the meanings of ‘happiness’ and what they mean for policymaking
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The Meanings of ‘Happiness’ and What They Mean for Policymaking. Dan Weijers 20 October 2011. Well-Being. The life that is good for the one living it. What makes someone's life go better/best for them?. The prudentially good life . Well-being. Happiness ≠ well-being?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Meanings of ‘Happiness’ and What They Mean for
Policymaking
Dan Weijers20 October 2011
Well-Being
• What makes someone's life go better/best for them?
The prudentially good life
The life that is good for the one living it
Well-being
Happiness ≠ well-being?
• Some accounts just use happiness– Some don’t use it at all
• Key Questions: – What are the ultimate bearers of
prudential value for us?– What directly makes our lives go better
for us?
Policy-making ↑ Well-being
(WB)Fairness
Sustainability
Equality
Subjective WB Objective WB
Overall Domain-Specific
Mental state/
hedonism
Life Satisfaction
theories
Objective List/
Flourishing
Quality of Life Indicators
Traditional Economic Indicators
Health/ healthcareFreedom
TrustSafety
Environ-ment
EducationEquality
Production
IncomeEmploy-
ment
Justice
Wealth• Survey• Pager• Day
reco-nstruction
• Survey• “All things
considered, how satisfied are you with your life?”
• Survey• Rate
agreement “I have good friends”
HAPPINESS
Happiness
Brain scan
Behav-ioural
Mental State Theories
• Folk: get pleasure now!• Philosophers: maximise pleasure over your entire
life• Key: All that matters is how you feel (your mental
states)
Well-being Happiness +ve net balance of good over bad mental states
Especially hedonism
What about Truth & Freedom?• Compare two lives
– Same experiences– Different reality
• Double agent partner• Sponsored children all died
• Whose life is better?
• What should we do about a happy slave?
Measuring Mental State Happiness
• Survey Questions– “How happy are you these days?”
• Pager method– “What are you doing now and how are
you feeling?”• Day reconstruction method
– Note down activities and mood from previous day
Life Satisfaction Theories
• Based on desire/preference-satisfaction• Informed: adequately informed desires only• Ideal: desires that fit some objective criteria only • Key: All that matters is getting what you want
Well-beingHappinessHaving most or more of your desires satisfied
Sometimes
Is the Satisfaction of Our Desires Good for us?
• Actual and informed desires are often for things that are, on balance, bad for us!
• Ideal desires require some kind of objective standard
• We choose to desire things because we think that their satisfaction will provide us with some value or meaning
• D-S accounts put the value in the satisfaction, not the ultimate reason for having the desire
Measuring Life Satisfaction Happiness
• Survey Questions:– “All things considered, how satisfied are you
with your life as a whole?”– “Compared to what it could have been, how
satisfied are you with your life?”
Flourishing Theories
• Developing excellencies in one or all of your species’ fundamental traits
• Only some versions include or require happiness/enjoyment of life
• Aristotle: Flourishing is the soul expressing virtue– Virtues are ‘golden means’
• E.g. cowardice – courage - rashness• Key: All that matters is being the best
you can be (given that you’re a human)
Well-being Flourishing Developing & expressing natural capacities
Flourishing = Objective List• But, which traits do you prioritise?
– Is excellence in reasoning or long-distance running better for us?
• Unnatural things can be good for us too!– E.g. Pacemakers, wings etc.
• We end up with a list of things that are good for us
Objective List = ‘Objective’ List
• A list of the ultimate goods• Most objective list theories lack justification
for their irreducible goods • E.g. Ross’ account:
– Knowledge, Pleasure, Virtue and the proper apportionment of pleasure to virtue
• Can’t we explain knowledge with pleasure or desire-satisfaction?
• Why is it ultimately better for me that my pleasure comes from virtue?
Who Are We to Write the Objective List?
• Is there any objective truth to what constitutes the prudential good life?
Measuring Objective List/Flourishing Well-Being
• Survey Questions:– “Rate the extent to which you agree with the
following statements”• I maintain many good friendships• My life is meaningful• I am a virtuous person• I am rarely deceived• I am very knowledgeable• I am free to act as I please (when not harming others)• I live in a pristine environment
Policy-making ↑ Well-being
(WB)Fairness
Sustainability
Equality
Subjective WB Objective WB
Overall Domain-Specific
Mental state/
hedonism
Life Satisfaction
theories
Objective List/
Flourishing
Quality of Life Indicators
Traditional Economic Indicators
Health/ healthcareFreedom
TrustSafety
Environ-ment
EducationEquality
Production
IncomeEmploy-
ment
Justice
Wealth• Survey• Pager• Day
reco-nstruction
• Survey• “All things
considered, how satisfied are you with your life?”
• Survey• Rate
agreement “I have good friends”
HAPPINESS
Happiness
Brain scan
Behav-ioural
SWB Survey Problems• Appraisal biases
– Test-specific– Greater context
• Aspirational biases
Conceptual Problem
• It’s so subjective!
• Is there an objective basis for happiness?
• Brain scans• Behavioural
analysis (e.g. smiles)
Case: Income vs. Happiness• Measures of income:
– Used by economists & politicians– Key indicator of ‘national progress’
• Income is an indicator of ability to satisfy preferences
• More income is good because it makes you more free and more happy
Does $$ Make Us Happy?
Materialism Doesn’t Pay
Very High
Why Not Measure Happiness & Freedom?
• But which measures to use?• Which measures capture the most of
the prudential good life?• Is it more important to be happy or
satisfied?• In a capitalist democracy, we might
have to put these things to a vote or let the market decide…
Policy-making ↑ Well-being
(WB)Fairness
Sustainability
Equality
Subjective WB Objective WB
Overall Domain-Specific
Mental state/
hedonism
Life Satisfaction
theories
Objective List/
Flourishing
Quality of Life Indicators
Traditional Economic Indicators
Health/ healthcareFreedom
TrustSafety
Environ-ment
EducationEquality
Production
IncomeEmploy-
ment
Justice
Wealth• Survey• Pager• Day
reco-nstruction
• Survey• “All things
considered, how satisfied are you with your life?”
• Survey• Rate
agreement “I have good friends”
HAPPINESS
Happiness
Brain scan
Behav-ioural