THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE

The Power of Spain

1. The King becomes Emperora. Charles V and

the Empirei. 1516, became

Charles I of Spain

ii. Member of the Hapsburg family

iii. Ruled as an absolute monarch1. A ruler whose power was not limited by

having to consult with nobles, common people or their own representatives

2. Absolute monarchs also believed they ruled by divine right

a. Concept that states that monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

iv. Territory included Spain, Low Counties of Belgium and the Netherlands plus colonies in the Americas

v. 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor’s throne was vacant1. Position was elected2. Charles borrowed money to buy the votes

vi. Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V1. Gained land in Italy, Austria and parts of

Germany

vii. Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic2. Growing Protestant movement threatened

his influence

viii. 1521- Declared Protestant leader Martin Luther an outlaw

ix. Signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of fighting1. Signed in 15552. Gave each German prince the right to decide

whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant

x. Achieved more success in the Americas than in Europe3. Spanish explorers claimed much of the

Americas under his reign4. Would bring gold, silver and wealth into Spain

b. Dividing the Empire

i. Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556

1. Frustrated by his failures in Europe

ii. Divided empire between his brother and his son

1. His brother took over the Hapsburg holdings in Austria

2. Philip II ( Charles’ son) took over Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands and the Spanish colonies in the America

2. Artistic Achievements

a. Arti. El Greco

1. Real name is Domenicos Theotocopolios

2. Work was religious and reflected Spain’s role in the Counter Reformation

3. Famous for elongated human figures

ii. Diego Velazquez1. Court painter2. Painted people of all classes with dignity

b. Literature

i. Miguel de Cervantes

1. Most famous work “Don Quixote de la Mancha”

a. About a man caught between the medieval world and the modern world

ii. Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz1. Wrote poetry,

prose and plays2. Criticized by the

Church for her belief that women had a right to an education

3. Spain under Philip II

a. Religion and Revolti. Philip was a devout Catholicii. Married Queen Mary I of Englandiii. The Netherlands

1. A revolt occurred when the Dutch refused to declare allegiance with Philip II

2. Army led by the Duke of Alba was sent to punish the Dutch

3. Court of Blooda. Set up by Alba to try and torture those

suspected to be rebels

4. Revolted lasted for decades5. 1609, a truce was formed

a. 7 northern provinces became the independent nation of the Netherlands

b. Southern provinces remained under the control of Spain

b. Spain and England

i. England had sent aid to the Dutch during its revolt against Spain

ii. Queen Elizabeth I also was allowing her ships’ captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming from the Americas

1. English ships were known as sea dogs2. Sir Francis Drake was infamous sea dog

iii. In response to this Philip decided to invade England1. Wanted to stop attacks on his ships2. Wanted to return England to Catholicism

iv. Philip assembled the Spanish Armada3. 1588, 130 ships with 20,000 soldiers and

sailors set sail for the English Channel4. Fought England in a series of naval

battles5. English defeat the Armada

c. An Empire in Decline

i. Internal Problems1. Government was too centralized

a. Philip insisted on approving all decisions

2. Court was riddled with factions and suspicions

a. Philip trusted no one

3. Wealth of the Americas was spent on constant warfare

a. Borrowed money often b. Went bankrupt 4 times

4. Economy lagged behind that of others

Absolute monarch and France

1. Religious war and Henry IVa. Conflict and a New Kings

i. War broke out in 1562, in France, between the Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)

ii. 1572, the Catholic Queen of France ordered the killing of the Huguenots in Paris

iii. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre1. Resulted from the order of the queen2. Started with the killing of French Huguenots

nobles attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre3. Henry escaped death by denying his religion

iv. 1593, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowed Henry IV

b. Compromise and Progressi. 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes

1. Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom of worship

2. Granted the right to hold office3. Granted right to rule 200 towns where they

already had a majority4. Document gave people the right to pick their

own religion5. Document also still declared Catholicism the

official religion6. Also required Huguenots to support Catholic

Church financially

ii. Eliminated debt and built a surplusiii. Would become one of France’s most

respected monarchs

2. Louis XIII and Richelieu

a. Louis XIIIi. Was very young when he became kingii. Mother served as his regentiii. Cardinal Richelieu would become his chief

minister and most trusted advisor

Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu

b. La Rochelle

i. A Huguenot port city that had sided with the English on a nearby island

ii. Richelieu used that as a means to take the city

iii. After 14 months of fighting , he took the city, tore down its walls and made all churches Catholic

c. Nobles

i. Louis and Richelieu saw nobles as a threat

ii. Used spies and uncovered planned revolts

iii. Punishments were severeiv. Richelieu also controlled foreign affairs

as well

3. The Monarchy of Louis XIVa. Rise of the Sun King

i. Louis XIV1. Best example of an absolute monarch2. Became king young and mother served as

regent3. Chief minister was Cardinal Mazarin4. As a child he was taught the skills he would

need to be king5. Supremely confident in his ability to rule6. At 18, Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis declared

he would run the government7. The sun was his personal symbol

b. Absolutism at Versailles

i. Began tradition of absolute monarchy in France

ii. He controlled all aspects of his government including religion

iii. Deprived the nobles of influence

iv. Built palace of Versailles outside of Paris1. Required nobles to come visit him there

regularly2. Nobles gained prestige by becoming part

of his court 3. Urged nobles to develop expensive habits

that would them poorer and more dependent on his generosity

v. Every moment of his day required rituals performed by bowing courtiers

c. Louis and Protestantismi. In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of

Nantes and outlawed Protestantism

d. Money and the Militaryii. Finances were a concern because of the

lifestyle he had

ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert1. Finance minister2. Limited imports

and increased exports

3. Simplified the tax system

4. Also cut the debt

iii. Louis wanted to build up military and expand territory1. Would become the most powerful ruler in

Europe

e. War over the Throne

i. War of the Spanish Succession1. Most costly of all wars Louis fought2. King of Spain died without an heir3. Louis was one of 3 rulers to make a claim on

the throne4. European monarchs did not want France and

Spain to be aligned and opposed Louis’ claim5. Netherlands and England went to war against

France in 17016. Louis accepted the Treaty of Ulrecht in 1713

after many defeats

ii. Treaty of Ulrecht1. Gave the Spanish throne to Louis’

grandson2. Stated that Spain and France could not be

united under one ruler3. Louis had to give up territory he had

taken

iii. Louis remained in power until his death in 1715

Monarchs in England

1. The Tudors and Parliamenta. Two prominent

members of the Tudor Family

i. Henry VIII of England1. Created the Protestant

Church of England so he could divorce his wife

2. Had Parliament pass laws to end authority of pope

3. 1534, Act of Supremacy declared Henry the head of the Church of England

ii. Elizabeth I1. 1588, Crowned

Queen of England after her sister Mary died

2. Parliament helped her pass laws that favored Protestantism

3. Parliament wanted her to marry, but she refused

4. Was able to work with Parliamenta. One reason, she allowed Parliament

members to speak their minds without fear of punishment

5. Though clearly in charge, some still questioned her actions

6. Elizabeth died in 1603

2. The Stuarts and Parliamenta. James I

i. Became king when Elizabeth died; founded the Stuart line

ii. Believed in the divine right of kings and wanted to rule as an absolute monarch

iii. He had problems with Parliament1. He lacked funds to spend2. He was considered an outsider3. Rarely able to get Parliament to approve

all the funds he wanted

iv. Puritans1. Group of strict Calvinist2. Wanted to reform the Church of England

a. Thought some practices were still too Catholic

3. Wanted to take away power from Church officials

a. Was seen as a threat by Jamesb. James refused to pass most of the reforms of

the Puritans

4. Wanted a Bible to be published in Englisha. This is one reform that James agreed to

v. James died in 1625

b. Charles Ii. Youngest son of

James Iii. 1628, Charles

requested money from Parliament

1. Parliament would not agree until Charles signed the Petition of Right

a. Document placed limits on King’s poweri. King could not levy taxes without

parliament approvalii. No false imprisonmentiii. Could not force citizens to house soldiersiv. Could not declare martial law in peace

time

iii. Charles would tax people on his own and forced bankers to lend him money

iv. 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and ruled without consulting them

3. The English Civil War

a. Parliament Reconvenesi. 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament to

ask for money because of his debtii. Would become known as the Long

Parliament1. Would not grant request until he agreed to

some termsa. Parliament must meet once every 3 years

b. King could not longer dismiss Parliament

2. Charles agreed but had every intention to dismiss them later

b. War with Parliament

i. Puritan group within Parliament wanted to abolish the appointment of bishops within the Anglican Church

ii. Charles tried to arrest them for treasoniii. People had escaped but Charles had

shown he was going to take back Parliament

iv. 1642, The English War began1. King had no funding and relied on the

supporters for money2. Supporters of Charles were called Royalist3. Parliament voted for funding4. Parliament supporters were called Roundheads5. Leader of the Roundheads was Oliver Cromwell

a. was an army generalb. Rose to power to become commander-in-chief of

Parliament army

6. 1646, Charles surrendered to Cromwell

c. Trial and Execution

i. Charles was put on trial1. He defended himself; He refused to

recognize the authority of Parliament2. Was sentenced to death3. January 30, 1659, Charles was publicly

beheaded

d. England under Cromwell

i. England’s government changed1. House of Commons abolished House of Lords2. Monarch was outlawed

ii. England was a commonwealth1. A republican government based on the common

good of the people

iii. Cromwell was given the title “Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland”

iv. Cromwell demanded complete obediencev. Cromwell closed theaters and limited other

forms of public entertainment

Oliver Cromwell

e. Defender of Absolutism

i. Thomas Hobbes1. A Royalist2. Wrote “Leviathan”

a. Describes human beings as naturally selfish and fearful

b. Argues that people needed an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live

3. Views sparked controversy

4. The Monarch Returns

a. The Restoration i. Parliament voted to bring back the

monarchy after Cromwell died1. This is known as the Restoration

ii. Invited Charles I’s son to be the new king, but with certain conditions

b. Charles II

i. Religious tensions

1. Supported religious tolerance for Catholics

2. Parliament insisted upon laws that strengthened the Church of England

ii. Restoration years were both positive and negative1. Positives

a. Theaters reopenedb. Passage of Habeas Corpus Act of 1679

i. Guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had the right to appear in court to determined if the accused should be held or release

2. Negativesa. 1665, the Bubonic Plague returnedb. 1666, the Great Fire of London

i. Charles would support public construction projects after this

iii. Charles II died in 1685

c. James II

i. Brother of Charles II

ii. Was a Catholiciii. Believed in right

to rule as an absolute monarch

iv. Not popular with the people

d. The Glorious Revolution

i. 1688, James’ daughter Mary and her husband William were invited to be King and Queen of England

1. Became William III and Mary II

ii. This transfer of power is known as the Glorious Revolution

William III Mary II

iii. Changes in government1. Parliament had crowned a new king and

queen2. Had new monarchs sign the English Bill of

Right before taking powera. Prevented monarchs from levying taxes

without consent of Parliamentb. Central to England’s growth as a

Constitutional Monarchyi. Monarchy limited by law

Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

1. The Monarch of Ivan IV

a. Russia before Ivan IV

i. Russia was run by church officials and boyars (landowning nobility)

ii. When Ivan takes power he claims title of czar (Russian for caesar)

b. Reforms of Ivan

i. Reforms made during early years of his reign

1. Created a council that included merchants and lower level nobles

2. Began to promote military leaders based on merit

3. Drew up a new legal code

ii. These and others helped reduced boyars’ power

c. Ivan the Terrible

i. During 1560s Ivan changed1. His actions and policies sealed his title as

Ivan the Terrible

ii. Became suspicious of his closest advisors and sent them away killing many of their supporters

iii. Created private police force of 6000 1. Purpose was to investigate and punish

opposition

iv. 1565, he seized land from 12,000 boyarsv. 1581,he killed his own son

1. Left Russia without an heir

vi. This period is known as the Time of Troubles

vii. Ivan IV died in 16132. Michael (relative of his 1st wife) was

crowned czara. 1st in the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia

until 1917

2. Peter the Great

a. Early Rulei. Began czar in 1682 when he was a child

1. Sister insisted on ruling in his place

ii. At 17, he removed his sister from power and took over

iii. Peter’s appearance1. 6 ½ ft tall2. Extremely strong3. Had a strong personality and boundless

energy

iv. Azov1. Located on the Black Sea and held by the

Turks2. Peter led an attack on it and failed3. Inspired to build a navy4. After completion of navy attacked Azov

again and won

b. Modernization and Reform

i. Peter knew Russia had to modernize to keep up with Europe

ii. He was determined to bring elements of Western culture to Russia

1. This process is called westernization

iii. In 1692, Peter journeyed to Europe1. Traveled in disguise but was still recognized2. Learned hands on skills, i.e. shipbuilding3. Recruited European experts to bring skills to

Russia

iv. The Streltsy1. A military corps2. Believed they wanted to put his sister on

the throne3. Had many members tortured and

executed4. Disbanded the Streltsy and organized a

more modern army

v. Reforms1. Brought Church under state control2. Built up Russian industry3. Started 1st newspaper in Russia4. Sponsored new schools5. Modernized the calendar6. Promotions based on service instead of social

status7. Wanted people to dress more European8. He is often considered the founder of modern

Russia

c. Founding of St. Petersburgi. Peter founded a new cityii. Came as a result of a war fought with

Sweden for warm water portsiii. Built new capital, St. Petersburg

3. Catherine the Great

a. Catherine takes power

i. A German princess married to Czar Peter III

ii. Her husband was weak and incompetent

iii. She seized power after Peter’s death

iv. Was declared Catherine II Czarina of Russia

b. Early Reform

i. Saw herself as the true successor of Peter the Great

ii. Built a bronze statue of Peter in St. Petersburg to legitimize her claim to the throne

iii. Influence by major European thinkers of her time

iv. She reformed Russia’s legal and educational system

v. Removed some restrictions on tradevi. Promoted the arts and sciences

c. Challenges to Catherine’s Rulei. Within first year Catherine was involved

in a major conflict with Poland1. Poland wanted to be free of Russian

influence2. 1768, Ottoman Empire sided with Poland3. Russia will go to war and eventually win4. Russia will receive half of Poland and

territory on the Black Sea

ii. Rebellion inside Russia1. Yemelyan Pugachev was traveling around

Russia claimed to be Peter III2. Gained support, but rebellion was put down

and he was captured and beheaded

iii. Revolt led Catherine to completely reorganize local government3. Administration on the local level was placed in

the hands of the landowners and noblesa. In return they had their taxes reduced and were

given absolute control over their land and peasants

4. Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe

a. The Thirty Years Wari. Began as a religious dispute in 1618

1. Prague was an area under the Holy Roman Emperors control and one of his officials went there and ordered that the two Protestant Churches be shut down

2. Protestants threw the official out of the palace windows

ii. This spared a revolt1. Nobles in German states of Bavaria and

Austria rebelled against the emperor, others would join later

iii. War would involve other nations1. Spain joined the emperors side2. France sided with the Protestants as well

as Denmark and Sweden

iv. War lasted until 16483. Both sides agreed to the Treaty of

Westphaliaa. Treaty extended religious toleration to both

Catholics and Protestantsb. Also limited the emperors power

b. Austria and Prussia

i. Austria and Prussia gained from the treaty

ii. Austria was governed by the Hapsburgs

iii. Charles VI1. Holy Roman Emperor

died in 1740 without a male heir

2. Before he died approved the Pragmatic Sanction

a. Position could now be passed to female heir

3. Daughter Maria Theresa would take throne

Maria Theresa Frederick the Great

iv. Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Austrian provinces of Silesia

v. Frederick offered to help Maria Theresa’s husband become the Holy Roman Emperor, she refused

vi. War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1740

vii. Involved Spain, France and two other statesviii. Maria Theresa asked for peace in 1748

1. Prussia kept Silesia