the milky way · quiz will last 15-30 minutes and will be followed by lecture. saturday, september...
TRANSCRIPT
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1
All that is required to measure the diameter of the Earth is a person with stick and a brain.
-adapted from Big Bang, Simon Singh, p.13
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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2
Announcements:
Quiz #2: Monday, September 26 at beginning of class. Will cover Chp. 1-3.
Quiz will last 15-30 minutes and will be followed by lecture.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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The Origin of Modern Astronomy
Chapter 4
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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4
Several important people are introduced in Chapter 4. Name three of them and tell me about their contribution to our knowledge of the Solar System.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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I. The Roots of Astronomy A. Archaeoastronomy B. The Astronomy of Greece C. Aristotle and the Nature of Earth D. The Ptolemaic Universe
II. The Copernican Revolution A. Copernicus the Revolutionary
B. De Revolutionibus C. Galileo the Defender D. The Trial of Galileo
III. The Puzzle of Planetary Motion A. Tycho the Observer B. Tycho Brahe's Legacy C. Kepler the Analyst D. Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion E. The Rudolphine Tables
IV. Modern Astronomy
Outline
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The Roots of Astronomy
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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The Roots of AstronomyMonuments dating back to ~ 3000 B.C. show
alignments with astronomical significance.
Newgrange, Ireland, built around 3200 B.C.: Sunlight shining down a passageway into the central chamber
of the mount indicates the day of winter solstice.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
• Constructed: 3000 – 1800 B.C.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
• Alignments with locations of sunset, sunrise, moonset and moonrise at summer and winter solstices
• Constructed: 3000 – 1800 B.C.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
• Alignments with locations of sunset, sunrise, moonset and moonrise at summer and winter solstices
• Constructed: 3000 – 1800 B.C.
•Probably used as calendar
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Stonehenge
• Alignments with locations of sunset, sunrise, moonset and moonrise at summer and winter solstices
Summer solstice
• Constructed: 3000 – 1800 B.C.
•Probably used as calendar
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Stonehenge
• Alignments with locations of sunset, sunrise, moonset and moonrise at summer and winter solstices
Summer solstice
Heelstone
• Constructed: 3000 – 1800 B.C.
•Probably used as calendar
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Other Examples All Around the World
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
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Other Examples All Around the World
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
Slit in the rock formation produces a sunlit “dagger” shape, indicating the day
of summer solstice
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Other Examples All Around the World (2)
Mammoth tusk found at Gontzi, Ukraine: Inscriptions probably describing
astronomical events
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Ancient Greek Astronomers
- Earth’s shape- Earth’s size- Earth’s position- Scale of the Solar System
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Ancient Greek Astronomers
Ancient Greek’s tried to explain the Universe using mathematical models.
- Earth’s shape- Earth’s size- Earth’s position- Scale of the Solar System
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Ancient Greek Astronomers
You’ve just met a member of The Flat Earth Society who believes all NASA images are fake. You want to provide evidence that the Earth is spherical. What might you say/do?
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Ancient Greek Astronomers
You’ve just met a member of The Flat Earth Society who believes all NASA images are fake. You want to provide evidence that the Earth is spherical. What might you say/do?
1. Watch a ship sail away.
2. Make a long-distance phone call and compare relative position of Sun and/or stars.
3. Observe a lunar eclipse.and look at the stars.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Ancient Greek Astronomers
Earth’s shadow is round as seen during an eclipse
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Scale of the Solar System
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Aswan Dam, Egypt
Second largest city of Egypt; main port
Eratosthenes (~ 200 B.C.):Calculation of the Earth’s radius
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• Sun at noon on summer solstice in Syene is straight overhead.
• Sun at noon on summer solstice in Alexandria is 7 degrees off the zenith.
Eratosthenes (~ 200 B.C.):Calculation of the Earth’s radius
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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7°
7°
Eratosthenes (~ 200 B.C.):Calculation of the Earth’s radius
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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7°
7°
Eratosthenes (~ 200 B.C.):Calculation of the Earth’s radius
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Suppose you were an alien living on the fictitious warlike planet Myrmidon and you wanted to measure its size. The planet’s “sun” is shining directly down a missile silo 1000 miles to your south, while at your location, it is 36 degrees from straight overhead. What is the circumference of Myrmidon?
a. 36,000 mib. 3,600 mic. 10,000 mid. 6,280 mie. 1,590 mi
Eratosthenes (~ 200 B.C.):Calculation of the Earth’s radius
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Scale of the Solar System
Size of the Earth + Lunar Eclipse Observations
Size of Moon!!!
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Scale of the Solar System
Size of the Moon + Angular Size in Sky
Distance to Moon!!!
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Scale of the Solar System
Distance to the Moon + Sun/Moon Angle
Distance to Sun!!!
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Scale of the Solar System
Distance to the Sun + Angular Size in Sky
Distance to Sun!!!
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Structure of the Solar System
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Geocentric Models
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Geocentric Models• Eudoxus (409 – 356 B.C.):
Model of 27 nested spheres
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Geocentric Models• Eudoxus (409 – 356 B.C.):
Model of 27 nested spheres
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Geocentric Models• Eudoxus (409 – 356 B.C.):
Model of 27 nested spheres
• Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.),
major authority of philosophy until the late middle ages: Universe can be divided in 2 parts:
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Geocentric Models• Eudoxus (409 – 356 B.C.):
Model of 27 nested spheres
• Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.),
major authority of philosophy until the late middle ages: Universe can be divided in 2 parts:
1. Imperfect, changeable Earth,
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Geocentric Models• Eudoxus (409 – 356 B.C.):
Model of 27 nested spheres
• Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.),
major authority of philosophy until the late middle ages: Universe can be divided in 2 parts:
1. Imperfect, changeable Earth,
2. Perfect Heavens (described by spheres)
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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The WanderersPlanet: from Greek πλανήτης αστήρ planētēs astēr "wandering star"
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Retrograde (westward) motion of a planet occurs when the Earth passes the planet.
The Wanderers
Motion of the planets across the sky is markedly different than the motion of the stars.
Planet: from Greek πλανήτης αστήρ planētēs astēr "wandering star"
Saturday, September 24, 2011
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Refinements to Geocentric Models
Ptolemy’s epicycles(150 AD)
Model survived until Copernican Revolution of 1500’s.
Publication: Syntaxis (the greatest)
Saturday, September 24, 2011