the master florist

7/27/2019 The Master Florist

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TheThe

Master FloristMaster Florist

BASIC

Tools Classification of vegetables Care and handling of fresh flowers Cut flowers by Botanical Name Foliages by Botanical Name Pot plants by Botanical NameDesign Principles Introduction Proportion

Balance

Rhythm

Harmony Unity Transition Tension Repetition Opposition Depht Emphasis Variation Contrast

Design Elements Introduction Line Pattern Space Texture Color FormTechnique

DesignsStyles

IDEAS

Cut flowers

Dried flowers

Silk flowersPot plants

Trend

WEDDING

ChurchBouquet

CorsageLocation

CarSpecial ideas

SYMPATHY

Basic

Advanced

HOLIDAYS AND OCCASIONS

New YearValentine's Day

Easter

Mother's DayHalloween

ChristmasVarious

POT ET FLEUR

Cut flowers news

Pot plants news

GARDENING FOR CUT FLOWERS

MARKETING
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Florist's tools

BASIC Tools

TOOLS

Shears Secateurs to cut the woody stems of fresh flowers and to cut the stems of dried flowers.

Knife To cut floral foam.

Straight-blade floral knife It has a short blade, to cut stems of flowers and greens that don't havewoody consistence, to clean the stems from thorns, leaves, etc.

Scissors Only to cut ribbons and fabrics.

Plier Stapler To fix, ribbons, paper, etc.

Pliers For jobs of precision.

Glue Gun The gun uses a continuous-duty heating element to melt the plastic glue, which which may bepushed through the gun by a trigger mechanism, or directly by the user. The glue squeezed out of theheated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and blister skin. The glue is tacky when hot, but hardens andstops being sticky in a few seconds?a minute at most.

Florist's Stem Stripper To easily remove excess foliage from the stems and to remove any harmfulthorns.

Cutting nipper To cut iron threads and metallic stems of artificial flowers.

Bouquet holder To hold up the bridy while we are arranging the bouquet.


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MATERIALS

Bridy. It is a bouquet holder containing wet foam to arrange cascading bouquet.

Products for flower packaging Cello Floral Wraps, Cello rolls, Non-Woven Flower Wraps.

Glue for fresh flowers Special glue to use when we cannot use hot glue. It's a liquid glue adheres mostmaterials together, including fresh flowers and foliages with minimal solvent injury.


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Glue sticks Glue sticks are manufactured in several diameters for different glue guns. The most-used size has a diameter of 11millimeter (about 0.45 inches). Sticks are available in various lengths, from about 10 centimeters up, although guns will takesticks of any length. Thinner 7 mm sticks are also used. Hot-melt and low temperature glue sticks are available for the differenttypes of gun, and some dual-use sticks melt at low temperatures but can be used at high temperatures without degradation.

Gauge stub wire Clean and easy to use green lacquered stub wire is used in visible construction and general wiring work.Safely supports stems and flower heads. Also used for wiring flowers into brides and bridesmaids wedding bouquets andgeneral corsage and buttonhole work. Also used in the construction of funeral tributes, wreaths and Christmas decorations.

Binding wire Blue annealed reel wire has a multitude of practical uses not only in floristry, but in general art and craft also.Main uses are in the construction of flower arrangements, binding moss onto bespoke funeral tributes and holly wreaths. Thinreel wire is a silver galvanised reel wire. Main uses are in the construction of smaller arrangements such as corsages and

buttonholes. Also ideal for intricate wiring of leaves, petals and general wedding floristry.

Floristry stem tape. Tape on a roll particularly suitable for silk and dried flowers, but can also be used with fresh flowers.Available in different colours: green, light green, olive green, brown, and white. Typical uses include taping to easily cover barewires and stems in wedding work.

Pinholder. Made from strong, rigid plastic. Holes in the bases ensure greater adhesion and added security. Typical uses include

securing floral foam into bowls, containers and bases.

Synthetic raffia It is a poly product similar to natural raffia. The benefits are it can be as long as you want and you don't getthe mess that you get with natural raffia. It's used for tiing bunches.

Floral foam "Wet" foam is for fresh floral arrangements, "dry" foam is specifically for arranging dried, silk and permanentflowers. Wet and dry foams are available in bricks, but also a wide array of special shapes is available as: cylinders, blocks, andrings, most of which include a plastic base, holder, or cage (extra support). Also styrofoam is used as base and it's available inmany shapes too. An important commercial design use of styrofoam is in sympathy tributes.

Cages Foam block enclosed in rigid plastic mesh cage with a solid base. Offers added support to stems and foam with noadditional container needed. Handle end allows hanging on easel or other vertical support.

Fix AdhesiveTypical uses include fixing pinholders or frogs in bowls and containers or onto bases. Securing bowls andcontainers to bases.

Anchor tapeIt is a special cloth tape in either white or green. The tape is secured over one rim of the container, stretchedover the foam (cut into the corners a little), and secured to the opposite rim.

Ribbons While ribbon is also usually considered for primary use with corsage and carried flower arrangements, commercialdesigns and some home designs may include bows or various ribbon accessories as an important visible component.

Foams and styrofoam


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BASIC Tools

Most commercial and many home arrangements today utilize floral foam to provide both stem support andwater supply to the arrangement. These are open-cell foams which will hold a large quantity of water, asmuch as two quarts in a standard 4"x4"x9" brick. Floral foams simplify preparation of the designmechanics, offer full flexibility for stem insertions, have reasonably low cost for single use, and whenproperly selected and used, will secure the stems very well and provide longevity equal to clear water.There are several manufacturers of floral foams. One of the most prominent is Smithers-Oasis Company of

Ohio. The brand, Oasis, has become almost a generic term for floral foams.

Floral foams are produced for two designsituations. "Wet" foams are for fresh floralarrangements; they absorb water which isavailable to the flower stems. "Dry" foams arespecifically for arranging silk, permanent, anddried flowers. These foams do not absorb waterand will lead to total disaster if used with freshflowers. The dry foams will be discussed later.

Wet foams are typically manufactured in two ormore grades or densities. Standard foam has thebroadest usage. It is a medium density foam forgood support of the average flowers: roses,carnations, lilies, mums, etc. When heavier orlarger stemmed flowers or taller arrangements areinvolved, the higher density foam will offer bettersupport. On the other hand, soft and hollow stemsof the typical spring bulb-type flowers are moreeasily inserted into a softer, lower density foam.

Foams are also manufactured with different waterabsorption rates. Regular foams can take 5-20minutes to fully saturate with water. The propersoaking procedure is to allow the foam to free-floaton the water surface. Air escapes from the foamtop as the foam saturates from the bottom.Pushing the foam under the surface or runningwater over the foam top will result in poor wetting.As water enters all the surfaces, there is no path

for the air to escape, and a dry spot will remain inthe center. This will be disastrous for any flowerstem placed in the dry zone. The fast-saturatingtypes of foam will wet in 15_60 seconds withoutfloating.

Most wet foams are colored green to help themblend with foliage in the arrangement and makeconcealment easier. But are also producedcoloured foams in orchid, pink, blue, yellow, andwhite, which may offer advantages of harmonywith the selected container or flowers.

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Brick of wet foam

Colored bricks of wet foam


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Other important options in foam products includethe wide array of special shapes available. Whilefoam is easily trimmed to any needed size andshape with just a knife, time economy withpreformed foam offers a cost advantage to boththe florist and the purchaser. Cylinders, blocks,and rings, most of which include a plastic base,holder, or cage (extra support) greatly facilitatewhat designs may be developed and how securethey are once constructed.Working with wet floral foams is very easy as longas their limitations are recognized. First of all, thewater supply in wet foams will not last

indefinitely.

When fitted into the container, a space should always be left along the edge to allow water additions.There must always be some water in the container reservoir to supply the foam. During arranging, allstems need an angled cut on the end. This does ensure smooth entry of the stem into the foam. A blunt orragged end on the stem will ball-up the foam ahead of it, creating an oversized channel that will not holdthe stem. Usually a 1" insertion will suffice for most flowers, but lighter flowers can have less while largeror longer stems may need more to give proper support. If a stem is inserted too deep into the foam, donot simply pull it back. Retracting a stem as little as 1/16" will break contact of the stem and foam. Theresulting gap will not fill with water; it will be an air space that prevents water movement to the stem andwill lead to early death of the flower. If the flower must be moved, remove and reinsert it into firm foam.Be careful about making too many trial-and-error insertions as the foam can lose its integrity and abilityto support the stems and provide water (Swiss cheese effect).

Note that while wet floral foams are generally considered for single use, they do offer an economy for the

home arranger in up to three uses. Following the first use, foam that is still intact may be inverted foranother arrangement: just be sure the "new" stems do not end up in "old" holes. After this use, it maythen be chopped or crumbled and used as filler for a vase arrangement or under new foam in a tallercontainer. The key to successful reuse is to not let the foam dry between uses as it will be very difficult toresaturate. Keep it in a closed plastic bag until the next use.

There is also a universal foam that may be used for arrangements of either fresh or dried and silkmaterials. In fact, any of the "wet" foams could be used without soaking for dry arrangements, but theirstructure is typically too soft and crumbly for the very long-term support expected in a permanentarrangement. Thus, most foam manufacturers offer specific, higher density, non-water absorbing foamsfor this use.

Brick of dry foam


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The dry foams are available in bricks of the samesize or a little smaller than the wet foam bricks.These are also available in a variety of specialshapes and in holders to meet a variety ofcommercial design needs, which may also benefitthe home arranger.The expanded lines of these dry floral foams havecome about mainly to overcome limitations of thedry base most commonly used in the past:styrofoam. Styrofoam is non-water absorbing foamwith a stiffer consistency with larger foam cells. Thisrequires making a hole with a wood pick beforeinserting thin and fragile dried flower stems, and

there is less holding strength which could not beeasily overcome with glues as most would notadhere or would melt (dissolve) the foam.Theprimary advantage of styrofoam is low cost andavailability in a variety of shapes: balls, cones,wreaths, etc.). Even as the dry floral foams gaingreater importance in commercial design, styrofoamwill continue to have many applications as basesand accessories in both commercial and homearranging, at least until the dry floral foams areequally available in the same sheet and shapevarieties at comparable cost.An important commercial design use of styrofoamhas been in sympathy tributes, especially where asymbolic shape was needed: e.g. cross, heart,wreath, etc. These were planned for short-term

display on the day of the funeral, such that freshflowers would be attached with picks directly intothe dry styrofoam base. Arrangements not possiblein baskets with water could then be provided.

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Styrofoam wreath and half-casket

Styrofoam casket

If a longer display time was needed, must be usedwet foam bases available in a variety of shapes:cross, wreath, etc. However, many otherspecialized tribute shapes are not yet available, andstyrofoam bases will still be important for thesecommercial designs.

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Wet foam cross

Form and character of flowers


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BASIC Classification of vegetables

The floral arranger has available throughthe year a vast array of flowers andfoliages from which to choose. They may

be obtained from retail florists, streetvendors, garden centers, nearbygreenhouses, friends, and the arranger'sown flower garden and even house plants.Selected materials may be of the usualtypes or something unusual in line, form,color, or texture. The adventurousarranger will begin to notice materials allaround for their distinctiveness and designpotential, either as a stimulus for a newdesign or as the needed material toaccomplish a desired design. Once thearranger gains experience with theprinciples and mechanics in basic designs,experimentation with other materials anddesigns is encouraged. This keeps floral

art fresh, exciting, and challenging. Thereward of design originality often comesfrom combinations of materials that arenew or unique to the arranger.

Retail florists use some flowers in very

high volumes, which may lead to theperception that these are the onlymaterials readily available. In fact,greenhouse production and a worldwideflower trade make a nearly unlimitedvariety of materials available over agreater time than possible in the normallocal blooming period. At the same time,there are materials available to the homegardener that are not feasible for theflorist trade due to production costs orhandling requirements. Some retail floristswill take advantage of this opportunity andgrow their own garden cut flowers toexpand choices for themselves and theircustomers. Whether it is a commercial or

home floral arrangement being created,the designer's choice of particular flowersand foliages will be based on severalfactors. These include: the seasonalavailability of the materials, the size of thefinished arrangement, the cost of thefinished arrangement and the qualities ofthe materials as design elements.

Beyond his botanical kind through which can be classified, every flower expresses a precise character connaturalized to his ownform and the way of growth in nature, and it is this form that we have to individualize for exploiting to the best the potentialities ofthat flower in composition with other vegetable elements.

A basic distinction is between flowers of "active" form and flowers of "passive" form.

"Active" form is characterized by erect station, ascending movement, tension upward, vertical rush, vitality's expression."Passive" form is characterized by descending movement, fall downward, relaxation, softness, flexuosity, expression of decadence.

The knowledge of the simple forms of flowers (or rather their schematic definition) is essential to create the correct combinationsso that composition may have a harmonic appearance.As all the schemes, also this classification is only a comfortable didactic reference that must be interpreted with intelligencehowever.Forms of flowers may varies: for example, Iris is in bud is totallly different from Iris bloomed. So that if you watch Gerbera faced, ithas a different form from the same flower in profile. Even a same flower, dried, can change notably form.Noting these details, we will develop an ability of selection of the flowers not abstractly dued to their form but to theexpressiveness of the flower in its vital cycle.

Spike-like form. It expresses ascending movement and hasambitious and emergent character, therefore it expresseseven if it has little space available, as theGladiolus (Swordlily). Other examples: Delphinium(Larkspur),AntirrhinumMajus (Snapdragon), Triticum.

Rigid form. Erect form without interruptions with strongascending movement. It has definite character, therefore ithas greater relief if accompanied by few elements set incontrast with it as the Liatris spicata. Otherexamples: Typha.


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Spray form. Ascending movement is visually braked byramifications on the principal stem or by the form ofinflorescence that expands in various directions. It createsconfusion and has predominant character, so that itdiminishes effect of nearstanding flowers. It needs space toexpress itself. An example is Lilium(Lily). Otherexamples: Chrysanthemummorifolium(Chrysant),Avena (Oats).

Many-directional form. It has not much visual movementupword because of the numerous ramifications that incomparison to the principal stem have accented and irregular

directions. It creates confusion, has eccentric andpredominant character so that it diminishes effect ofnearstanding flowers. It requires therefore a lot of space toexpress itself asGypsophila paniculata (Baby's breath). Otherexamples:Acacia dealbata (Mimosa).

Twisted form. Branch with tortuous and sinuousmovement. It has whimsical and predominant character andit needs a lot of space to express itself as theCorylusavellana (Hazel). Other examples: Liana, Salixmatsudana (Twisted Willow).

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Supple. "Passive" form with "active" movement, that holdsat the same time the character of the "active" forms and ofthe "passive" ones: therefore it is a form of passagebetween one and other category. Tension upward weakensbecause of superior extremity bends downward. For itsambiguous character it needs space to express itself. Anexample is Setaria. Otherexamples: Freesia, Phalaenopsis, Briza segromi.

Hemispheric form. Tension upward of the stem is visuallybraked by the corolla, similar to a half sphere asthe Dianthus (Carnation): it has therefore calm and restfulcharacter, inducing stability and confidence. Otherexamples: Dahlia pompon.

Spheric form. Tension upward of the stem is visually

braked by the corolla, similar to a sphere as Rosa(Rose): ithas therefore calm and restful character, inducing stabilityand confidence. Other examples:Allium, Paeonia, Echinops.

Round form. The circular flat form of the flower, set insummit of the stem, expresses sense of heaviness,compression and leveling downward, asthe Helianthus(Sunflower). It has calm and restfulcharacter. It needs space around for better expressing.Other examples:Helichrysum, Gerbera jamesoni(Transvaaldaisy),Scabiosa (Scabious).


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Cascading form . It develops downward from the point ofvegetation. Downward movement increases with increasingof ramifications. An example isAmaranthus caudatus (Cat'stail). Other examples:: Hedera helix(Ivy).

Resuming: like-spike form is the best expression of upword tension, however the more ramifications ithas, the more upward tension decreases; on the contrary, cascading form is the best expression of

downword tension: the more ramifications it has, the more downward tension increases.

As flowers also leaves can be classified according to their form (shapes, margins, apices, and bases),venation, disposition on the stem. Knowledge of leaves forms is essential for matching different types ofleaves and different type of flowers in the arrangement to obtain a harmonic and balanced unity.For instance, a same leaf, assuming different colour in different seasons, can have a different character.Generally speaking we can divide leaves in two categories according to the visual power they have: leaveswith calm and restful character and leaves with restless character.

Forma del lembo o lamina


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Forma del margine


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Foglie composite

Inserzione delle foglie sul ramo


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Leaves with restful character are for instance those thathave linear form (Gynerium), lanceolate (Aspidistra),elliptic (Toco), ovate (Magnolia), roud (Hoja), cordate(Galax), reniform (Moneta). These leaves, matched withrestless forms of flowers and other leaves, are used for

balancing opposite characters.

Leaves with restless character are for instance those thathave margin lobate (Quercus), palmate (Aesculushippocastanum) and all the compound leaves like those ofa lot of ferns (Adianthum,Asparagus plumosus). Theseleaves, matched with restful forms of flowers and otherleaves, are used for balancing opposite characters andincreasing visual interest.

Flowers and leaves stir up differents emotions and passions in everyone, exciting our aestheticalsensibility: so that, besides a scientific and botanical classification of flowers and leaves, we have apsychological classification of vegetables.

? Primary flowers. Are so called flowers and leaveswhich distinguish themselves among the others forvalue and elegance (Rosa, Paeonia,Celosia), forvertical movement (Delphinium,Tipha, Gladiolus) orfor their particular character and visual interest(Banksia coccinea, Protea, Iris barbata, Strelitzia

reginae). These "noble" vegetables will usually havean eminent position in the arrangement.

Secondary flowers. Are so called flowers and leaveswhich, because of their color, form or character, arenot able to be protagonists. Usually of round,spherical or emispherical form, require joining ingroup to express themselves. Forexample: Chrysanthemum morifolium,Helichrysum.

Tertiary flowers. This category includes allvegetables (flowers, infiorescences, leaves) that areessential to fill arrangement though having asubordinate role (Gypsophila paniculata, Solidasterluteus, Lepidium, musks and lichens).

The last factor directly relates how the materials will help achieve the desired effect. The element of coloris readily evident, as may be the textural quality difference between materials. The flowers and foliagesalso possess the elements of line and form, and an evaluation of this "geometry" will help the designerdetermine the best use of the materials. The four general categories are as follows: Line, Form, Mass, Fill.

Line flowers have a spike-like form with florets attached along the main stem. The florets may be


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attached directly to the main stem, or they each may have short-to-long stems (pedicels) connecting tothe main stem but still giving a linear appearance. Line foliages may be single leaves (narrow to broadlinear) or even branching stems that retain linear images. Line materials are important in establishing andstrengthening the arrangement lines, size, and silhouette.

Gladiolus (Sword lily) andAntirrhinummajus(Snapdragon) are two important lineflowers. In addition to their linear quality, theirpattern of floret opening from base to tipcontributes a natural size gradation for designrhythm. The tips of these two flowers will respond

to gravity by growing upward when placedhorizontally in an arrangement. Removal of theclosed tip buds will prevent this, and in the caseof gladiolus the tip buds showing color can beincorporated into the arrangement body tocontribute to unity. Whole flowering stems ofeither may also be cut into pieces with one ormore florets for this same use.

Another important line flower is Liatris spicata (Blazing star). Its pattern of floweropening is reversed, beginning at the tip and progressing down the stem, whichcreates a bolder image. Other popular line flowers are Matthiolaincana (Stock), Delphinium (larkspur), several spring-flowering shrub and treespecies such as Forsythia, Salix(Pussy willow), Prunus pissardi nigra (Floweringcherry). Leafless, non-flowering stems such trees as Salix matsudana (Curly willow)also provide curved or straight lines.

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?Among the line foliages are Gladiolus and Iris leaves used with those flowers toreinforce the line image, Eucaliptus spiralus (Spiral eucalyptus) and Citisusscoparius which are easily bent for curvilinear designs. House plants may bejudiciously pruned for other linear foliage, such as fromDracaena or Calathea(Snake plant).

Form flowers are those that command attention due totheir distinctive form. As a result they are highly valuablefor creating focus. Narcissus pseudonarcissus(Daffodil), Irisbarbata and the wide array ofLilium(Lily), Heliconia are

widely used form flowers in both commercial and homearrangements.

Orchids also are very significant, mostly for bridal bouquet,corsages and carried flowers.

More contemporary designs utilizeAnthurium(Flamingoflower) and Strelitzia reginae (Bird of paradise), bothtropical flowers that contribute a unique combination of line,form, and color impact.Zantedeschia (Calla lily) is anotherflower of strong impact. A very large variety of interestflowers come from the Protea group.

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Form foliages have either distinctive form (Chamaedoreacostaricana) or coloring(Codiaeum,Aglaonema, Caladium, Maranta, some varietiesofBegonia or Calathea), which can effectively add interestto an arrangement. Form foliages may include the multi-colored Croton and the line- or mass- type leavesvariegated with yellow or white.

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Because of the strong eye appeal of these materials, their repetition needs to be restrained or controlledto avoid overemphasis. They also may have a more significant cost.

Mass flowers have a generally round image at the end ofa stem. This can vary from a single, solid flower head- Rosa, Dianthus caryophyllus (Carnation) - to a compactround or elliptical cluster of florets -Agapanthus (Africanlily),Allium (Garlic), Hyacinthus(Hyacinth), Syringavulgaris (Lilac). These may be used to create focus and arevery useful in developing rhythm as they are graded in sizethrough the arrangement.

Standard Carnations, Roses in the larger hybrid tea or

smaller sweetheart types, and Chrysanthemums are themost popular mass flowers. Within the Mums there areseveral different flower forms according to the shape of theseparate petals (ray flowers), including the small cushion,daisy, anemone, spider, and button types and the largestandard, incurve, fuji, and spider types.Tulipa (Tulips), Gerbera jamesonii(Transvaaldaisy),Ranunculus (Buttercup),Allium (Onionflower),Helianthus (Sunflower), and Echinops (Globe thistle)are other examples used by retail florists.

Within the home garden the mass flowers tend topredominate, including Paeonia(Peony), Calendula(Marigold), Zinnia (Youth-an-old-age), Dahlia,Gardenia, Gaillardia (Blanketflower), Rudbeckia (Black eyed Susan).

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Mass foliages are generally short but broad and are used foradding background and body to the arrangement.Among the important mass foliages are Rhumora

adiantiformis (Fern), Palma (Palm), Magnolia, Gaultheria(Salal), l'Hedera helix(English ivy), Hosta(Funkia/Plantain Lily). Plusduring the winter seasonIlex aquifolium (Holly) and the needledevergreens such asAbiesnobilis, Pinus (Pin),Juniperus (Juniper). Several of these maybe as easily harvested from the home landscape for floralarranging.

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I fiori di "riempimento" sono quelli che abbiamoclassificato come terziari: troppo piccoli per fare daprotagonisti o collocati su steli di forma multidirezionale.Il Chrysanthemum, in alcune sue variet? di formamultidirezionale, ? molto comune come riempitivo,soprattutto per lavori di grandi dimensioni cos? comel'Alstroemeria el'Helichrysum.

Fill flowers are those that are individually small or less

distinct, arising on lateral branches. They may be furtherclassed as bunch-type where the cluster has a distinct form,or feather-type with an open, misty appearance.Pompon chrysanthemums in any of the spray (multi-flowered stems) types are very important to florists asfillers for larger scale designs.Other examples are:Alstroemeria (Peruvian lily),Helichrysum, Gypsophila paniculata (Baby'sbreath),Solidaster, Limonium,Aster((Michaelmasdaisy),Astilbe(False goat's beard), Iberis sempervirens.

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Fill foliages are smaller leaves with little distinctiveform: Quercus (Oak), Eucalyptus, Buxussempervirens(Box),Asparagus sprengeri, Myrtuscommunis (Myrtle).

Fill materials are effective through the transition area of anarrangement for adding depth and tying the arrangementcomponents together.

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To sum up In selecting materials and then organizing them for an arrangement, a first step should be thesorting of flowers and foliages into their applicable geometric groups. Line and form materials are easy tosort, while the mass and fill types may cause some indecision. This may be resolved by the scale of thedesign. For example, a pompon chrysanthemum has many flowers on a branched stem. This fits the fill-flower classification, which is how the commercial florist will often use it as a single-stem insertion ofmany flowers into a larger arrangement. In other cases with a smaller scale arrangement, individualchrysanthemum flowers may be removed and inserted separately, which then places them in the mass-flower group. The same relationship can exist within a single arrangement, e.g., as whole fronds ofleatherleaf fern are used as background (mass) foliage and individual leaflets are separated and insertedas filler.

Cut flowers distribution and handling


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BASIC Care and handling of fresh flowers

Following informations are specifically addressed to retail florists to help them in understanding better theworldwide nature of the floral trade, marketing and distribution methods, and care requirements formaintenance of high quality and maximum display life of cut floral and foliage products. Thoseinformations can also help the home arranger develop a better awareness of procedures for maintainingquality in these perishable products.

By the time fresh flowers arrive at the retail floral outlet, they may have been off the plant for one week,while foliages may have been off the plant for two weeks or more in some cases. If they have receivedproper care and handling up to this point, they will be in good condition. Proper care and handling in theretail environment is essential to continued longevity of flowers and to customer satisfaction.

The home floral arranger with access to fresh flowers in the cutting garden has several advantages overthe arranger who must rely on commercial flower sources. Cost is usually considered first, but the primaryadvantage is in having the potential display life of the flower spent wholly in the arrangement neverlacking for water supply rather than partly in transit and a storage cooler. However, for this advantage tobe fully realized, the same research-based, commercial concepts in flower handling and care must beapplied.


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Since the art to arrange flowers is ancientand generally diffused, every country inthe world produces some sort of floralproduct for domestic consumption. Thereare about 20 countries that also producesignificant volumes of cut flowers and/orfoliages for export. Four countries -Holland, Colombia, Italy and Israel -account for more than 80 percent of theworld cut flower exports, with sixteenother countries accounting for theremaining 20 percent.

The top ten cut flower exporters and theirpercentage of world cut flower exportsare: Holland (l63%, Colombia (9%),Israel(7%), Italy (2%), Thailand, France,Spain, Kenya, USA, South Africa (1%each one). The remaining 13% is coveredby other ten less remarkable Countries.

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?Exports do not necessarily coincide withproduction. This is due to the importing andresale for export of some crops. Forexample, Holland is the world's largestexporter of floral crops, while the UnitedStates ranks near the bottom of the top ten.Yet, the United States is the world's largestproducer of floral crops, with Hollandsecond. This discrepancy is based on thefact that the United States has a greatdomestic consumption of its products, plus

a sizeable amount of imports, whereasHolland has a surplus from both domesticproduction and imports, which it exportsworldwide.The top five floral producers (including cutflowers, foliages and pot plants), are theUnited States, Holland, (former), Germany,France, and Italy. With the exception ofGermany, these top producers are also inthe top ten exporters.The countries which import the greatestnumber of floral products are Germany,United States, France, Switzerland, Holland,Great Britain, Austria,Belgium/Luxembourg, and Sweden. TheUnited States gets most of its imports from

Colombia, while Holland gets most of itsimports from Israel. Otherwise, Holland isthe major supplying country to theremaining importing countries.

Most countries produce a wide variety of flowers for domestic consumption; however, they may becomebetter known as sources for certain products which they export. While the following list is by no meanscomplete, it is an indication of some of the cut floral crops produced and/or sold by significant exportingcountries.


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Country Crops exported

HollandRoses, Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Freesia, Gerberas, Tulips, Lilies, Irises,Cymbidiums, Alstroemeria

Colombia Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Roses

Israel Spray Carnations, Gypsophila, Gladioli, Statice

Italy Carnations, Chrysanthemums

Thailandi Dendrobium, Cymbidium

France Acacia, Eucalyptus

Spain Carnations, Roses, Chrysanthemums, Gladioli, Birds of Paradise

KenyaCarnations, Plumosa, Chrysanthemums, Liatris, Star of Bethlehem, Bells of Ireland,Alstroemeria

USA Gladioli, Chrysanthemums, Roses, Carnations, Anthuriums, Orchids, Leatherleaf Fern

South AfricaProtea, Liatris, Star of Bethlehem, Chrysanthemums, Amaryllis, Carnations, Alstroemeria,Roses

Singapore Dendrobium, Vanda, Arachnis, and Oncidium Orchids

Australia Banksia (Protea), Cymbidium Orchids, Kangaroo Paws

ID 44


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Seasonal availability of cut flowers

BASIC Care and handling of fresh flowers

Supplies of major crops such as roses,carnations and mums are available on ayear-round basis. Because they areproduced by so many countries, ashortage of production in one area due toweather or other interferences maytemporarily affect prices, but notnecessarily drastically affect supplies.

Some crops, however, may be producedin a few selected areas, so that when acrop is adversely affected by weather orother conditions, supplies may beseverely reduced and prices may climbdrastic.

Seasonal availability is dependent on aplant's natural growing cycle. While manyflowers that used to be seasonal have

been bred to become year-round crops,some are still limited to natural cycles.

In addition to breeding advances, year-round availability of some crops is aidedby the fact that the northern andsouthern hemispheres have oppositeseasons. When it is winter in the northernhemisphere, it is summer in the southernhemisphere.

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Generally, summer weather conditions are more favorable for growing, and so production in the two hemispheres at oppositetimes of the year can help balance supplies. Currently, the major flower producing countries are in the northern hemisphere,but countries in the other half of the world are becoming increasingly important.


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Cut flowers alphabetically

A

AcaciaAchillea (Milfoil/Yarrow)Aconitum (Monkshood)Agapanthus (African lily)AgeratumAlchemillaAllium (Garlic)

AltheaAlstroemeria (Peruvian lily)Amaranthus (Cat's tail)Amaranthus caudatusAmmiAnanas (Ornamental Pineapple)Anemone coronaria (Windflower)Anetum (Dill)Anigozanthos (Kangaroo paw)Anthurium (Flamingo flower/Painter's palet)Antirrhinum (Snapdragon)AphelandraAquilegiaArtemisiaAsclepiasAsparagusAster (Michaelmas daisy)Astilbe (False goat's beard)AstrantiaAtriplexAzalea (Rhododendron)

B

Banksia (Australian Honeysuckle)BegoniaBouganvilleaBouvardiaBrassicaBulbinellaBupleurum

C

CalceolariaCalendula (Marigold)Callistephus (China aster)CamelliaCampanula (Italian bellflower/Star of Bethlehem)CarthamusCattleyaCheiranthusCelosia (Cock's comb)Centaurea (Corn flower)CestrumChamelaucium (Wax flower)Chelone (Turtle head)

ChenopodiumChoisyaChrysanthemum (Chrysant)CinerariaCirsiumClematisCliviaColumneaConvallaria Majalis (Lily-of-the-valley )CosmosCraspediaCrocosmia (Montbretia)CrocusCrossandraCurcumaCyclamen

CymbidiumCynara (French Artichoke)CyrtanthusCytisus

D

L

Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet pea)LavandulaLavateraLeucanthemumLeucocoryneLeucospermum

LeycesteriaLiatris (Button snakeroot)Ligustrum (Privet)Lilium (Lily)Limonium (Sea lavender)LunariaLysimachia (Loosestrife)

M

MagnoliaMahoniaMatthiola (Stock)MedinillaMentha (Mint)MoluccellaMonarda (Bergamot)Muscari (Grape hyacinth)Myosotis (Forgetmenot))

N

Narcissus (Daffodil)Nelumbo nucifera (Fior di loto)Nerine (Guernsey lily)NicotianaNigella

O

OenotheraOncidiumOriganum (Marjoram)Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem)

P

Paeonia (Peony)Papaver (Poppy)Paphiopedilum (Orchideae/Slipper orchid)PelargoniumPhalaenopsis (Orchideae)PassifloraPhiladelphus (Mock Orange)Phlox

PhotiniaPhysalis AlkekengiPhysostegia (Obedient flower)PittosporumPlatycodonPolianthes (Tuber rose)PrimulaProtea (Honeypot suger-bush)Prunus (Pruno)Pyracantha

R

Ranunculus (Buttercup)Rhododendron (Azalea)

Rosa (Rose)Rudbeckia (Cone flower)
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Gerbera jamesonii (Transvaal daisy)

BASIC Cut flowers by Botanical Name

Transvaal daisy

by Flower Council of Holland

FAMILY Gerbera is a member of the Asteraceaefamily.

VARIETIES Gerbera are divided into largeflowered and mini Gerbera at the flower andplant auctions.A Gerbera is assigned on the basis of the flowerdiameter. One with a diameter of less than 8 cmat its narrowest point is categorised as a miniGerbera.

TIPS FOR CARE

Tips for storage/transport- Optimal storage temperature: 5 - 8 ?C.- In a bid to restrict botrytis some growerssupply their products in water and keep them outof the cold store. This stops the flowers from ?getting wet?. Gerbera in boxes are often placedin the cold store as the boxes themselves helpbalance out temperature fluctuation.- A low temperature is important because it:a. brakes continued growth of the stem.b. limits evaporation.c. combats the growth of fungal and bacterialinfection.- At the auction the Gerbera boxes are suppliedupside down. This is done to prevent stems fromcurving as a consequence of continued growth

(this helps them to grow straight).- For longer storage it makes sense to keep theboxes upside down.

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Gerbera Fiction

Gerbera Fiction

- Lots affected by botrytis can lose their entire sales and ornamental value in a matter of days. Thegreatest danger is at spots where flowers overlap. Look out for this during storage. Optimal storagetemperature: 5 ? 8 ?C.- On arrival store the boxes upside down to stop the continued growth of the stems. If you leave theboxes upright, the flowers will continue to grow and push against the top. The result is curved stems.- Hang the flowers, in their holder, into a bucket of water immediately on arrival and allow them to absorbwater for at least 4 hours. Make sure the stems do not hang too far into the water and also add a fewdrops of flower food to the water to kill off any bacteria.- If the flowers are longer than the bucket, use an auction container, where necessary with an extensionunit. This combination is higher than the bucket and wider so that it will easily accommodate the Gerberabox interior and flowers.- The flowers can be used when the stems are hard.- If the stems have been unable to absorb sufficient water, it is advisable wire them.- Remove any heels. These absorb virtually no water.- Use a clean vase with fresh water and cut flower food.
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http://www.gerbera.com/http://www.lansbergen.com/http://www.holsteinflowers.nl/http://www.preesman.nl/http://www.schreurs.nl/http://www.terranigra.com/http://www.royalvanzanten.com/

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