the market system and the circular flow 02 mcgraw-hill/irwin copyright © 2012 by the mcgraw-hill...
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The Market System and the Circular Flow
02
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Economic Systems
• Set of institutional arrangements• Coordinating mechanism• Differences in systems exist by:
• Who owns the factors of production
• What method is used to motivate, coordinate, and direct economic activity
LO1 2-2
The Command System
• Known as socialism or communism• Government ownership• Decisions made by a central planning
board.
• Libya, Myanmar, and Iran.
LO1 2-3
The Market System
• Known as capitalism• Private ownership of resources• Decisions based on markets
• Australia, Switzerland, and the U.K.
LO1 2-4
Characteristics of the Market System
• Private property • Freedom of enterprise and choice• Self-Interest• Competition• Markets and prices
LO2 2-5
Technology and Capital Goods
• Advanced technology and capital goods are encouraged.
• Specialization
• Division of labor
• Geographic specialization
LO2 2-7
Active, but Limited Government
• Government may be needed to alleviate market failures
• Government can increase effectiveness of a market system
LO2 2-9
The Five Fundamental Questions
• What goods and services will be produced?
• How will the goods and services be produced?
• Who will get the goods and services?• How will the system accommodate
change?• How will the system promote
progress?LO3 2-10
What Will Be Produced?
• Goods and services that create a profit
• “Dollar Votes”
• Method for consumers to determine which goods will be produced
• Determines which products and industries survive or fail
LO3 2-11
How Will the Goods Be Produced?
• Minimize the cost per unit by using the most efficient techniques
• Technology
• Prices of the necessary resources
LO3 2-12
How Will the Goods Be Produced?
Three Techniques for Producing $15 Worth of Bar Soap
Price per unit of
Resource
Units of Resource
Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3
Resource Units
Cost Units Cost Units Cost
Labor $2 4 $ 8 2 $ 4 1 $ 2
Land $1 1 1 3 3 4 4
Capital $3 1 3 1 3 2 6
Entrepreneur $3 1 3 1 3 1 3
$ 15 $ 13 $ 15
LO3 2-13
Who Will Get the Output?
• Consumers with the ability and willingness to pay will get the product
• Ability to pay depends on income.
LO3 2-14
How Will the System Change?
• Changes in consumer tastes• Changes in technology• Changes in resource prices
LO4 2-15
How Will the System Progress?
• Technological advance
• Creative destruction• Capital accumulation
LO4 2-16
Invisible Hand
• 1776 Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
• Unity of private and social interest• Virtues of the market system
• Efficiency
• Incentives
• Freedom
LO4 2-17
Demise of Command Systems
• Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China
• System was a failure• The coordination problem
• Set output targets for all goods• The incentive problem
• No adjustments for surplus or shortage
LO4 2-18
The Circular Flow System
RESOURCEMARKET
• Households sell
• Businesses buy
PRODUCTMARKET
• Businesses sell• Households
buy
BUSINESSES• buy
resources• sell products
HOUSEHOLDS• sell
resources• buy products
LO5 2-19
Businesses
• Three main categories of businesses:
• Sole Proprietorship
• Partnership
• Corporation
LO5 2-20