The Molecules of The Molecules of LifeLife

Mrs. KerstetterMrs. Kerstetter

BiologyBiology

5.1 Carbon5.1 Carbon

Other than water, most cell Other than water, most cell components are carbon-basedcomponents are carbon-based

They are called BIOMOLECULESThey are called BIOMOLECULES Made of a carbon backboneMade of a carbon backbone

Carbon can form 4 bondsCarbon can form 4 bonds Important for attaching other atomsImportant for attaching other atoms

Carbon backbonesCarbon backbones

3 types of bonding:3 types of bonding:

Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic

OrganicOrganic Contain CARBONContain CARBON One exception is One exception is

CO, or carbon CO, or carbon monoxidemonoxide

InorganicInorganic Do NOT contain Do NOT contain

carboncarbon What are some What are some

inorganic inorganic molecules?molecules?

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

=contain only carbon and hydrogen=contain only carbon and hydrogen Many are important fuelsMany are important fuels

MethaneMethane ButaneButane PropanePropane Energy-storing fat moleculesEnergy-storing fat molecules

Two other atoms frequently found in organic Two other atoms frequently found in organic molecules are __________ and __________.molecules are __________ and __________.

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

=a group of atoms with in a molecule =a group of atoms with in a molecule that interacts in predictable ways that interacts in predictable ways with other moleculeswith other molecules

-OH groups are hydrophilic-OH groups are hydrophilic What does that mean?What does that mean?

Monomers and PolymersMonomers and Polymers

MonomersMonomers Small, similar molecular unitsSmall, similar molecular units

PolymersPolymers Long chains of monomersLong chains of monomers Can be a straight chain or branchedCan be a straight chain or branched

Every cell has thousands of different Every cell has thousands of different polymerspolymers Vary from cell to cell within an organismVary from cell to cell within an organism

Life’s Large MoleculesLife’s Large Molecules

1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. LipidsLipids

3.3. ProteinsProteins

4.4. Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

Building PolymersBuilding Polymers

Every time a monomer is added to a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a WATER molecule is releasechain, a WATER molecule is release This is called a _______________ reactionThis is called a _______________ reaction

Building PolymersBuilding Polymers

Every time a monomer is added to a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a WATER molecule is releasechain, a WATER molecule is release This is called a DEHYDRATION reactionThis is called a DEHYDRATION reaction

Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers

We also have to break down long We also have to break down long chains in order to make the chains in order to make the monomers available to the cellsmonomers available to the cells

This is done by adding water to This is done by adding water to break the bondsbreak the bonds This is called a _____________ reactionThis is called a _____________ reaction

Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers

We also have to break down long We also have to break down long chains in order to make the chains in order to make the monomers available to the cellsmonomers available to the cells

This is done by adding water to This is done by adding water to break the bondsbreak the bonds This is called a HYDROLYSIS reactionThis is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction

What you should be able do What you should be able do after instruction on Section after instruction on Section

5.1:5.1: Identify carbon skeletons and Identify carbon skeletons and

functional groups on organic functional groups on organic moleculesmolecules

Relate monomers and polymersRelate monomers and polymers Describe the process of building and Describe the process of building and

breaking polymersbreaking polymers

Use this information when studying for Use this information when studying for your test!your test!

5.2 Carbohydrates5.2 Carbohydrates

=an organic cpd made up of sugar =an organic cpd made up of sugar moleculesmolecules

Used as an energy sourceUsed as an energy source Can be stored for later useCan be stored for later use Can be used within minutesCan be used within minutes

SugarsSugars

Contain C, H, and O in a specific Contain C, H, and O in a specific ratioratio

Ratio 1C:2H:1ORatio 1C:2H:1O Formula (CHFormula (CH22O)O)nn Most sugar molecules in nature Most sugar molecules in nature

have a ring shapehave a ring shape

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

=simple sugars containing just one =simple sugars containing just one sugar unitsugar unit

ExamplesExamples GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactoseGalactose

Names of sugars end in ________Names of sugars end in ________

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

=simple sugars containing just one =simple sugars containing just one sugar unitsugar unit

ExamplesExamples GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactoseGalactose

Names of sugars end in Names of sugars end in -ose-ose

GlucoseGlucose

Exists in both Exists in both straight-chain and straight-chain and ring-shaped ring-shaped structuresstructures

C

C

CH2OH

H OHC

OHH C

HHO

H OH

C OH

D-Glucose

oCH2OH

OHOH

OH

OH

oCH2OH

OHOH

OH

OH

Sugar MoleculesSugar Molecules

Are the main fuel supply for cellular Are the main fuel supply for cellular workwork esp glucose!esp glucose!

Cells break down sugar molecules and Cells break down sugar molecules and extract the stored Eextract the stored E

Cells use the carbon skeletons of Cells use the carbon skeletons of monosaccharides as raw materials for monosaccharides as raw materials for other organic moleculesother organic molecules

What if sugars aren’t used What if sugars aren’t used right away?right away?

Incorporated into larger Incorporated into larger carbohydratescarbohydrates

OROR Used to make fat moleculesUsed to make fat molecules

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Using a dehydration reaction, cells Using a dehydration reaction, cells put together 2 monosaccharides to put together 2 monosaccharides to make one disaccharidemake one disaccharide

Most common is sucroseMost common is sucrose Other examples:Other examples:

LactoseLactose maltosemaltose

SucroseSucrose

Glucose + FructoseGlucose + Fructose Major carb in plant sap, so…Major carb in plant sap, so…

Nourishes plantNourishes plant Table sugar is extracted from stems Table sugar is extracted from stems

of sugar cane or roots of sugar beetsof sugar cane or roots of sugar beets Can be broken down and used as Can be broken down and used as

soon as consumedsoon as consumed Or can store glucoseOr can store glucose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

=long polymer chains made up of =long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomerssimple sugar monomers

Examples:Examples: StarchStarch GlycogenGlycogen CelluloseCellulose

StarchStarch

Found in plant cellsFound in plant cells Composed of glucose monomersComposed of glucose monomers

BranchBranch Humans can break down starch unto Humans can break down starch unto

useful energy useful energy Examples of foods rich in starch:Examples of foods rich in starch:

PotatoesPotatoes RiceRice corncorn

GlycogenGlycogen

In animal cellsIn animal cells More highly branched than starchMore highly branched than starch In humansIn humans

Stored as granules in liver and muscle Stored as granules in liver and muscle cellscells

When body needs E, it breaks down When body needs E, it breaks down glycogen, releasing glucoseglycogen, releasing glucose

CelluloseCellulose

Functions:Functions:1.1. A building material in plantsA building material in plants2.2. Protect cellsProtect cells3.3. Stiffen plant so it doesn’t fall overStiffen plant so it doesn’t fall over

Made of glucose monomersMade of glucose monomers Multiple cellulose chains form H Multiple cellulose chains form H

bondsbonds Makes a cable-like fiber in the cell wallsMakes a cable-like fiber in the cell walls

CelluloseCellulose

Most animals cannot digest celluloseMost animals cannot digest cellulose Why?Why?

So… So… Passes through body unchangedPasses through body unchanged

It is NOT a nutrientIt is NOT a nutrient

Cows and termites can digest Cows and termites can digest cellulose…cellulose… How?How?

PropertiesProperties

ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic because of –OH groupsbecause of –OH groups

Mono- and disaccharides dissolve Mono- and disaccharides dissolve easily in watereasily in water Cellulose and some starches do not Cellulose and some starches do not

dissolve in water (even though they are dissolve in water (even though they are hydrophilic)hydrophilic) Why?Why? Why is this good for the textile industry?Why is this good for the textile industry?