

x

Gurghiu

Nameless Bank Smt.

Mansour Smt.

Trois Fourches

Gourougou

Djebel Saghro

?

x

x

xx x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Tortonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Important subduction-related igneous activity in the embryonic Tyrrhenian Sea begins. “Anorogenic” magmatism post-dates subduction-related magmatism in the Valencia Gulf and Tunisian Tell.


8 Ma

CezallierCoiron

x

x

Zala Basin

Stiavnica

Vercelli Smt.Picasent

Murcia

MogodsMazarron

Elba Is.

?

x

xxx






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Tortonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Peak of igneous activity in the Betics-Rif-Alboran area. First evidences of oceanization in the Tyrrhenian Sea.


7 Ma

Deves/Bassin du Puy

x

Calatrava

Capo Ferrato

Capraia Is.

Montecristo Is.

Vavilov Basin (DSDP 373)

Vera

Guilliz

?

Hyblean Mts.

x

xxx x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Tortonian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Messinian)

Development of the Tuscan Magmatic Province. Messinian salinity crisis. Full development of the Moroccan Hot Line.


6 Ma

Monts Dore

x

N. Harghita

Little Hungarian Plain

Campiglia-Gavorrano

Cerro El Hoyazo

Oujda

Guilliz

Gharyan

Slavujevci

Kozuf

x

x

xx x






Active drifting



MIOCENE

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


5 Max

Guspini

Giglio Is.

S. Vincenzox

x

xx x






Active drifting



MIOCENE(Messinian)

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

PLIOCENE(Zanclean)


4 Ma

Escandorgue

x

Styrian Basin

Orosei-Dorgali

Orciatico-Montecatini

Tolfa-Manziana-Cerite

Pontine Is.

Oranie

x

x

x x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Zanclean/Piacenzian)

“Anorogenic” magmatism post-dates subduction-related magmatism in the Betics. Slowing of the Apennines-Maghrebides subduction retreat and increase of topography due to chocking, where thick continental lithosphere (e.g., Adria) enters the subduction.

PLIOCENE


3 Max

Banat

Montiferro

Magnaghi Smt.

Central Plains

Vavilov Smt.

Tallante-Cartagena

x

x

x x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

(Piacenzian/Gelasian)PLIO-PLEISTOCENE

Diachronous (eastward younging) N-directed thrusts start, developing along the Maghrebian Africa and N Sicily.


2 Max

Persani Mts.

S. HarghitaS. Danube-Tisza

Phlegrean Fields

Roccastrada

Marsili Basin (ODP 650-651)

Gourougou

Djebel Targou

x

x

x x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

PLEISTOCENE


1 Max

Apuseni Mts.

Logudoro

Radicofani

Cimini Mts.

Linosa Is.

Columbretes Is.

Gataia (Banat)

Mlado Nagorichane

Kishino

x

x

x x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Prometeo Smt.

C. Vaticano buried volcano

Full development of the Roman Magmatic Province and Aeolian Islands subduction-related igneous activity. Chemical differences between igneous rocks emplaced north of 41° Parallel (mostly potassic and leucite-free lithologies) and south of 41° Parallel (mostly ultrapotassic and leucite-bearing lithologies) along peninsular Italy.

PLEISTOCENE

0 MaChaine des Puys

Bas Vivarais

x

Stiavnica

T. Alfina

Mt. Amiata

Vulsini Mts.

Vico

Sabatini

Roccamonfina

Somma-Vesuvius

Ischia Is.

Aeolian Is.

Ustica Is.

Mt. Vulture

CupaelloPolino

Colle FabbriS. Venanzo

Pantelleria Is.

Mt. Etna

Marsili Smt.

x

Alban Hills

Ernici Mts.

x

x

41 °N

x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Iberian Meseta

Iberian Chain

Pyrenees

Aquitanian Basin

Rif

Tell

Po Basin

Ligurian-Provençal

Basin

Sicily

Tyrrhenian Sea

E Alps Pannonian Basin

Saharan Platform

Ionian Sea

S Alps

Tunisian Atlas Carminati, E., Lustrino, M., Cuffaro, M.

and Doglioni, C. (2011). Tectonics, magmatism and geodynamics of Italy: What we know and what we imagine.In: (Eds.) M. Beltrando, A. Peccerillo, M. Mattei, S. Conticelli, C. Doglioni, The Geology of Italy, J. Virt. Expl., ISSN 1441-8142, Vol. 36.






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E


x

xx

x

x






Active drifting



48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

x

x

x

T. Alfina

Mt. Amiata

Vulsini

Vico

Sabatini

Alban Hills

Ernici Mts.

Roccamonfina

Somma-Vesuvius

Ischia Is.

Aeolian Is.

Ustica Is. Prometeo Smt.

Mt. Vulture

CupaelloPolinoColle Fabbri

S. Venanzo

Pantelleria Is. Mt. EtnaMarsili Smt.

Italy

Linosa Is.

Radicofani

Cimini Mts.

Roccastrada

Orciatico-Montecatini

Tolfa-Manziana-Cerite

Pontine Is.

Giglio Is.S. Vincenzo

Campiglia-Gavorrano

Capraia Is.

Montecristo Is.

Vavilov Basin (DSDP 373)

Vercelli Smt.Elba Is.

Nameless Bank Smt.Isola del Toro

Sulcis

Sarroch

Capo Ferrato

Orosei-DorgaliLogudoro

Mt. Arci

Calabona

ArcuentuMontiferro

Anglona

Gerrei

MortaraAveto-Petrignacola

Siliqua

x

Caltanissetta Basin

x

Ranzano

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

x

x

x

Malaga

Mijas

Mar Menor

Cabo de Gata

Tallante-Cartagena

Olot-Garrotxa-Ampurdan

Picasent

Mazarron

Murcia

Calatrava

Vera

Cerro El Hoyazo

Columbretes Is.

Spain

x

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Cherchell 13-11

x

x

Rekkame 55-32

Tamazert 45-35 Djebel Saghro 9.6-2.9

Middle Atlas - Azrou16.2-0.5

Djebel Targou 2.8-0.3

Taourirt 67-57

Sirwa 12-2

Guilliz (calk at 7 Ma, then alk from 6 Ma) 6.9-0.65

Gourougou (calk up to 4.7 Ma, then alk at 2.6 Ma) 9-2.6

Alboran Ridge

and Island 9.3-9.4

Yusuf Ridge 10.7

Mansour Smt. 8.7

Alboran Seafloor

(ODP 977-978) 17.6-6.1

Ras Tarf 15.7-12.2

Trois Furches 9.6-4.6

La Galite Is.14.2-10

Mogods 8.4-5

Nefza 12.9-6.6

Cap Bougaroun16.4-15.2

El Aouana15.9-14.5

Bejaia Amizour16.2-15.3Oujda 6-1

Algerois 16-11.6

Oranie (calk) 11.7-7.2 Oranie (alk) 3.9-0.8

Maghreb

x

Cap de Fer-

Filfila 15.9-15.1

x

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

x

x

x

LimagneHeraultCharolais

Bas Languedoc(Montpellier)

ForezMenat

Causses

Eastern Velay

Caussenard

Cantal

Sillon Houller SAubrac

Coiron

Chezallier

Deves/Bassin duPuy

Monts Dore

Escandorgue

Chaine des Puys Bas VivaraisECRiS

x

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Molasse Basin conglomerate 40-30

Adamello 42-27Biella 33-29

Bergell 33-28

Rensen 32-31 Rieseerferner 30-27

Traversella 31-28

Pohorje 25-18

Novate 25 Tonalitic Lamellae 31-29

Karawanken 30-28

x

Ortler-Cevedale dykes 32-21

W Alps 31-29

Gandino-Presolana dykes 43-38

x

x

Alps

x

Bergell (now eroded volcano)33-28

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Styrian Basin

x

x

x

Bratislava

Graz

Zagreb

Budapest

Wien

Drava-Sava

S. TransdanubiaMecsek

Zala Basin

Little Hungarian PlainS. Danube-TiszaN. Danube-Tisza

Banat Apuseni Mts.

Transylvanian Basin

Persani Mts.

S. Harghita

N. Harghita

GurghiuCalimani

Tibles-Toroiaga-Rodna-BargauGutai

OaşGutin-Beregovo

Central Trans-TiszaBukk Foreland

Cserhat-MatraE Moravia

Pieniny

StiavnicaVtacnik-Kremnické vrchy

Tokaj-Milič-Zemplin

Borsod Basin

Nograd – S Slovakia

Pannonian Basin -Carpathians Gataia

(Banat)

Sarajevo

x

Slanské vrchy-Vihorlat

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

Ibar 35.3-29

Nova Varo 21.5Mutanj 24.2

x

Dinarides

Ostrovica 49.2

Okruglica 39.5

Osoje 62.1 Prosara-Motajica 48.7

Bukulja 27

Mt. Cer 33-22Boranja 33.7-29.6

Kozuf 6.5-1.8

Slavujevci 6.57

Kishino 1.47

Mlado Nagorichane1.81

Fruska Gora 36-31.6

Srebrenica 30.4-28.5

Rogozna 33-27

Mionica 29.1

Mt. Zeljin 24-17

Mt. Golija 20-17.5

Devaje 21.9

Trijebine 23

Dru etič 23.9

Borač 23.9-21.3

Sarajevo

xx

x

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

?

?

?

Magmatism without tectonic features

x

xx

x

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

?

?

?

Within-plate (anorogenic) igneous rocks

48 N

44 N

40 N

36 N

32 N

4 W8 W 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 16 E 20 E

x

xx

x

?

?

?

Subduction-related (orogenic) igneous rocks

x

the movie - virtual explorer · alps. beginning of disruption of the alpine belt by extensional...

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