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  • THE MOON. A OT THE LUNAR ECLIPSE. THE L011SIAXA …
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THE MOON. The Shadow of Old Earth on Cynthia's Brow. Total Eclipse on Saturday Night. illustrative diagrams. Between the evening of the 24th and tho morn¬ ing of the 25th of October the people of this coun¬ try are to behold a total eclipse of the moon. As this coincidence occurs only once in eighteen .years, aud as the representatives of science and the press have both been mate concerning its ad¬ vent, the facts given In this sequel I believe will be accepted with no little interest by all. HISTORY OP ECLIPSES. An eclipse is an obscuration of one of the beavenly bodies by the Interposition of another, either between it and the spectator, or between it and the sun. The first total eclipse of which we have any knowledge. that is, the first recorded, occurred in the year 720 B. C., and was visible at Babylon. The occurrence w as the occasion of great alarm, and, indeed, before the dawn of science, eclipses, both solar and lunar, greatly affected the mlnas of tho Inhabitants of the earth. Tho ancients failed to comprenend them within the order ol nature and regarded them as pre¬ sages of dire events, while at one time in Rome It was blasphemy, and punishment by law, to talk In public of their being due to natural causes, in ancient times when the rays of the moon were obscured the people turned oat and mado a groat disturbance with drums and brafr.n Instruments, their Idea being that the "Quoen of the Night" was in affliction, and that by making the noise they did they frightened away those who were tormenting her. According to some, Luna, wnen in eclipse, was in the pains of labor. According to others she was suffering Jrom the arts of wicked magicians. AH barbarian tribes held peculiar notions con¬ cerning eclipses of tho moon. The Chinese Imagined that all obscurations of the sun or the moon were caused by the attempt of immense dragons endeavoring to devour thera, ana accord¬ ingly, whenever eclipses occurred, they would as¬ semble at street corners, and, by beating upon gongs and kettles, strive to frighten the monsters off. On acconat ol these popu¬ lar superstitions many parties better versed in science than the common throng ¦which surrounded them, by predicting the coming of an eclipse accomplished many events which we of to-day regard as authentic and historical. By the fortunate occurrence of an eclipse Thales brought peace between the Medes and the Lydians, and by predicting an obscuration of the celestial orbs, Columous, on March l, 1604, at Ja¬ maica, procured provisions for himself aud his com- panlons, after every other effort to secure such provisions haa failed. THE RANGE OF ECLIPSES. Stars, planets and satellites of planets may suffer eclipse, but the principal eclipses, however, are those of the sun and tho moon, called solar and luuar eclipses. The transits of the lower planets over the lace or the sun are partial solar eclipses; but solar eclipses, properly so called, are those caused by the Interposition of the moon between the sun and the earth. Regarding the eclipses of the moon, it has been said, ana truly said, that they are caused by the moon passing through the rnrtb'u abaJonr inothPr assertion of equal Importance and truth Is that lunar ocllpses hap¬ pen only at full moon. They do not happen every full moon because the moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic on which the centre of the earth's Bhawdow moves at an angle of 5 deg. 9 mm., nearly. It may be loolish to remark that in case the Queen of Night moved on the ecliptic there would be an eclipse every lull moon, but from the magnitude of toe angle of inclination of her orbit to the eclip¬ tic an eclipse can occur only on a full moon, hap- penlng when the moon is at, or very near, one of her nodes, or, in other words, when she is at the points where her orbits intersect tho ecliptic. Therefore an obscuration can take place only when the centres of the circle of the earth's shadow and of the moon's disc approach within a distance less than the sum of their ap¬ parent semi-diameters; consequently, except when near the nodes, the moon, on whichever side of the ecliptic she may be, may pass above or below the shadow wlthoat entering it the least. The moon's average diameter is known to be 31 mln. 25.7 sec., aud from the Xautical Almanac we may ascertain the exact amount of the shadow for any hour, its variations all taking place between the values of 29 mln. 22 sec. and 33 min. 28 sea "TIIE MOON ITSELF." The poet Butler would havo us believe that the moon is made of "green cheese." Another poet greater than Dutler says: . Oh, awor not by t'le moon, the Inconstant moon, Ihttt monthly chtngtn la tier circled orb! And so It has been that the moon, with a certain class of people, has fallen Into great disrepute, and simply on acconnt of her natural phases, when contrasted with theme of the great luminary from which she borrows her light. the sun. -'All lunar eclipses are universal, or visible In all psrts of the earth which have the moon above their horizon," say the authorities, and no doubt the authorities are correct. All lunar eclipses, more¬ over, are everywhere of the same magnitude, with the same beginning and end. It is this univer¬ sality of lunar eclipses that leads people to im- agluo that there are more eclipses of the moon tnan there are of the sun. The fact is, however, that the latter is more often eclipsed than the rormer, U e., rhere are more eclipses of the sun than there are of the moon. A sun's eclipse is only visible to a part of the earth, whereas a lunar eclipse, as just stated above, is ?lsible wherever the moon can be seen. The con¬ sequence is that there are more eclipses of the moon visible at any particular place than of the sun. The reason why the solar eclipse is visible to only particular portions of the earth is, because being causcd by the moon's shadow, it is only to be seen wnere the moon's shadow (alls and the moon's shadow is very much smaller than the earth. "ECLIPSICA.L" CONSISTENCY-. peculiar fact about eclipses aro that they ap- pear in regular order, once ouly in every eighteen sears and eleven days; this fact was discovered by the ancient Chaldeans, and the period is called the Chaldean period. Therefore, the total eclipse which we shall witness on this corning Satur- day night too* place eighteen years ago, in October, i8i«. The total eclipse of occurred upon October 13, ol that year. It was not quite total, the uioon's edge being about one-flve-hun- <lrsdth part or its diameter outside of the shadow. By refcrrinir to the large figure at the Head of this article it win be seen that at this time (IN74) tho moons edge is about one-twentieth ol Ha diameter within the edce of the shadow. At each return of eighteen years It will pas* uiore and more near the centre of the shadow, until finally it will pass by the southern edge of the shadow and cease to be total, in other words, i.ooj years hence the eclipse will cease to be total. OCR ECLIPSE. On Saturday night a bright, sun-lllumlned Bcreen will be l assed across our midnigiit Arma¬ ment; will be blotted out iu mid-heaven, and emerge Into light again before reachlug me west- cm sky aud all lor what? To prove to us that the great shadow of the earth is really there in the right; that the mighty cone of shade, based on trie circlo of the world, rising through the air and through space, Is ever poised in the night heavens, aud wan 8 but a screcu ou which to fall A DIAGRAM OT THE LUNAR ECLIPSE. This figure represents the path of the Moon through the Earth's shadow, entering npon the right and moving toward the left. The portion of the Moon'B centre is shown for every ten minutes during the whole eclipse, and the position of the Moon at the four timeR separately declinatod in the figure, 1 to 4. By means of this figure the appearance of the Moon at any other moment may be readily ascertained by drawing a circle to represent the Moon with the centre at the point corresponding to the given time. But to correspond with the position in the heavens the Moon'6 axis, which te perpendicular in the figure, muat be inclined as upon the smaller figures, by turning the top of the paper toward the right to make Itself as visible as sunset shadows on a western wall. With such a screen covering oar night sky we should see the world's shadow, like a black sun, travestying the motions or that luminary.rising as he set, setting as he rose.In mid-heaven at midnight, and running high or low as he ran low or high. 13 ut, with such a screen, there would be no night. Illuminated by bright sunlight every¬ where except at the BOlitary spot where the earth's shadow Jell, the uitihi sky would be as if tilled with full moons. Bo perhapB It is as well, on the whole, that the only screen we have Is a small one, and one that seldom wanders into that por¬ tion of the heavens pre-empted, tor the nonce, by the earth's shadow. Our satellite thus takes much less time than we can consume when "through the shadows of the world we sweep into tie younger day;" but it must be recollected that we traver se the cone at lis base, where it la 8, Q<» miles across, wnile the moon on Saturday night l.aa but about 5,000 miles to cross, and plunges through it at a speed of nearly thirty miles a minute. ABB WE TAPGHT ? Now, quxre, in so hactnied an occurrence as a lunar eclipse is there anything lelt to be learned. anything not thoroughly understood, the consid¬ eration ot which may ra;lonally occupy our minds while observing the phenomenon? Unhesitatingly yes; and It Is this: The ex¬ pression "blotted out, ' used In the first para¬ graph, does not* as every observer will testily, correctly represent the itate of things ; and here is the wonder. The moon is not blotted out. She is there, plainly visible in the midst or the total¬ ity, her disc lit up with a lurid glow that enables one still to trace the more conspicuous markings of her suriace. Whence this light oit of darkness ? There are but three possible sources. the moon, the earth, the sun. The self-luminous history of the moon | was long ago completed, bxposing her materials | four times as lavishly [four times as much suriace in proportion to her volume) as our own planet to the action of ber atmosphere and the cooling lu- | Quences of space, she ran the cycle of planetary me cuons of ages before the earth had entered upon its organic history. Her hungry elements, gaping with their fourfold mouths, drank up her meagre atmosphere, and, subsiding Into the apathy of sated oxides or the stupor of hopeless, unsatisfied affinities, left ber fourfold, radiating surface naked to the chilling embraces of tho "cold inane." Prodigal that she was, she literally burned her candle at both ends, and, In the matter of atmosphere, she laid up nothing lor a rainy day. she floats in her orbit.the cinder of a burned up world. white with the salt-lncrusted floors of dried up oceans. No Jlte, no sound, no motion, nave the erashless fall of warping precipices and the Qndrtfttng snowtlakes of the "cosmic dust." The ruddy eclipse light most, therefore, derive Its existence from some source other than the cold, pale planet It suffuses, and we are left to select between the earth and sun. The mild "earth light" which illumines, and olten renders dimly visible, the dark body of the new moon is, however, unavailaole for exp'.alnAg the vis¬ ibility of the moon's disc in cclipse. The bright stde of tue earth is, in the latter case, turned completely away from her. To her the sun has set, not behind the hills of her own hori¬ zon, but behind the huge planet which figures in her firmament, and which we call the earth. Slowly he has sunk from. her view behind the "ragged edge" or the dark planet, leaving her, not in darkness, but in the twilight, or rather partial sunlight, of his disc, still partly visible by refrac¬ tion above (around) the planet's edge. We earthiles know that this refraction Is capable or making the sun visible to us when his whole disc is really beiow our horizon. Bat our lungless lunarian, looking across the edge of the earth's apparent cisc, enjoys the refractive use or this atmosphere twice as compared with him who is immersed la It. THE TOTAL VEIL. The total eclipse of the moon, which, with proper atmospheric conditions, we are to witness on Sat¬ urday ulght. will begin at 11 at which hour the moon will enter the penumbra. The effect of the penumbra will In all probability be nearly lndis- cernable, as the moon's radiance alter the penum- br.il shadow has passed over tt will be nearly as brilliant as before. At 12:50 P. M.. however, the j moon will begin to enter the shadow, thus moon at ten minutes to one o'clock on Sunday morning, ojtober 25, just after the commencement of the eclipse. It show* the edge or the shadow where It is first seen. The direction of the moon's axis is e'.iown by the line marking Its north ana south poles; and the arrow represents the direc¬ tion of the moon's motion, the shadow remaining relatively stationary. After this hoar it will be seen that the shadow silently creeps npo« tlie moon's broad surface, and the observer, if he Is patient, will notice the circumstance Illustrated in the following diagram:. whloh represents the appearance of the moon at two o'clock, Just before the eclipse bocomes total. In this fl(nire nearly the whole moon is covered l»y the shadow, and that nortiun of the moon will not be visible In the heaVens. All that will be seen will be the short crescent. After the moon has been totally eclipsed It will begin to emerge gradually from the shadow, when, at the honr Indicated in the cut, it will present the following appearance:. Until Anally the shadow will hare almost srone, the appearance of the moon durtng the last moments ol the eclipse being as follows:. The eclipse of October 25 is the first total eclipse of the moon visible to us since 1356. The eclipse will begin at 11 o'clock and 48 minutes P. M., at which hour the moon will enter the penumbra. The proper or discernab'.e eclipse will begin at 12:50 A. M., and the eclipse will be total at 2 o'clock and 4 minutes, Sunday morning. The middle phase of the eclipse will occur at 2:21 A. M., the end ol eclipse at 2 :38 A. M., while the moon will leave the shadow entirely at 3:50 A. M. During the eclipse, the moon will present a somewhat peculiar appearance to us. The pennmbral shadow, ad stated above, will somewhat dim its radiance. Unless one were upon the qui trtve for it, one wonld not Know when the pennmbral shadow had fallen. Sometimes in phases of total eclipse the moon is entirely in¬ visible, but ordinarily it is of a dull reddish color, like tarnished copper. Upon December, 1833, the color changed to a bluish green as the eclipse passed oft In March, 1848, the same phenomena occurred, which Sir John Herschel said was caused by "the accidental absence of clouds over a large portion of the earth's atmosphere, grazed by the sun's rays at the time." Exactly how our total lunar eclipse will conduct itself Is at present a little difficult to determine : but, as it Is an event which occurs only once in eighteen years, and as one needs simply a pair of opera glasses to thor¬ oughly discern it, it will, no doubt, be viewed by the anxious eyes of thousands. UNHERALDED ECLIPSES. And, now that we are confidential about the moon, let me mate a revelation. There will be three lunar eclipses next year not in the alma¬ nacs. When our great astronomers, Jayne and Holloway, furnish you their inevitable calendars for 1875, you will probably find therein a solar eclipse set down for April ana another for Sep¬ tember, but no lunar eclipse, neither these cal¬ endars nor their creat prototypes. the nautical almanacs of Greenwich and Washington.will hint that on April 20, and September 15, and Oc¬ tober 14, 1875, there will oe lunar eclipses. Eclipses, However, there will be. At seven minutes and thirty-nine seconds past eleven A. M., New York time, on the 20th or April, 1876, the full mooa will be more tnan half immersed in the earth's penamora. At 51 minutes and 54 sec¬ onds past 7 A. M., New York time, on the 15th of September, 1875, the foil moon will be Immersed about two digits in tbe earth's penumbra. At 37 mlMtes and 43 seconds past 5 P. M., New York time, on the 14ta of October, 1875, the full moon win ne immersed more than eight digits in the earth's penumbra. On two of these occasions the moon will be on the other side of the world; but, on the evening or October 14, those persons here who have facili¬ ties lor viewing the rising full moon will probably observe a faint BBadlng on her southern side for sometime after rising as the twilight dies out. If so, they will hare seen an eclipse not set down in the books, which is something In tola century where . 'all's known.'' "YOUB MOSEY OR YOU* LIFE!" Exploits of the Long lilaad Hlghwtf men. Two well known residents of Flushing, George H. Lott and William Smith, visited Jamaica on Tueeday In a carriage and started to return home in the evening, wnon they reached the ascent of a hill on Flushing, near Hillside arennc, within the limits or Jamaica village, three men, wearing masts, suddenly sprung from a clamp of husties at the roadside, and one of them attempted to catch the horse by the head, but the animal shied anti thu* prevented the villain from seizing the bridle, while auother «trucK at Mr. Lott'* head with a sluugshot or a stwne tied in a hand Kerchief, but fortunately hit Mr. Lott on the shoulder in¬ stead. Almost In the same moment Mr. 8mlth drew a pistol and discharged It at the one who at¬ tempted to stop the horse, evidently wltn good effect, as the highwayman cried, "Oh, I'm shot!" nnd ni» companions hurried him away into the woods. Mr. smith then pnt the whip to the horse and the gentlemen arrived home without mrther inolestattou. A similar occurrence, out with different results and which has only just come to the knowledge or the authorities took place on Sunday evening last. Just before sundown a gentleman and his wire, while driving on tho lUflman boulevard, near Jamaica village, were stopped by two highwaymen who, witti drawn pistols, de¬ manded the gentleman's watch and money. These were handed over, when the robbers, not yet satlsiied, also compelled the woman to give up her earrings and anger rings, and the couple wore then permitted to go on their way. Upon arriving at Jamaica the gentleman related the occurrence, but mate no complaint to tbe au¬ thorities. This maites three attempts at highway roboery, two of winch have be«n successful, which have occurred In the same neighborhood wltain a tew daj-s, and trie* are aU believed to have been the work 01 an organized gang who have their Head¬ quarters and hiuing place somewhere in tne woods bet wren Jamaica and Flushing. Tho authorities propose to send out a searching party to scour the wooda in ail directions. GOVERNOR DIX ON THE THIRD TERM Our Veteran Governor Speaks at Last. OPPOSED TO THE THIBD TEEM. Governor Dlx waa In the city yesterday, and left in tne afternoon lor Albany. Previous to his de¬ parture tie waa visited by a Herald representa¬ tive, whom be greeted with bis usual cordiality. Governor Dlx waa evidently In excellent Bplrlts, and to Judge from bis hearty and decidedly jolly appearance was In no wise troubled about the re- suit of the greut and serious contest In which he is engaged. Some gentlemen who bad seen tne Governor on business, and whom he dismissed in ma Kindly maimer, accompanying them to the door, congratulated him good naturedly on tils renomlnation, and expressed the hope to see him triumphantly e ected. Governor Dtx's answer waa quite characteristic. Ue laughed heartily, and said, In his otT-handed way, "Ob, yon know that nobody can tell until alter the election WHO IS TO BE TlIK NBXT GOVERNOR." "Governor," began the Herald reporter, when the drat exchange of introductory remarks was over, "I came to see If you could give me any news about the progress of the canvasa" "No," replied the Governor, assuming a Dual- ness-iike air; "I really cannot. I know nothing more about it than l have gleaned from the news¬ papers." And he added, with a smile, "I mast refer you to the coinmns of the Herald lor any news." "Governor, I have seen it stated In the news¬ papers that you Intend to deliver a speech in op¬ position to the third term on the occasion of a serenade f" The Governor smiled, with an expression of in¬ credulity. "Well, it is funny how these state¬ ments get into tne newspapers. I don't know where the Tribune got that. I am quite at a loss to tell." "Ain I to understand you, Governor, as saying that you intend to deliver no such speech on any such occasion ?" NO KEEP OP EXPRESSING HI3 VIEWS. "Oh no," the Oovernor replied in an emphatic tone, -I have never thought of doing any such thing. I have no reason to suppose that anybody thinks I am in (avor of a third term for General Grant, and hence It would oe ridiculous for me to take such a step." "Do j on think most people regard yon as beln? opposed to the third term. Governor f" "A» " the Governor answered, "I have every reason to suppose so. I have spoken very ireety on the snoject to my friends, but as to any public declaration of my views. why, nobody has asked me for them." And after a pause the Governor added, with a good-natured smile, "That is, nobody but the interviewers." "If any respectable body of your constituents were to address you a letter requesting a public response, would you answer It, Oovernor ?" "Most undoubtedly," was Governor Dlx's reply. "If any of my constituents were to address me such a letter I should gladly answer It, stating my views as opposed to the third terra." "l)o you think General Grant desires a third terra of office, Governor t" "No, certainly not. Why tne President's friends have declared publicly that General Grant hail not the slightest intention OK RUNNING FOR K THIRD TERM. There Is Judge Plerrepont, for instance, one of the President's warm friends, who states emphati¬ cally that General Grant does not desire a third terra, and, what is more, that even his supporters and irlcnds do not wish it." "And if General Grant desired a third term do you think, Governor, tnat the republican party, In deference to his wishes, would renominate him?" The Governor shook his head and Bmlled. "Oh, I can't say anything about that," was all the reply he vouchsafed to this question, And ne repeated, .Oh, 1 really. I don't know anything about tnat." ..It has been stated, Governor, that your re¬ election is considered by the republican party us an indorsement or the third term." "Oh, that's nonsense," the Governor replied; "considering that I myself am opposed to the third term. And now, will you kindly excuse mc, as I have to leave for Albany t" The reporter then shook hands with our brave Governor and left him with many thanks. THIRD TERM EXCITEMENT IN VERMONT. RCTLJLKD, Oct. 21, 1874. The third term excitement among the "outs" is alarming ttie ' lua." Bona tor Morrill, of this State, on hU way home irom Washington a few days ago. through- ticketed via Rutland, took the boat at Whitehall, saying he must go and see Senator Edmunds, at Burlington, who had the President's ear, and beg of him to nsk the Presi¬ dent to disavow having any desire Tor a third term, or the republican party would be badly de¬ feated and In a minority in the next Bouse. This Information you can rely ui>ou as positively true. THE BOPHfcQAN BANK ROBBERY. The Total Losi.Rew»rd Offered for Che Apprehension of the Robbers. Milfohd, N. n., Oct. Jl. 1874. The acconnts of the Souhcgan Uank have been thoroughly investigated, sod It turns out that the total loss to that Institution is $40,000. This amount, with the losses to private individuals, swells the whole amount taken to $120,000. The directors met this morning and offered a reward <* f.s.ooo for the apprehension and conviction or the desperadoes. Tne board alwo voted to resume business at once. The loss the bank has sustained will not impair Its capital ol $100,000, but it wut efTecmaay use up Its surplus. Oetootives hare discovered no trace of the thieves, who, It is believed, have gone across tJie countr/ to New York. THE WEATHER YE8TERDAI, The fallowing record will show the change* in the temperature for the past twenty four hoars, in comparison with the corresponding day 01 last year, a.<* indicated by the thermometer at nudnut's pharmacy, li skald Building;. 1878. 1874. 1873. 1874. 81. M f>i $0' 3:30I\ If t>» 64 8 A. M 63 40 6 P. M 53 00 0A.M 63 54 BP. M 60 56 13 M 168 81 13 P. M 6*) 64 Average temperature yesterday (>$% Ave ruse temperature lor corresponding date last year 63K APPOINTED VTGAfi-GENERAL. QCKBIC, Oct. 31, 1874. Rev. Mr. Auclalr, curate of Notre Dame <le Juebec, ha* been appointed War-General of the lioceses Kmnuuakjr and Suerbrooke. THE L011SIAXA CONTROVERSY, A Crucial Letter from Judge Black, of Pennsylvania. THE PRESIDENT COMPLETELY WRONG. He Had No Shadow of Right to Interfere. Alexander H. Stephens Disagrees with Mr. O'Conor. JUDGE BLACK'S LETTER. To tub Editor of tob Hkkald:. I have read with great interest, as well a* ad¬ miration, the opinions of Mr. Up vera v Johnson and Mr. Charles O'Conor, on the sitaatlon of Louisiana; and I will now give you my own views on the same subject. But having no time for elaboration, I s ate conclusions rather than argu¬ ments. The President can lawfully use the organized physical force or the Union to control the Inter¬ nal affairs of a state only for one purpose. to de- lend it against domestic vtolence, that In to sup¬ press insurrection against the State government. This he cannot do unless called upon by tne Legislature or by the Governor, when the Legis¬ lature is not in session. The constitution of the United Suites and the acts of Congress carefully confine his intervention to cases of this kind, ir lie may disregard these limits there are no others to hold him, and his power ,is consequently despotic. The State is that which stands. Its govern¬ ment Is "the powers that be." Its officers are those who actually exercise its authority, it is, therefore, the call of the cte facto government that the President must respond to. This principle pervades all law, municipal and International, and its observance is absolutely necessary to the preservation ol our domestic tranquillity, as well as the peace of the world. IT the President as¬ sists a faction hostile to the existing government, with Intent to drive the incumbent magistrates from the seat of power, he excites domestic vio¬ lence and makes insurrection, instead of sup¬ pressing it. The tacts or the Louisiana case, as I think they are universally understood since the publication of Mr. Carpenter's report, are these:. A man named Kellogg aspired to be Governor, but wholly | failed of the election. Nevertheless, he clatmed the office on grounds which were not only lalse and fraudulent, but absurd. lie had no show of a case before the proper authorities, whose duty It wa3 to decide contested elections ; but he laid his claim before a federal Judge, who made an order for his lnstallatlon.Thls order was as destitute of all legal force or validity, as If it had been made by the first negro that Kellogg might have pieced up lu the street. I taice it for granted that the Judge and all the federal officers, ctvll and military, as well as Kellogg himself, knew that it was ut¬ terly void. It would be no charity to suppose cltner ol them Ignorant enongh to believe that a Judge of the United States Court had any authority or jurisdiction of the subject matter, or any right whatever to intermeddle with the business. Nevertheless tho marshal and the commander or the federal troops, acting In pursuance of previous instructions irom Washington, and witn the ap¬ probation of the President himself, undertook to execute the order, expelled the officers ot the ex lstlng government ana put the pretender and his adherents into full possession of the State. Political power unlawfully obtained is always abused. The State was lnsnlted, oppressed and plundered until It became "a vexation even to hear the report thereof." To gorge the rapacity of the rulers property and capital were so burdened with taxes that a general confiscation of every honest man's lands, goods and money would hardly have been a more grievous infliction. This was borne by the body of the people so patiently that the spirit of their forefathers seemed dead wtthlu them. Their tameness was excusable only by two 1 reasons. In the first place a successful resistance was impossible while th£ usurper was surrounded and guarded by the bayonets of the federal army; and second, they looked forward to the election as a peaceful remedy for their wrongs. But tins laar. hope left them wnen they saw that Kellogg I was arranging the machinery of the registra¬ tion to cheat ttiem by a false count of the votes and thus keep them In subjection lor an in¬ definite time. Convinced that they must rise by their own unassisted strength or be forever lalien, they resorted to the ultima ratio, threw off [ the shackles and placed the supreme executive power in the hands of the man who bad been legally elected nearly two years before. Never was revolution more just or conducted with greater prudence. Its success was complete; the baseless fabric or tyranny leu at the first rush or the popular movement; Its cliter absconded, his familiars slunk away from his ruined fortunes, and all over the State the official instruments of cor¬ ruption yielded their places to the appointees of the lawful government. Louisiana was free and every lrlend of liberty and Justice in or outof fee State rejoiced over the fact But the President wrathfuliy determined to put the yoke back a;ain on the neck of the State. To that end he sought out Kellogg lo his hiding place ; again expelled the true Governor and again lorced the submission of the people to tho same adventurer whom he had aided before. Tne unconstitutional character of the President's first act, when he averthrew tbo then existing government and pnt Kellogg in the executive chair by mere rorce, is admitted both by Mr. Johnson and O'Conor. It would have been wonder¬ ful, indeed, If either or them bad attempted to justify so plain and palpable a violation of the fundamental law. But they differ apparently about the President's doty at the time or his second In¬ tervention. I concur with Mr. Johnson in the opinion that after Kellogg was In the President could not turn him out; he vrae de facto Governor; and no matter whether he became so by fraud, or force, or accident, tho fact of possession was all that the President could lawfully see. or course, 1 dissent from Mr. O'Conor with all the cautious difference due to his great name; but If he mean* to say that General Grant had a right to pull down the de facto government or Kellogg whenever he repented his own act in setting it up, I venture to put in a denial. Remember, the President has no right to turn anybody ont, nor even to inquire how any actual incumbent got in. To overthrow one de facto government because he had wrongfully overthrown another would, in¬ stead or atoning for the first error, only double the blunder. He cannot play fast and loose with the liberties ot a state, nor, like Pharoah, lot the peo¬ ple go tree or hold them m bondage according as tue Lord hardens his Heart or terrifies him wltn plagoee. But I respectfully submit that this point on which Mr. Johnson and Mr. O'Conor divide is not In the case. General Grant never Intervened to protect a de facto government in Looisiaua. His last act, like the first one, waa a war against the existing authorities. Kellogg never had any title except his naked possession. That was enough while it lasted ; but every vestige of power had lett him when the federal troops took him from his hiding place in tho Custom House and placed him a second time In the executive chair. The McEnery government was at that time as completely established as u Its power had d.ited a century back. Iv was the government <te Sure. That did not do It much practical good while its officers were prevented by the military rorce of the usurper from exercising their functions; but when the people took their business into their own hands and put their elected rulers into their proper places, then tlio legal title and the actual possession united in the same persons, it is mere folly to say that Kellogg wis Governor an Instant alter that. The lorclble reinstatement of him was ! an Insurrection sgalnst the proper authority of tile Slate as ranch as his first instalment. If I am right thus Jar, it follows that General Grant ou both occasions committed a grave viola¬ tion of his constitutional duty, in a matter viuuy artecting the rights oi the States and the liberties of tne people. Of his conduct there can certainly be no decent pretence of Justification, and, so far as I can perceive, no reasonable excuse, unless he can nay that his legal advisers imposed upon him t>y a false reading of the*' onstitution. Mr. O'Con'ir refers to Congress as the paramount I authority, whas? recognition of the Kellogg gov- ! erument would have hound tne President and all others. The opinion of the Court in Luther vs. I Borden speaks of the jurisdiction which Congress has over the BtiOjeci, hut does not define It. 1 Know of no power in that body except to pre- ] serine by general rules the manner in which the President shall perform the duty assigned by the constitution to him. and I ao not think that either Mr. O'Conor or Chief Justice Taney could have meant anything else, it is certain that Congress could not legislate Kellogg in or out of oflOce, and its ..recognition" would no more strengthen his title than it would add a cubit to hts stature. Those Senators were wise and fattu;ul men who refused to vote lor Mr. Carpenter's bill, because It was an unconstitutional interference with a mat¬ ter which belonged to the people ol the s- ate ex¬ clusively. J. S. BLACK. YOBK, Pa., Oct. 19, 1474. A. H. STEPHENS' LETTEE. | The following political letter from the eminent historian and statesman of Georgia will be read with interest:. LlIJBBTY HaLI, CB1WP0BDSVIIJ.E, Oct. IX, 1874. Mb. P. Btkdsall:. My Dbxb Sir. Your letter of the sth lust., with enclosure of Mr. Charles O'Conor's letter, Ac., was received this morning. Tonr previous letter, in acknowledgment of my Greensboro speech, was also duly received. I am obliged to you for both. I had seen Mr. O'Conor's letter, but I do not agree wltn Mr. O'Conor's premises or conclusions. The rribuneia central to the core, so also is the Sun, and tho World pretends to bo democratic, but is democratic only on radical principles. I had, however, seen Mr. O'Conor's letter published- In several of our Southern papers. I do not agree with Mr. O'Conor in his premises or conclusions, lie sets ont with asserting that Grant had decided that '.Kellogg was duly elected." Now, in point of Act, Grant has never decided any such thing. After Kellogg brought his suit in the Federal Court, as he had a right to do under the abominable Enforcement act, so called, all that Grant did was to aid In the enforce¬ ment of the Judicial process, as It was hts duty to do under the act. He had no right to inquire either into the correctness of that judg¬ ment of the Court or the validity of tho election of either Kellogg or McEnery. These were question® he bad no right to decide, and he said so. He only enforced judicial process. Mr. Reverdy Johnson made a similar blunder; even Mr. O'Conor. He says Grant decided that Kellogg was duly elected. This decision, he says, was wrong; but, having made It, he could not correct it. On tins point Johnson has the advantage, because the truth Is they are both wrong in their premises and both quite a bote h in their conclusions. In my I opinion Grant dia nothing but extend the act of Congress. It has been my effort for two years to keep the democracy from the great error of making an improper issue with Grant on this I Louisiana mnddle. Tne strength of the democracy lies in the truth. What they should assail is tho radical construction of acts of congress, from which all these troubles spring, and not this man who executes the acta of Congress as they stand upon the statute book. The great strength of the democracy tn 1876 la an arraignment of the radical party lor ail the ' utter lailures attending the reconstruction so called, and a grand centennial slogan, arousinz the masses irom one extent of the countiy to the I other lu support of the principles announced by i Mr. Jefferson and the Congress of tne States, on j the 4th of July, l"0. "Down with usurpations and np with the constitution !" should be the battle cry in 1878. Yonrs truly. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. THE LECTURE SEAdJN. An address will be delivered this evening be¬ fore tbo annual meeting of the Medico-Legal So¬ ciety, to be held at the College of Physician* and Surgeons, by R Otjdeu Doremus, M. D., LL.D., Proressor of Chemistry and Toxicology in tbe Gellevae Hospital Medical College and chemist to the society, "On the duties of nnmoers of the 1 medical and legal professions, toxicoiogists, phar¬ maceutists and county officer* la cases of poison¬ ing, and tbe necessity of proper legislation on the subject." An election of officers will be held ana other business transacted. Mr. Bayard Taylor will deliver a lecture on "Ancient Egypt" this evening at the Academy of Music. Dr. T. S. Lambert will lecture on "Woman" this evening at tlie Methodist Episcopal church, corner or Bedlord and Morton streets. Bev. Patrick Toner, of Towanda, Pa., repeated last nlglit, at the cooper lustitute, Ins brilliant lecture on "l'he l oets of Ireland," which was lis¬ tened to with euthuslastlc approoatlon by a large auditory. The proceeds are lor the be no lit ol a weak and struggling church at Towanda. The American society or Civil Knsmeers met last evrntng at No. 03 William street ana listened to a valuable paper irom Proiessor Koi>ert H. I'll unto a on the caionc value of wet fuel. A general discus¬ sion lolJuwed on tue education ot civil engineers,. ' as treated of In a recent paper by Mr. Thomaa V. Ciarne. CARRIAGE MAKERS' CONVENTION. Tbe third annual meeting of tbe Carriage ' Builders' National Association was held yesterday at tbe St. Nicholas Hotel. The attendance com- I prised almost every member of tbe association. > The Convention was called to order by ilon. C. P. I Kimball, lately the democratic candidate lor Gov¬ ernor of Maine. The association re-elected Mr. ! Kimball President; Mr. Clement Studeoaker, Vice i President; Mr. Wilder H. Pray, Secretary and i Treasurer, and tbe old Executive Committee, i That commute.* reported, through Mr. John W. Britton, us chairman, amonir other recommenda¬ tions, a proposal to memorialize Congress lor a re- l ducuon of tana upou carriage maters' materials. Ex-Governor J. R. llawley, or Connecticut, was j Introduced and urged the association to take aa 1 active part in tbe National Centennial Exhibition. ; Ue said that foreign carriage mauulacturcrs have already dsked Tor space for their work at the Ex- ' Mbltion, and tlie American carriage makers ongtic not to allow themselves to be beaten. Ex-Gov- ; err. or Blglow and Mr. A. S. Gosborn also spoke in tne same strum. The association decider \o ap- ; point a committee of five to conrer witu tbe cen¬ tennial Exhibition Commissioners. Mr. Bruton read to the Convention a letter, I drafted by tbe Executive Committee, in response I to a letter oi eougratoiation and advice received , last year from tlie Curriugo Builders' Association , of Loudon, England. ATter several sp-eches ar- , raugeuu-uts were made for the collection or trade I statistics by a special committee and tne Couvea- tlon adjourned. DISCIPLINE ON THE ROANOKE. A story has circulated lately thai there is a lack ! or discipline on board the United States Iron-Clad > Roanoke, which now lies to tae North River; that ' tbe sailers are not punished if they get arunk, ' and are not provided with enough food. An in- j vestigation proves alio report untrne In every par- | ticular. The discipline on tbe Roanoke is perfect; tlie officers exijct it, and. as ail tbe nilors have been in toe navy for years they obey It easily. The Roanoke is regarded by sailors as a pleasant 1 place for duty, and some of her crew are shipped ' as landsmen, though tbey cave before rated as able seamen. Her officers, too. are men of high character, wuo would not permit the saiioia to be badly treated. Tt.e scandalous story is attributed to a fellow who was lately discharged irom tho Roanoke as a "skulker." THE LOST STEAMER WIN ANTS.ALL HOPE ABANDONED. No further newa has oecn recetved in ttiia city 1 respecting the lost steamer A. Wiuants, of which 1 a mil account was given in Tuesday's Herald. The Coast Wrecking Company, who owned her, bave given up all hopes of ber, being under the | lnu.FOMiuu that she foundered ou the 27 th of Sep¬ tember off Charleston, during a temflc hurrlcaud. j Tbe treasurer or the company believes that the I wreck, bottom up, evidently a river steamer, seen off Savannah by the steamer Saragossa, was tneir lost vessel. 1 ms was reported at Savannah on the 3d of October lust. The Coast Wricking Oomnanv intend to send their steamer Lack iwanua to Key West to-mur- I row to take tue mace of toe Wlnaots.

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Page 1: THE MOON. A OT THE LUNAR ECLIPSE. THE L011SIAXA …

THE MOON.The Shadow of Old Earth on

Cynthia's Brow.

Total Eclipse on SaturdayNight.

illustrative diagrams.

Between the evening of the 24th and tho morn¬

ing of the 25th of October the people of this coun¬

try are to behold a total eclipse of the moon. Asthis coincidence occurs only once in eighteen.years, aud as the representatives of science andthe press have both been mate concerning its ad¬

vent, the facts given In this sequel I believe will be

accepted with no little interest by all.HISTORY OP ECLIPSES.

An eclipse is an obscuration of one of the

beavenly bodies by the Interposition of another,either between it and the spectator, or between itand the sun. The first total eclipse of which we

have any knowledge.that is, the first recorded,occurred in the year 720 B. C., and was visible at

Babylon. The occurrence was the occasion ofgreat alarm, and, indeed, before the dawn ofscience, eclipses, both solar and lunar, greatlyaffected the mlnas of tho Inhabitants of the earth.Tho ancients failed to comprenend them within

the order ol nature and regarded them as pre¬sages of dire events, while at one time in RomeIt was blasphemy, and punishment by law, to talkIn public of their being due to naturalcauses, in ancient times when the rays ofthe moon were obscured the people turned oatand mado a groat disturbance with drums andbrafr.n Instruments, their Idea being that the"Quoen of the Night" was in affliction, and thatby making the noise they did they frightenedaway those who were tormenting her. Accordingto some, Luna, wnen in eclipse, was in the painsof labor. According to others she was sufferingJrom the arts of wicked magicians.AH barbarian tribes held peculiar notions con¬

cerning eclipses of tho moon. The ChineseImagined that all obscurations of the sun or themoon were caused by the attempt of immensedragons endeavoring to devour thera, ana accord¬ingly, whenever eclipses occurred, they would as¬semble at street corners, and, by beating upongongs and kettles, strive to frighten themonsters off. On acconat ol these popu¬lar superstitions many parties better versedin science than the common throng¦which surrounded them, by predicting the comingof an eclipse accomplished many events which weof to-day regard as authentic and historical. Bythe fortunate occurrence of an eclipse Thalesbrought peace between the Medes and theLydians, and by predicting an obscuration of thecelestial orbs, Columous, on March l, 1604, at Ja¬maica, procured provisions for himself aud his com-

panlons, after every other effort to secure suchprovisions haa failed.

THE RANGE OF ECLIPSES.Stars, planets and satellites of planets may suffer

eclipse, but the principal eclipses, however, arethose of the sun and tho moon, called solar andluuar eclipses. The transits of the lower planetsover the lace or the sun are partial solar eclipses;but solar eclipses, properly so called, are thosecaused by the Interposition of the moon betweenthe sun and the earth. Regarding theeclipses of the moon, it has been said,ana truly said, that they are causedby the moon passing through thernrtb'u abaJonr inothPr assertion of equalImportance and truth Is that lunar ocllpses hap¬pen only at full moon. They do not happen everyfull moon because the moon's orbit is inclined tothe ecliptic on which the centre of the earth'sBhawdow moves at an angle of 5 deg. 9 mm., nearly.It may be loolish to remark that in case the Queenof Night moved on the ecliptic there would be an

eclipse every lull moon, but from the magnitudeof toe angle of inclination of her orbit to the eclip¬tic an eclipse can occur only on a full moon, hap-penlng when the moon is at, or very near, one ofher nodes, or, in other words, when she is at thepoints where her orbits intersect tho ecliptic.Therefore an obscuration can take placeonly when the centres of the circle of theearth's shadow and of the moon's disc approachwithin a distance less than the sum of their ap¬parent semi-diameters; consequently, except whennear the nodes, the moon, on whichever side ofthe ecliptic she may be, may pass above or belowthe shadow wlthoat entering it the least. Themoon's average diameter is known to be 31 mln.25.7 sec., aud from the Xautical Almanac we mayascertain the exact amount of the shadow for anyhour, its variations all taking place between thevalues of 29 mln. 22 sec. and 33 min. 28 sea

"TIIE MOON ITSELF."The poet Butler would havo us believe that the

moon is made of "green cheese." Another poetgreater than Dutler says:.

Oh, awor not by t'le moon, the Inconstant moon,Ihttt monthly chtngtn la tier circled orb!

And so It has been that the moon, with a certainclass of people, has fallen Into great disrepute,and simply on acconnt of her natural phases,when contrasted with theme of the great luminaryfrom which she borrows her light.the sun. -'Alllunar eclipses are universal, or visible In all psrtsof the earth which have the moon above theirhorizon," say the authorities, and no doubt theauthorities are correct. All lunar eclipses, more¬over, are everywhere of the same magnitude, withthe same beginning and end. It is this univer¬sality of lunar eclipses that leads people to im-agluo that there are more eclipses of themoon tnan there are of the sun. Thefact is, however, that the latter is more ofteneclipsed than the rormer, U e., rhere are moreeclipses of the sun than there are of the moon. Asun's eclipse is only visible to a part of the earth,whereas a lunar eclipse, as just stated above, is?lsible wherever the moon can be seen. The con¬sequence is that there are more eclipses of themoon visible at any particular place than of thesun. The reason why the solar eclipse is visible toonly particular portions of the earth is, becausebeing causcd by the moon's shadow, it is only tobe seen wnere the moon's shadow (alls and themoon's shadow is very much smaller than theearth.

"ECLIPSICA.L" CONSISTENCY-.A peculiar fact about eclipses aro that they ap-

pear in regular order, once ouly in every eighteensears and eleven days; this fact was discoveredby the ancient Chaldeans, and the period is calledthe Chaldean period. Therefore, the total eclipsewhich we shall witness on this corning Satur-day night too* place eighteen years ago, inOctober, i8i«. The total eclipse of occurredupon October 13, ol that year. It was not quitetotal, the uioon's edge being about one-flve-hun-<lrsdth part or its diameter outside of the shadow.By refcrrinir to the large figure at the Head of thisarticle it win be seen that at this time (IN74) thomoons edge is about one-twentieth olHa diameter within the edce of theshadow. At each return of eighteen years It willpas* uiore and more near the centre of theshadow, until finally it will pass by the southernedge of the shadow and cease to be total, inother words, i.ooj years hence the eclipse willcease to be total.

OCR ECLIPSE.On Saturday night a bright, sun-lllumlned

Bcreen will be l assed across our midnigiit Arma¬ment; will be blotted out iu mid-heaven, andemerge Into light again before reachlug me west-cm sky aud all lor what? To prove to us thatthe great shadow of the earth is really there inthe right; that the mighty cone of shade, basedon trie circlo of the world, rising through the airand through space, Is ever poised in the nightheavens, aud wan 8 but a screcu ou which to fall

A DIAGRAM OT THE LUNAR ECLIPSE.

This figure represents the path of the Moon through the Earth's shadow, entering npon the right and moving toward the left. The portionof the Moon'B centre is shown for every ten minutes during the whole eclipse, and the position of the Moon at the four timeR separately

declinatod in the figure, 1 to 4. By means of this figure the appearance of the Moon at any other moment may be readily ascertained by drawinga circleto represent the Moon with the centre at the point corresponding to the given time. But to correspond with the position in the heavensthe Moon'6 axis, which te perpendicular in the figure, muat be inclined as upon the smaller figures, by turning the top of the paper toward

the rightto make Itself as visible as sunset shadows on a

western wall.With such a screen covering oar night sky we

should see the world's shadow, like a black sun,travestying the motions or that luminary.risingas he set, setting as he rose.In mid-heaven at

midnight, and running high or low as he ran lowor high. 13ut, with such a screen, there would beno night. Illuminated by bright sunlight every¬where except at the BOlitary spot where theearth's shadow Jell, the uitihi sky would be as iftilled with full moons. Bo perhapB It is as well, onthe whole, that the only screen we have Is a smallone, and one that seldom wanders into that por¬tion of the heavens pre-empted, tor the nonce, bythe earth's shadow.Our satellite thus takes much less time than we

can consume when "through the shadows of theworld we sweep into tie younger day;" but itmust be recollected that we traver se the cone atlis base, where it la 8,Q<» miles across, wnile themoon on Saturday night l.aa but about 5,000 milesto cross, and plunges through it at a speed ofnearly thirty miles a minute.

ABB WE TAPGHT ?Now, quxre, in so hactnied an occurrence as a

lunar eclipse is there anything lelt to be learned.anything not thoroughly understood, the consid¬eration ot which may ra;lonally occupy our mindswhile observing the phenomenon?Unhesitatingly yes; and It Is this: The ex¬

pression "blotted out, ' used In the first para¬graph, does not* as every observer will testily,correctly represent the itate of things ; and hereis the wonder. The moon is not blotted out. Sheis there, plainly visible in the midst or the total¬ity, her disc lit up with a lurid glow that enablesone still to trace the more conspicuous markingsof her suriace.Whence this light oit of darkness ? There are

but three possible sources.the moon, the earth,the sun. The self-luminous history of the moon

| was long ago completed, bxposing her materials

| four times as lavishly [four times as much suriacein proportion to her volume) as our own planet tothe action of ber atmosphere and the cooling lu-

| Quences of space, she ran the cycle of planetaryme cuons of ages before the earth had enteredupon its organic history. Her hungry elements,gaping with their fourfold mouths, drank up hermeagre atmosphere, and, subsiding Into theapathy of sated oxides or the stupor of hopeless,unsatisfied affinities, left ber fourfold, radiatingsurface naked to the chilling embraces of tho"cold inane." Prodigal that she was, she literallyburned her candle at both ends, and, In the matterof atmosphere, she laid up nothing lor a rainy day.she floats in her orbit.the cinder of a burned upworld. white with the salt-lncrusted floors ofdried up oceans. No Jlte, no sound, no motion,nave the erashless fall of warping precipices andthe Qndrtfttng snowtlakes of the "cosmic dust."The ruddy eclipse light most, therefore, derive Itsexistence from some source other than the cold,pale planet It suffuses, and we are left to selectbetween the earth and sun. The mild "earthlight" which illumines, and olten renders dimlyvisible, the dark body of the new moon is,however, unavailaole for exp'.alnAg the vis¬ibility of the moon's disc in cclipse. Thebright stde of tue earth is, in the lattercase, turned completely away from her. To her thesun has set, not behind the hills of her own hori¬zon, but behind the huge planet which figures inher firmament, and which we call the earth.Slowly he has sunk from. her view behind the"ragged edge" or the dark planet, leaving her, notin darkness, but in the twilight, or rather partialsunlight, of his disc, still partly visible by refrac¬tion above (around) the planet's edge. Weearthiles know that this refraction Is capable ormaking the sun visible to us when his whole discis really beiow our horizon. Bat our lunglesslunarian, looking across the edge of the earth'sapparent cisc, enjoys the refractive use or thisatmosphere twice as compared with him who isimmersed la It.

THE TOTAL VEIL.The total eclipse of the moon, which, with proper

atmospheric conditions, we are to witness on Sat¬urday ulght. will begin at 11 at which hour themoon will enter the penumbra. The effect of thepenumbra will In all probability be nearly lndis-cernable, as the moon's radiance alter the penum-br.il shadow has passed over tt will be nearly asbrilliant as before. At 12:50 P. M.. however, the

j moon will begin to enter the shadow, thus

moon at ten minutes to one o'clock on Sundaymorning, ojtober 25, just after the commencementof the eclipse. It show* the edge or the shadowwhere It is first seen. The direction of the moon'saxis is e'.iown by the line marking Its north anasouth poles; and the arrow represents the direc¬tion of the moon's motion, the shadow remainingrelatively stationary.After this hoar it will be seen that the shadow

silently creeps npo« tlie moon's broad surface,and the observer, if he Is patient, will noticethe circumstance Illustrated in the followingdiagram:.

whloh represents the appearance of the moon attwo o'clock, Just before the eclipse bocomes total.In this fl(nire nearly the whole moon is covered l»ythe shadow, and that nortiun of the moon will not

be visible In the heaVens. All that will be seenwill be the short crescent.After the moon has been totally eclipsed It will

begin to emerge gradually from the shadow, when,at the honr Indicated in the cut, it will presentthe following appearance:.

Until Anally the shadow will hare almost srone,the appearance of the moon durtng the lastmoments ol the eclipse being as follows:.

The eclipse of October 25 is the first total eclipseof the moon visible to us since 1356. The eclipsewill begin at 11 o'clock and 48 minutes P. M., atwhich hour the moon will enter the penumbra.The proper or discernab'.e eclipse will begin at12:50 A. M., and the eclipse will be total at 2o'clock and 4 minutes, Sunday morning. Themiddle phase of the eclipse will occur at 2:21 A. M.,the end ol eclipse at 2 :38 A. M., while the moonwill leave the shadow entirely at 3:50 A. M. Duringthe eclipse, the moon will present a somewhatpeculiar appearance to us. The pennmbralshadow, ad stated above, will somewhat dim itsradiance. Unless one were upon the quitrtve for it, one wonld not Know whenthe pennmbral shadow had fallen. Sometimes inphases of total eclipse the moon is entirely in¬visible, but ordinarily it is of a dull reddish color,like tarnished copper. Upon December, 1833, thecolor changed to a bluish green as the eclipsepassed oft In March, 1848, the same phenomenaoccurred, which Sir John Herschel said was causedby "the accidental absence of clouds over a largeportion of the earth's atmosphere, grazed by thesun's rays at the time." Exactly how our totallunar eclipse will conduct itself Is at present alittle difficult to determine : but, as it Is an eventwhich occurs only once in eighteen years, and asone needs simply a pair of opera glasses to thor¬oughly discern it, it will, no doubt, be viewed bythe anxious eyes of thousands.

UNHERALDED ECLIPSES.And, now that we are confidential about the

moon, let me mate a revelation. There will bethree lunar eclipses next year not in the alma¬nacs. When our great astronomers, Jayne andHolloway, furnish you their inevitable calendarsfor 1875, you will probably find therein a solareclipse set down for April ana another for Sep¬tember, but no lunar eclipse, neither these cal¬endars nor their creat prototypes.the nauticalalmanacs of Greenwich and Washington.willhint that on April 20, and September 15, and Oc¬tober 14, 1875, there will oe lunar eclipses.Eclipses, However, there will be. At seven minutesand thirty-nine seconds past eleven A. M., NewYork time, on the 20th or April, 1876,the full mooa will be more tnan half immersed inthe earth's penamora. At 51 minutes and 54 sec¬

onds past 7 A. M., New York time, on the 15th ofSeptember, 1875, the foil moon will be Immersedabout two digits in tbe earth's penumbra. At 37mlMtes and 43 seconds past 5 P. M., New Yorktime, on the 14ta of October, 1875, the full moonwin ne immersed more than eight digits in theearth's penumbra.On two of these occasions the moon will be on

the other side of the world; but, on the eveningor October 14, those persons here who have facili¬ties lor viewing the rising full moon will probablyobserve a faint BBadlng on her southern side forsometime after rising as the twilight dies out.If so, they will hare seen an eclipse not set downin the books, which is something In tola centurywhere . 'all's known.''

"YOUB MOSEY OR YOU* LIFE!"Exploits of the Long lilaad Hlghwtf

men.

Two well known residents of Flushing, GeorgeH. Lott and William Smith, visited Jamaica onTueeday In a carriage and started to return homein the evening, wnon they reached the ascent of

a hill on Flushing, near Hillside arennc, withinthe limits or Jamaica village, three men, wearingmasts, suddenly sprung from a clamp of hustiesat the roadside, and one of them attempted tocatch the horse by the head, but the animal shiedanti thu* prevented the villain from seizing thebridle, while auother «trucK at Mr. Lott'* headwith a sluugshot or a stwne tied in a hand Kerchief,but fortunately hit Mr. Lott on the shoulder in¬stead. Almost In the same moment Mr. 8mlthdrew a pistol and discharged It at the one who at¬tempted to stop the horse, evidently wltn goodeffect, as the highwayman cried, "Oh, I'm shot!"nnd ni» companions hurried him away into thewoods. Mr. smith then pnt the whip to the horseand the gentlemen arrived home without mrtherinolestattou.

A similar occurrence, out with different resultsand which has only just come to the knowledge orthe authorities took place on Sunday evening last.Just before sundown a gentleman and his wire,while driving on tho lUflman boulevard, nearJamaica village, were stopped by twohighwaymen who, witti drawn pistols, de¬manded the gentleman's watch and money.These were handed over, when the robbers,not yet satlsiied, also compelled the woman togive up her earrings and anger rings, and thecouple wore then permitted to go on their way.Upon arriving at Jamaica the gentleman relatedthe occurrence, but mate no complaint to tbe au¬thorities.This maites three attempts at highway roboery,

two of winch have be«n successful, which haveoccurred In the same neighborhood wltain a tewdaj-s, and trie* are aU believed to have been thework 01 an organized gang who have their Head¬quarters and hiuing place somewhere in tne woodsbet wren Jamaica and Flushing. Tho authoritiespropose to send out a searching party to scour thewooda in ail directions.

GOVERNOR DIX ON THE THIRD TERM

Our Veteran Governor Speaksat Last.

OPPOSED TO THE THIBD TEEM.

Governor Dlx waa In the city yesterday, and leftin tne afternoon lor Albany. Previous to his de¬parture tie waa visited by a Herald representa¬tive, whom be greeted with bis usual cordiality.Governor Dlx waa evidently In excellent Bplrlts,and to Judge from bis hearty and decidedly jollyappearance was In no wise troubled about the re-suit of the greut and serious contest In which heis engaged. Some gentlemen who bad seen tneGovernor on business, and whom he dismissed inma Kindly maimer, accompanying them to thedoor, congratulated him good naturedly on tilsrenomlnation, and expressed the hope to seehim triumphantly e ected. Governor Dtx's answerwaa quite characteristic. Ue laughed heartily,and said, In his otT-handed way, "Ob, yon knowthat nobody can tell until alter the election

WHO IS TO BE TlIK NBXT GOVERNOR.""Governor," began the Herald reporter, when

the drat exchange of introductory remarks wasover, "I came to see If you could give me anynews about the progress of the canvasa""No," replied the Governor, assuming a Dual-

ness-iike air; "I really cannot. I know nothingmore about it than l have gleaned from the news¬papers." And he added, with a smile, "I mastrefer you to the coinmns of the Herald lor anynews."

"Governor, I have seen it stated In the news¬papers that you Intend to deliver a speech in op¬position to the third term on the occasion of aserenade f"The Governor smiled, with an expression of in¬

credulity. "Well, it is funny how these state¬ments get into tne newspapers. I don't knowwhere the Tribune got that. I am quite at a lossto tell.""Ain I to understand you, Governor, as saying

that you intend to deliver no such speech on anysuch occasion ?"

NO KEEP OP EXPRESSING HI3 VIEWS."Oh no," the Oovernor replied in an emphatic

tone, -I have never thought of doing any suchthing. I have no reason to suppose that anybodythinks I am in (avor of a third term for GeneralGrant, and hence It would oe ridiculous for me totake such a step.""Do jon think most people regard yon as beln?

opposed to the third term. Governor f""A» " the Governor answered, "I have every

reason to suppose so. I have spoken very ireetyon the snoject to my friends, but as to any publicdeclaration of my views.why, nobody has askedme for them." And after a pause the Governoradded, with a good-natured smile, "That is, nobodybut the interviewers."

"If any respectable body of your constituentswere to address you a letter requesting a publicresponse, would you answer It, Oovernor ?""Most undoubtedly," was Governor Dlx's reply.

"If any of my constituents were to address mesuch a letter I should gladly answer It, stating myviews as opposed to the third terra."

"l)o you think General Grant desires a thirdterra of office, Governor t"

"No, certainly not. Why tne President's friendshave declared publicly that General Grant hail notthe slightest intention

OK RUNNING FOR K THIRD TERM.There Is Judge Plerrepont, for instance, one of thePresident's warm friends, who states emphati¬cally that General Grant does not desire a thirdterra, and, what is more, that even his supportersand irlcnds do not wish it.""And if General Grant desired a third term do

you think, Governor, tnat the republican party, Indeference to his wishes, would renominate him?"The Governor shook his head and Bmlled. "Oh, I

can't say anything about that," was all the replyhe vouchsafed to this question, And ne repeated,.Oh, 1 really.I don't know anything about tnat."..It has been stated, Governor, that your re¬

election is considered by the republican party usan indorsement or the third term.""Oh, that's nonsense," the Governor replied;

"considering that I myself am opposed to thethird term. And now, will you kindly excuse mc,as I have to leave for Albany t"The reporter then shook hands with our brave

Governor and left him with many thanks.

THIRD TERM EXCITEMENT IN VERMONT.RCTLJLKD, Oct. 21, 1874.

The third term excitement among the "outs" isalarming ttie ' lua." Bona tor Morrill, of thisState, on hU way home irom Washington a fewdays ago. through- ticketed via Rutland, tookthe boat at Whitehall, saying he must go andsee Senator Edmunds, at Burlington, who had thePresident's ear, and beg of him to nsk the Presi¬dent to disavow having any desire Tor a thirdterm, or the republican party would be badly de¬feated and In a minority in the next Bouse. ThisInformation you can rely ui>ou as positively true.

THE BOPHfcQAN BANK ROBBERY.The Total Losi.Rew»rd Offered for Che

Apprehension of the Robbers.Milfohd, N. n., Oct. Jl. 1874.

The acconnts of the Souhcgan Uank have beenthoroughly investigated, sod It turns out thatthe total loss to that Institution is $40,000. Thisamount, with the losses to private individuals,swells the whole amount taken to $120,000. Thedirectors met this morning and offered a reward<* f.s.ooo for the apprehension and conviction orthe desperadoes. Tne board alwo voted to resumebusiness at once.The loss the bank has sustained will not impair

Its capital ol $100,000, but it wut efTecmaay use upIts surplus.Oetootives hare discovered no trace of the

thieves, who, It is believed, have gone across tJiecountr/ to New York.

THE WEATHER YE8TERDAI,The fallowing record will show the change* in

the temperature for the past twenty four hoars,in comparison with the corresponding day 01 lastyear, a.<* indicated by the thermometer at nudnut'spharmacy, liskald Building;.

1878. 1874. 1873. 1874.81. M f>i $0' 3:30I\ If t>» 648 A. M 63 40 6 P. M 53 000A.M 63 54 BP. M 60 56

13 M 168 81 13 P. M 6*) 64Average temperature yesterday (>$%Ave ruse temperature lor corresponding date

last year 63K

APPOINTED VTGAfi-GENERAL.QCKBIC, Oct. 31, 1874.

Rev. Mr. Auclalr, curate of Notre Dame <leJuebec, ha* been appointed War-General of thelioceses Kmnuuakjr and Suerbrooke.

THE L011SIAXA CONTROVERSY,

A Crucial Letter from Judge Black,of Pennsylvania.

THE PRESIDENT COMPLETELY WRONG.

He Had No Shadow of Right toInterfere.

Alexander H. Stephens Disagreeswith Mr. O'Conor.

JUDGE BLACK'S LETTER.

To tub Editor of tob Hkkald:.I have read with great interest, as well a* ad¬

miration, the opinions of Mr. Upvera v Johnsonand Mr. Charles O'Conor, on the sitaatlon ofLouisiana; and I will now give you my own viewson the same subject. But having no time forelaboration, I s ate conclusions rather than argu¬ments.The President can lawfully use the organized

physical force or the Union to control the Inter¬nal affairs of a state only for one purpose. to de-lend it against domestic vtolence, that In to sup¬press insurrection against the State government.This he cannot do unless called upon by tneLegislature or by the Governor, when the Legis¬lature is not in session. The constitution of theUnited Suites and the acts of Congress carefullyconfine his intervention to cases of this kind, irlie may disregard these limits there are no othersto hold him, and his power ,is consequentlydespotic.The State is that which stands. Its govern¬

ment Is "the powers that be." Its officers arethose who actually exercise its authority, it is,therefore, the call of the ctefacto government thatthe President must respond to. This principlepervades all law, municipal and International,and its observance is absolutely necessary to thepreservation ol our domestic tranquillity, as wellas the peace of the world. IT the President as¬sists a faction hostile to the existing government,with Intent to drive the incumbent magistratesfrom the seat of power, he excites domestic vio¬lence and makes insurrection, instead of sup¬pressing it.The tacts or the Louisiana case, as I think they

are universally understood since the publicationof Mr. Carpenter's report, are these:.A mannamed Kellogg aspired to be Governor, but wholly

| failed of the election. Nevertheless, he clatmedthe office on grounds which were not only lalseand fraudulent, but absurd. lie had no showof a case before the proper authorities, whoseduty It wa3 to decide contested elections ; but helaid his claim before a federal Judge, who made anorder for his lnstallatlon.Thls order was as destituteof all legal force or validity, as If it had been madeby the first negro that Kellogg might have piecedup lu the street. I taice it for granted that theJudge and all the federal officers, ctvll and military,as well as Kellogg himself, knew that it was ut¬

terly void. It would be no charity to supposecltner ol them Ignorant enongh to believe that a

Judge of the United States Court had any authorityor jurisdiction of the subject matter, or any rightwhatever to intermeddle with the business.Nevertheless tho marshal and the commander orthe federal troops, acting In pursuance of previousinstructions irom Washington, and witn the ap¬probation of the President himself, undertook toexecute the order, expelled the officers ot the ex

lstlng government ana put the pretender and hisadherents into full possession of the State.

Political power unlawfully obtained is alwaysabused. The State was lnsnlted, oppressed andplundered until It became "a vexation even to hearthe report thereof." To gorge the rapacity of therulers property and capital were so burdened withtaxes that a general confiscation of every honestman's lands, goods and money would hardly havebeen a more grievous infliction. This was borneby the body of the people so patiently that thespirit of their forefathers seemed dead wtthluthem. Their tameness was excusable only by two

1 reasons. In the first place a successful resistancewas impossible while th£ usurper was surroundedand guarded by the bayonets of the federal army;and second, they looked forward to the electionas a peaceful remedy for their wrongs. But tinslaar. hope left them wnen they saw that Kellogg

I was arranging the machinery of the registra¬tion to cheat ttiem by a false count of thevotes and thus keep them In subjection lor an in¬definite time. Convinced that they must rise bytheir own unassisted strength or be foreverlalien, they resorted to the ultima ratio, threw off

[ the shackles and placed the supreme executivepower in the hands of the man who bad beenlegally elected nearly two years before. Neverwas revolution more just or conducted withgreater prudence. Its success was complete; thebaseless fabric or tyranny leu at the first rush orthe popular movement; Its cliter absconded, hisfamiliars slunk away from his ruined fortunes, andall over the State the official instruments of cor¬

ruption yielded their places to the appointees ofthe lawful government. Louisiana was free andevery lrlend of liberty and Justice in or outof feeState rejoiced over the fact But the Presidentwrathfuliy determined to put the yoke back a;ainon the neck of the State. To that end he soughtout Kellogg lo his hiding place ; again expelled thetrue Governor and again lorced the submission ofthe people to tho same adventurer whom he hadaided before.Tne unconstitutional characterof the President's

first act, when he averthrew tbo then existinggovernment and pnt Kellogg in the executivechair by mere rorce, is admitted both by Mr.Johnson and O'Conor. It would have been wonder¬ful, indeed, If either or them bad attempted tojustify so plain and palpable a violation of thefundamental law. But they differ apparently aboutthe President's doty at the time or his second In¬tervention. I concur with Mr. Johnson in theopinion that after Kellogg was In the Presidentcould not turn him out; he vrae defacto Governor;and no matter whether he became so by fraud, orforce, or accident, tho fact of possession was allthat the President could lawfully see. or course,

1 dissent from Mr. O'Conor with all the cautiousdifference due to his great name; but If hemean* to say that General Grant had a right topull down the de facto government or Kelloggwhenever he repented his own act in setting it up,I venture to put in a denial. Remember, thePresident has no right to turn anybody ont, noreven to inquire how any actual incumbent got in.To overthrow one de facto government because hehad wrongfully overthrown another would, in¬stead or atoning for the first error, only double theblunder. He cannot play fast and loose with theliberties ot a state, nor, like Pharoah, lot the peo¬ple go tree or hold them m bondage according astue Lord hardens his Heart or terrifies him wltnplagoee.But I respectfully submit that this point on

which Mr. Johnson and Mr. O'Conor divide is notIn the case. General Grant never Intervened toprotect a de facto government in Looisiaua. Hislast act, like the first one, waa a war againstthe existing authorities. Kellogg never had anytitle except his naked possession. That wasenough while it lasted ; but every vestige of powerhad lett him when the federal troops took himfrom his hiding place in tho Custom House andplaced him a second time In the executive chair.The McEnery government was at that time as

completely established as u Its power had d.ited acentury back. Iv was the government <te Sure.That did not do It much practical good while itsofficers were prevented by the military rorce ofthe usurper from exercising their functions; butwhen the people took their business into theirown hands and put their elected rulers into theirproper places, then tlio legal title and the actualpossession united in the same persons, it is merefolly to say that Kellogg wis Governor an Instantalter that. The lorclble reinstatement of him was

! an Insurrection sgalnst the proper authority oftile Slate as ranch as his first instalment.

If I am right thus Jar, it follows that GeneralGrant ou both occasions committed a grave viola¬tion of his constitutional duty, in a matter viuuyartecting the rights oi the States and the libertiesof tne people. Of his conduct there can certainlybe no decent pretence of Justification, and, so faras I can perceive, no reasonable excuse, unless hecan nay that his legal advisers imposed upon himt>y a false reading of the*' onstitution.

Mr. O'Con'ir refers to Congress as the paramountI authority, whas? recognition of the Kellogg gov-

! erument would have hound tne President andall others. The opinion of the Court in Luther vs.

I Borden speaks of the jurisdiction which Congresshas over the BtiOjeci, hut does not define It.1 Know of no power in that body except to pre-

] serine by general rules the manner in which thePresident shall perform the duty assigned by theconstitution to him. and I ao not think that eitherMr. O'Conor or Chief Justice Taney could havemeant anything else, it is certain that Congresscould not legislate Kellogg in or out of oflOce, andits ..recognition" would no more strengthen histitle than it would add a cubit to hts stature.Those Senators were wise and fattu;ul men whorefused to vote lor Mr. Carpenter's bill, because Itwas an unconstitutional interference with a mat¬ter which belonged to the people ol the s- ate ex¬clusively. J. S. BLACK.YOBK, Pa., Oct. 19, 1474.

A. H. STEPHENS' LETTEE.

| The following political letter from the eminenthistorian and statesman of Georgia will be readwith interest:.

LlIJBBTY HaLI, CB1WP0BDSVIIJ.E, Oct. IX, 1874.Mb. P. Btkdsall:.My Dbxb Sir. Your letter of the sth lust., with

enclosure of Mr. Charles O'Conor's letter, Ac., was

received this morning. Tonr previous letter, in

acknowledgment of my Greensboro speech, wasalso duly received. I am obliged to you for both.

I had seen Mr. O'Conor's letter, but I do not agreewltn Mr. O'Conor's premises or conclusions.The rribuneia central to the core, so also is the

Sun, and tho World pretends to bo democratic,but is democratic only on radical principles. Ihad, however, seen Mr. O'Conor's letter published-In several of our Southern papers. I do not agreewith Mr. O'Conor in his premises or conclusions,lie sets ont with asserting that Grant had decidedthat '.Kellogg was duly elected." Now, in pointof Act, Grant has never decided any such thing.After Kellogg brought his suit in the FederalCourt, as he had a right to do under theabominable Enforcement act, so called, allthat Grant did was to aid In the enforce¬ment of the Judicial process, as It washts duty to do under the act. He had no right to

inquire either into the correctness of that judg¬ment of the Court or the validity of tho election ofeither Kellogg or McEnery. These were question®he bad no right to decide, and he said so. Heonly enforced judicial process. Mr. ReverdyJohnson made a similar blunder; even Mr.O'Conor. He says Grant decided that Kellogg was

duly elected. This decision, he says, was wrong;but, having made It, he could not correct it. Ontins point Johnson has the advantage, becausethe truth Is they are both wrong in their premisesand both quite a bote h in their conclusions. In my

I opinion Grant dia nothing but extend the act ofCongress. It has been my effort for two years tokeep the democracy from the great error ofmaking an improper issue with Grant on this

I Louisiana mnddle. Tne strength of the democracylies in the truth. What they should assail is thoradical construction of acts of congress, fromwhich all these troubles spring, and not this manwho executes the acta of Congress as they standupon the statute book.The great strength of the democracy tn 1876 la

an arraignment of the radical party lor ail the' utter lailures attending the reconstruction so

called, and a grand centennial slogan, arousinzthe masses irom one extent of the countiy to the

I other lu support of the principles announced byi Mr. Jefferson and the Congress of tne States, on

j the 4th of July, l"0. "Down with usurpations andnp with the constitution !" should be the battlecry in 1878. Yonrs truly.

ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS.

THE LECTURE SEAdJN.An address will be delivered this evening be¬

fore tbo annual meeting of the Medico-Legal So¬ciety, to be held at the College of Physician* andSurgeons, by R Otjdeu Doremus, M. D., LL.D.,Proressor of Chemistry and Toxicology in tbeGellevae Hospital Medical College and chemist tothe society, "On the duties of nnmoers of the

1 medical and legal professions, toxicoiogists, phar¬maceutists and county officer* la cases of poison¬ing, and tbe necessity of proper legislation on thesubject." An election of officers will be held anaother business transacted.Mr. Bayard Taylor will deliver a lecture on

"Ancient Egypt" this evening at the Academy ofMusic.

Dr. T. S. Lambert will lecture on "Woman" thisevening at tlie Methodist Episcopal church, corneror Bedlord and Morton streets.Bev. Patrick Toner, of Towanda, Pa., repeated

last nlglit, at the cooper lustitute, Ins brilliantlecture on "l'he l oets of Ireland," which was lis¬tened to with euthuslastlc approoatlon by a largeauditory. The proceeds are lor the beno lit ol aweak and struggling church at Towanda.The American society or Civil Knsmeers met last

evrntng at No. 03 William street ana listened to avaluable paper irom Proiessor Koi>ert H. I'll untoaon the caionc value of wet fuel. A general discus¬sion lolJuwed on tue education ot civil engineers,.

'

as treated of In a recent paper by Mr. Thomaa V.Ciarne.

CARRIAGE MAKERS' CONVENTION.Tbe third annual meeting of tbe Carriage

' Builders' National Association was held yesterdayat tbe St. Nicholas Hotel. The attendance com-

I prised almost every member of tbe association.> The Convention was called to order by ilon. C. P.

I Kimball, lately the democratic candidate lor Gov¬ernor of Maine. The association re-elected Mr.

! Kimball President; Mr. Clement Studeoaker, Vicei President; Mr. Wilder H. Pray, Secretary and

i Treasurer, and tbe old Executive Committee,i That commute.* reported, through Mr. John W.

Britton, us chairman, amonir other recommenda¬tions, a proposal to memorialize Congress lor a re-

l ducuon of tana upou carriage maters' materials.Ex-Governor J. R. llawley, or Connecticut, was

j Introduced and urged the association to take aa1 active part in tbe National Centennial Exhibition.

; Ue said that foreign carriage mauulacturcrs havealready dsked Tor space for their work at the Ex-

' Mbltion, and tlie American carriage makers ongticnot to allow themselves to be beaten. Ex-Gov-

; err. or Blglow and Mr. A. S. Gosborn also spoke intne same strum. The association decider \o ap-

; point a committee of five to conrer witu tbe cen¬tennial Exhibition Commissioners.Mr. Bruton read to the Convention a letter,

I drafted by tbe Executive Committee, in responseI to a letter oi eougratoiation and advice received

, last year from tlie Curriugo Builders' Association, of Loudon, England. ATter several sp-eches ar-

, raugeuu-uts were made for the collection or tradeI statistics by a special committee and tne Couvea-

tlon adjourned.

DISCIPLINE ON THE ROANOKE.A story has circulated lately thai there is a lack

! or discipline on board the United States Iron-Clad> Roanoke, which now lies to tae North River; that

' tbe sailers are not punished if they get arunk,' and are not provided with enough food. An in-

j vestigation proves alio report untrne In every par-| ticular. The discipline on tbe Roanoke is perfect;

tlie officers exijct it, and. as ail tbe nilors havebeen in toe navy for years they obey It easily.The Roanoke is regarded by sailors as a pleasant1 place for duty, and some of her crew are shipped'as landsmen, though tbey cave before rated asable seamen. Her officers, too. are men of highcharacter, wuo would not permit the saiioia to bebadly treated. Tt.e scandalous story is attributedto a fellow who was lately discharged irom thoRoanoke as a "skulker."

THE LOST STEAMER WINANTS.ALL HOPEABANDONED.

No further newa has oecn recetved in ttiia city1 respecting the lost steamer A. Wiuants, of which1 a mil account was given in Tuesday's Herald.

The Coast Wrecking Company, who owned her,bave given up all hopes of ber, being under the

| lnu.FOMiuu that she foundered ou the 27 th of Sep¬tember off Charleston, during a temflc hurrlcaud.

j Tbe treasurer or the company believes that theI wreck, bottom up, evidently a river steamer, seen

off Savannah by the steamer Saragossa, was tneirlost vessel. 1 ms was reported at Savannah on the3d of October lust.The Coast Wricking Oomnanv intend to send

their steamer Lack iwanua to Key West to-mur-I row to take tue mace of toe Wlnaots.

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