THE MANZANILLA 1 (SAN-1) SITE, TRINIDAD. D.C. Nieweg and M.C. Dorst

Abstracts

In the summer of 1997 an archaeological investigation of nearly 3 months, was executed on the Manzanilla I

site (SAN-1) on Trinidad. This site had been classified in the past as an Early Ceramic site and is located on

Trinidad's East Coast. This initial survey of the

SAN-1 site had the following objectives:

1 To provide an accurate map of the site's extension, height and spatial division, which include the

determination of the site's middens and vacant spaces.

2 To determine the characteristics of the site's artefact and ecofact assemblages from their strati

graphic context. In order to obtain an absolute date of the stratigraphie context three charcoal sam

pies were taken from a midden deposit for C14 dating.

3 To determine the status of the Manzanilla 1 site in the contemporary cultural context of Trinidad, Tobago

and the Lower Orinoco Interaction sphere.

The status of the Manzanilla 1 site is that it was a small settlement with a habitation span ranging between the

Late Palo Seco period (300-700 AD) and Arauquinoid times, at least up to 892 AD. At least four habitation areas

were found, of which some probably represent a single component occupation phase. If the Barrancoid (Erin) set­

tlements can be seen as settlements with a higher social status, the Manzanilla 1 site most likely served as a down

the line trade settlement between communities in the northern part of Trinidad and Tobago and those on

Trinidad's southern coast. Here sites that yield Barrancoid trade ware and the local Barrancoid style, Erin com­

plexes are more abundant.

Resumen

En el verano del año 1997 se realizó una investigación de casi tres meses en el sitio Manzanilla 1 (SAN-1) en

Trinidad. Este sitio en el pasado fue clasificado como un sitio del época de Cerámica Temprana y está ubicado en

la costa este de Trinidad. La investigación inicial del sitio

SAN-1 tenia los siguientes objetivos:

1 Hacer un mapa exacto de la extensión del sitio, la altura y las divisiones espaciales, incluyendo la

determinación de "middens" y espacios vacíos.

2 Determinar las características de ensamblajes de artefactos y ecofactos del sitio, viendo su

contexto estratigráfico. Para obtener una fecha absoluta del contexto estratigráfico se tomaron tres

muestras de carbón de un depósito de "midden" para determinar la antigüedad con la prueba de

CU.

3 Determinar la ubicación del sitio Manzanilla I en el contexto cultural contemporáneo de Trinidad,

Tobago y el área de Interacción del Orinoco Bajo.

La ubicación del sitio Manzanilla I se define como un pequeño asentamiento habitado en el periodo Palo Seco

Tardío (300 - 700 DC) y los tiempos Arauquinoides, hasta al menos 892 DC. Se encontraron por lo menos cuatro

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áreas habitados, como de los cuales algunos probablemente representan una fase de ocupación de un solo

componente. Si los asentamientos Barrancoides (Erin) se pueden ver como asentamientos con un estatus social

más alto, entonces el sitio de Manzanilla I probablemente sirvió como asentamiento en la linea de comercio entre

las comunidades de la parte norte de Trinidad y Tobago y las de la costa sur de Trinidad. En donde las mercancías

y el estilo Barrancoides, junto con los complejos de Erin son más abundantes.

Abstrait

Une intervention archéologique s'est effectuée sur la site Manzanilla I (SAN-1) à Trinidad en été de 1997, du

16 juilliet au 29 octobre. Le site SAN-1 se trouve sur la côte Est de la Trinidad, fadis ce site était classé comme

'Early Ceramic site'. Les objectives de la survey initial de

SAN-1 furent :

1 Pour réaliser une plan précis de l'extension de ce site, l'élévation et division spatial, y compris la

détermination du 'middens', ou zone de rejets, et des endroits vacantes du site.

2 Pour déterminer la caractère des assemblages d'artefact et écofact de ce site en context

stratigraphique. Pour obtenir une datation absolue, trois échantillons du charbon ont été prélevées

d'une zone de rejets pour datation du radiocarbone.

3 Pour déterminer la position du site Manzanilla 1 dans le contexte culturel contemporain de la

Trinidad, Tobago et la sphère d'interaction du Bas Orinoque.

Manzanilla 1 est classé comme une habitat menue, avec une occupation entre la période du Palo Seco (300-700

AD) et de l'Arauquinoid (au moins jusqu'au 892 AD). Quatres endroits, au moins, d'habitat ont été repérer,

dans lesquels quelques uns probabement represent une phase d'occupation 'single component'. Quand les sites

Barrancoid (Erin) sont les habitats d'une status sociale plus élaborer, Manzanilla 1 probablement était un site

de trafic 'down the line' entre les occupations dans le nord de la Trinidad et Tobago et celles sur la côte sud de la

Trinidad. Dans ces sites on trouve le Barrancoid 'trade ware' et la style locale Barrancoid, les complexes Erin

sont plus abondant.

Introduction

In the summer of 1997 an archaeological investigation of nearly 3 months, was executed on the

Manzanilla I site (SAN-1) on Trinidad. This site had been classified in the past as an Early Ceramic

site and is located on Trinidad's East Coast. This research project has been proposed to the authors by

dr. Corinne Hofman of Leiden University and dr. Arie Boomert, in co-operation with professor Keith

Laurence and mr. Archibald S. Chauharjasingh which both represent the responsible authorities, that

is the National Archaeological Committee of Trinidad and Tobago and the Department of History of

the University of the West Indies (UWI) in Trinidad. The research team consisted of four graduate stu­

dents in Caribbean Amerindian Archaeology of the University of Leiden i.e. Dennis C. Nieweg, Joep

J. Arts, Anne-Lise Vredenbregt and Marc M.C. Dorst.

This initial survey had the following objectives:

1. To provide an accurate map of the site's extension, height and spatial division, which include the

174

determination of the site's middens and vacant spaces.

2. To determine the characteristics of the site's artefact and ecofact assemblages from their strati

graphic context. In order to obtain an absolute date of the stratigraphie context three charcoal sam

pies were taken from a midden deposit for C14 dating.

3. To determine the status of the Manzanilla 1 site in the contemporary cultural context of Trinidad,

Tobago and the Lower Orinoco Interaction sphere.

The results of this research campaign are presented in two master thesis by Dennis C. Nieweg and

Marc C. Dorst and include the subjects; spatial patterning, ceramics, lithics, shells and faunal remains.

A short abstract will be presented here.

Site information

The site of Manzanilla 1 is located on Trinidad's central-east coast in the County of St. Andrew near

the town of Lower Manzanilla (Figure 1). This is some 400 m south of the point were the Eastern Main

Road reaches the Atlantic coast, and continues as the Manzanilla-Mayaro Road in southern direction,

which is running parallel with the Cocos Bay coastline. SAN-1 is located in the Central Range, a moun­

tainous region that is separated from the eastern coast by a large, low swamp (Figure 2). This swamp

is called the Nariva Swamp in which drainage of many seasonal streams from the Central Range

occurs. The Manzanilla 1 site is located on a small hill directly bordering the Nariva Swamp on the

most northern spur of this mountain region facing the Atlantic Ocean. The local geology consists of

the Brasso-Manzanilla Formation, composed of soft greyish-brown sedimentary sandstones (Liddle,

1946).

The Manzanilla 1 site was probably discovered in the late 1930s, but John A. Bullbrook published the

site first in 1940, however not situated correctly (Boomert, 1984). The first subsurface testing was done

in 1963, led by Mr. T Cambridge, former chairman of the National Museum. Among the artefacts that

have been found Cambridge describes one adorno as; a grotesque and two faced adorno similar to

those from Tobago. The presence of many Barrancoid sites here could indicate that this adorno might

belong to the Barrancoid complex.

A second test pit program has been done in 1964 by a priest named Rodriquez with some stu­

dents from St. Mary's College. He made several test pits of with some yielded Palo Seco complex

ceramics and others only ceramics with flangeless rims. Since this is an important characteristic of

Palo Seco ceramics, they must represent another complex or local variation. Furthermore, PO'Brien

Harris has visited the Manzanilla 1 site three times. Materials he collected during these visits also

yielded different ceramic complexes, however Palo Seco complex ceramics dominated. This data indi­

cates that the Manzanilla 1 site is most likely to be a multi-component site with a fairly long period of

habitation.

Research methods

This project consisted of three phases;

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a. at first a measurement grid was set up that covered the total extensions of the hill where the site is

located in order to map it and be able to take height measurements for a contour map.

b. secondly, this grid with a 20 m interval was used for the augertest program. By using an edelman

auger with a diameter of 10 cm, every 20 m an auger test was done. A total number of 98 auger tests

were made. This in order to examine the subsurface; locating the exact extensions of the site, the loca­

tions and thickness of the middens, and location and extensions of vacant spaces. Of every auger test

the soil type texture and colour was recorded per stratigraphie layer. Furthermore the thickness (in

cm) and density (shell weight) of midden deposits that where encountered were also recorded.

Artefacts that were found during auger testing were collected per stratigraphie layer or, when discov­

ered in a midden context per midden deposit.

c. Based on the results of this auger test program three test pits where made. Two test pits measured

l x lm and the third measured 1x2m. Their main purpose was to acquire artefacts and ecofacts from

their stratigraphie context, so all test pits where located in a midden deposit.

The location of these test pits have been selected by the following criteria:

1. the midden deposit had to exceed the maximal depth of the auger test (110 cm),

2. a clear and interesting stratigraphy of superimposed layers,

3. a high percentage of all the archaeological material categories,

4. the location of the midden.

All test pits were excavated in arbitrary, stratigraphie levels of 10 cm and each level was dry sieved on

a 0.25-inch screen in order to collect ceramics, stone fragments, chert and large faunal remains.

Because smaller faunal remains like small fish and reptile bones could not be collected using this mesh

width an additional 50x50 cm sample was taken from each level of the 1x2 m test unit. These samples

were also used for research on shells, which were all counted using the M.N.I, method. The collected

material from these samples was water sieved using a 1 / 6-inch screen. When a feature was encoun­

tered, a plan of this particular stratum was drawn accompanied with a profile-plan of this feature.

Field Results

The total extension of the Manzanilla 1 site measured by the total area where midden material is vis­

ible at the surface is some 350 x 250m, which is approximately the complete extension of the small hill

where the site is located (Figure 3). However, the area suitable for habitation is much smaller and

irregular in shape.

Three different morphological layers can be distinguished at the Manzanilla 1 site. The first

layer is composed of humic clayish sand or sandish clay, predominantly loose in texture and has a

colour ranging from black to very dark greyish brown. The thickness of this layer ranges from some 7

cm up to 50 cm where it did not yield cultural materials, but reached often a 100 cm depth were it did

contain artefacts. The second is a layer of sandish clay or clay, sticky and compact in texture with a

colour range from lOyr 4 /4 dark yellowish brown, 2,5 yr 4 /3 olive brown to 10 yr 7/6 yellow mean­

ing that this layer contains not much humic material (using Munsell color chart). This layer continues

176

up to a 110 cm in depth in the greater part of the auger tests and transforms at these depths into a third

layer of very compact brownish red clay.

In must of the augers tests midden material was found in the form of Chip Chip shells

(Donax). The average thickness of this deposit was some 80 cm, but in some 13 tests the thickness

exceeded the 1.10 m. On the plateau four "empty" zones were localised which yielded no midden

material at all (Figure 4). Three of these areas were of somewhat the same size, each have an extension

of some 20 x 40 m and probably cover an area of 800? m. The fourth empty space covers almost the

complete right part of the hill measuring approximately 40 x 60 m with an surface of some 1600? m.

The thickest midden deposits are situated at the top of the slopes just over the edge of the

plateau and closely encircle the empty areas on the plateau. Probably, those locations represent the

vacant spaces where houses were located. By measuring the distances between the auger tests yield­

ing thicker midden deposits and their closest living areas, it is possible to assign the midden locations

to one of the suggested vacant spaces, dividing the site into four habitation areas, vacant spaces and

surrounding middens. In an ideal situation each of those habitation areas could represent a single

component phase of habitation of an Amerindian group that successively shifted their habitation

space four times on this small hill.

Test pits

The first test pit (Unit 1) measured 1x2 m (squares 1A and IB and was located somewhat in the cen­

tre of the larger plateau near auger test 47. A larger test pit on this location was chosen because it was

more likely less disturbed by colluvial processes and the stratigraphy of this auger test showed that a

sterile layer of sandish clay intersected the midden deposit.

A second test pit of one square meter (Unit 2C) was situated near auger test 28 on the slope of

the western smaller plateau. This location was also chosen to obtain stratigraphie information about

the middens on the slopes. The location of the last test pit (Unit 3D) was determined by the situation

of a midden deposit just on the edge of the western side of the larger plateau.

In Unit 1 (Figure 5, Table 2) cultural material was found in a deposit of at least 160 cm. A pit or gully

intersected this midden deposit (XI) and it was filled with several thin lances of very different texture

and composition, like sterile lances, some filled with ashy material and burned shell while others only

contained small or fragmented chip chip shell. The lances mostly consisted of Donax striatus, with

some small quantities of other molluscs. One lance in unit 1 contains only small Donax striatus shells

(Chip-Chip) of approximately two centimetres in length against a normal average length of 3.4 cen­

timetres. This could mean that the Cedrosan people selected Donax on the site, after collecting them in

the surf.

At a depth of 60 cm a burial (1F1) was found. This burial pit was dug from stratum II. The

excavated part of this burial contained only the bones of a left and right foot. Both were not articulat­

ed and very well preserved while both the left and right tibia and fibula were missing. The right foot

was found in a somewhat crossed position over the left foot.

Three charcoal samples from Unit 1 were collected for radiocarbon dating.

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One sample was obtained from one of the lower levels, level 14 corresponding with the thick, homo­

geneous shell midden and revealed a date from 406 AD -556 AD. The last sample was obtained from

the lens (stratum IV) in the depression/pit from the final habitation phase that contained only burnt

material, mainly shell and came up with a date of 688 AD- 892 AD. The sample from the middle lev­

els proofed to be contaminated.

These dates indicate a habitation span roughly between 406 AD and 892 AD corresponding

with the start of the Late Palo Seco up to the beginning of the Arauquinoid series.

Unit 2 yielded cultural material (such as an Late Palo Seco anthropomorphic modelling in level 4

(Figure 6)), in a midden deposit up to a depth of 130cm represented by five strata of midden material

and a lower stratum of sterile soil. It consisted only of midden deposition, no features were found in

this unit. The midden existed of a more or less overall homogeneous deposition of mainly shells and

faunal remains. Numbers of artefact finds are significantly less than in the other Units. This can be

partly ascribed to colluvial processes.

Unit 3 had a midden deposition with a depth of 160 cm. In Unit 3 two features were encountered

which were both dug from a depth of somewhere between 12 cm and 40 cm corresponding with stra­

tum II. Both represent postholes. Unit 3 only yielded Late Palo Seco material in all levels, what could

be an indication that the most south-western habitation area only represents a Palo Seco phase occu­

pation.

All Units yielded mainly ceramics from the Late Palo Seco complex dating 350-650 AD. Barrancoid

influence is clear, flanged rims are dominant, the major part of the ceramics is covered with red slib.

WOR is present is low numbers, while ZIC is still very well presented. Dominant temper types for

these Palo Seco ceramics is mixed quartz sand. In the past is suggested that Palo Seco ceramics are

often tempered with crushed pottery or grog. However, microscopic analysis showed that these red

particles are to soft and rounded to represent crushed pottery. Comparison with natural clay samples

showed that similar reddish siltstone particles are also present in the natural clay. This proofed to be

deteriorated material from the soft sandstone formations in the surrounding Brigand Hill area (Dorst,

2000).

The upper levels in the midden deposit of both Unit 1 and 3 show ceramics with different character­

istics. The numbers of decorated sherds are very low, and red slib and flanged rims are almost absent.

Decorations that are found consist of simple incisions (Figure 7). Furthermore, other temper types are

found in ceramics in these levels, like crushed quartz, organic material and cauxi. All these character­

istics indicate that these represent ceramics from the Arauquinoid Series. This series is found in

Trinidad from 650 till 1200 where it is called Guayabitoid and originates from the Orinoco region and

Guyana's, where it replaces the Barrancoid series. The recovered habitation area in the Palo Seco mid­

den deposit represented by the upper levels in Units 1 and 3 most likely date from this period, which

is supported by the radiocarbon date, somewhere between 688-892 AD.

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Stones and Lithics

Within the stone and lithic assemblage of the Manzanilla 1 site four types were determined: lithic

material in the form of chert, sandstone debitage and artefacts, metamorphic rock artefacts and semi­

precious stone. Chert material formed the largest group. Water worn chert pebbles were used which

could be collected in the near surroundings. Pebbles with the same structure and colour were found

as washed-out material in the riverbed of the nearby (within 1 km range) L'Embrange River.

Clear flakes with flake characteristics make up only 3.2% of the chert assemblage and no

intentional retouch was found at all. Probably no clear technique was used to obtain chert flakes and

sharp pieces were just selected after striking a chert nodule. Sandstone (quartzite) artefacts consist of

hammer stones and percussors. The sandstone that was used at the Manzanilla 1 settlement, both in

the form of water worn pebbles and unweathered rock is of a different type then the sandstone that

naturally occurs in the near surroundings of the site. The more quartzite-like character and large quan­

tity of schist suggest a more northern provenance (the Northern Range) of this sandstone. Water worn

pebbles of both sandstone and chert are more abundant here and more accessible due to the existence

of riverbeds consisting of water worn rocks. One axe fragment was found made of a metamorphic

greenstone. The nearest metamorphic rock formations are found in the Northern Range, the mountain

region in the northern part of Trinidad. Furthermore a turquoise bead was found in the upper

(Arauquinoid) level 6 in Unit 1, which is the only recovered lithic type that is foreign to the island of

Trinidad and is most probably of Brazilian origin.

Concluding can be stated that concerning stones and lithics the inhabitants of the Manzanilla

1 settlement clearly depended on remote sources to obtain these materials. It is likely that it reached

the site by means of trade.

Diet

The Amerindian peoples from the SAN-1 site, were exploiting their immediate surroundings, such as

the swamps, mangroves, forests and sea, for food. They brought huge quantities of Chip chip (Donax)

to the site, which created large middenlayers. The selection of molluscs for size was performed on the

site after collecting them in the surf. A reconstruction of the period of collecting can be made through

the use of seasonalising. Seasonalising consists of comparing the archaeological data with the recent

data (of recently collected specimens) and by trying to match the material with the period or month

of collecting (Chenorkian pers.comm.). A possibility to compare archaeological and recent material for

the purpose of seasonalising, is to take a large sample from a lance, and calculate a average length and

its quantity in the sample, and then to compare this with the quantity and length of the recent mate­

rial collected during one year, every month or every two weeks. A possible collecting month can then

be calculated, however, only a relative estimation

According to local people at Manzanilla, Donax is still occurring in Cocos bay, mainly in the

month of November. The population of Donax decreased rapidly the last twenty years and also the

size became much smaller then before. The local winter and summer periods became more unbal­

anced (more rain within the dry period and vice versa). This information directs towards a changing

climate and therefore a environmental change is occurring for this region. Maybe as a result of a El

Niño/Southern Oscillation event (ENSO).

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After calculation the total amount of shell material on the Manzanilla 1 (SAN-1) site entails some 5.5

billion individuals of the genus Donax with a total weight of some 840.000 kg (resp. Donax striatus and

Donax denticulatus, of which the first in a high and the latter in a low quantity) (Nieweg, 2000). Taking

into consideration that the meat weight of Donax entails one third of the average 1.53 g per individ­

ual, the total meat weight of Donax would be around 280.000 kg, all consumed by the local popula­

tion. These two bivalve species represent some 95.9 percent of the shell species found on the SAN-1

site, and some 91.2 percent of the total shell weight with a total MNI of 28877. This data shows the

importance of the bivalve genus Donax as a foodresource where the malacofauna is concerned.

The other two most important species are Tivela mactroides and Anadara brasiliana. The bivalve Tivela

represents some 3.8 percent of the shell species and 6.0 percent of the total weight with a total MNI of

1142. The bivalve Anadara represents 0.15 percent of the shell species and 0.87 percent of the total

weight, with a total MNI of 47.

This data means that the other shell species represent 0.07 percent of the total amount of shell

species found, and 1.84 percent of the total shell weight found on the site (Nieweg, 2000). It only

became clear after a second visit to Manzanilla in 2000, that also Tivela was sampled selectively. Some

patches were found which only contained Tivela mactroides of around 22x26mm. Freshwater snails

probably came to the site through the small gullies, only Pomacea urceus was collected in the freshwa­

ter swamps of Nariva. This large gastropod was collected regularly and is still eaten today. Obviously

Donax striatus and D. denticulatus were important within the total diet of the Amerindians, however

the question remains to what extent. Other faunal remains such as fish, mammals; monkeys (Cebus,

Alouatta, Saimirí, and Pithecia.), opossums (Didelphis), tatous (Dasypus) and rodent-like animals such as

the agouti (Dasyprocta agouti) and the paca (Agouti paca) (Grouard, 1998) and reptiles are found on the

SAN-1 site, and it remains unclear what their impact had been on the total diet together with vegetable

foods.

Radiocarbon dates

The radiocarbon dates or 14C results, were difficult to obtain because of the small amounts of charcoal

found within the arbitrary and stratigraphie layers. However with a special technique it was possible

to come to correct radiocarbon dates. The Centre for Isotope Research at the Rijksuniversiteit

Groningen performed the research, and the following radiocarbon dates came out (see graphic 1).

The BP dates were calibrated by M. Dorst, using the Groningen calibration programme CAL 15 by

Stuiver et al. (1993). The time span resulting from these dates vary from 406 AD until 892 AD, which

means that the site can be placed within late Palo Seco until the early Arauquinoid series. GrA 13866

was probably contaminated because of the dating results, and were not incorporated within the

results (Dorst 2000).

Overall Conclusions of the Manzanilla 1 site

The status of the Manzanilla 1 site is that it was a small settlement with a habitation span ranging

180

between the Late Palo Seco period (300-700 AD) and Arauquinoid times, at least up to 892 AD.

At least four habitation areas were found, of which some probably represent a single compo­

nent occupation phase. If the Barrancoid (Erin) settlements can be seen as settlements with a higher

social status, the Manzanilla 1 site most likely served as a down the line trade settlement between

communities in the northern part of Trinidad and Tobago and those on Trinidad's southern coast. Here

sites that yield Barrancoid trade ware and the local Barrancoid style, Erin complexes are more abun­

dant. In September 2001 an excavation, which was initiated and funded by the University of the West

Indies started to study one of the recovered habitation areas at Manzanilla 1. The goal was to exam­

ine if the suggested habitation area does represent a (clear) single component occupation phase. This

excavation was carried out and will be presented in some following publications.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. CL. Hofman and Dr. M.L.P. Hoogland for their assistance during the 1997

campaign and the period afterwards. Dr. A. Boomert for his help and advising us to excavate on the

Manzanilla 1 site. Professor K.O. Laurence and A. Chauharjasingh for their assistance and for allow­

ing us excavate on Trinidad. The people of Lower Manzanilla for making us part of their community

for already four years. Sandrine Grouard for helping us with the faunal remains from the SAN-1 site,

and Joep Arts and Anne-Lise Vredenbregt for their assistance during the excavation. Furthermore we

would like to thank Jorge Merino and Hadewijch Klaassen for their translation of the abstract into

Spanish, and Renzo Duin for translating the abstract into French.

References Boomert, A. 1984. An Inventory of the Archaeological sites in Trinidad and Tobago. Report 1, North &

Central Trinidad. UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad.

Boomert, A., M. C. Dorst, C. L. Hofman, M. L. P. Hoogland, D. C. Nieweg & A. Vredenbregt 1997. Preliminary report on an archaeological investigation of the Manzanilla 1 site, Trinidad. Unpublished type­script, U.L, Leiden. 1997.

Dorst, Marc C. 2000. Manzanilla 1: An archaeological survey of a Pre-Columbian site on Trinidad. Spacial

patterning, ceramics, lithics and faunal remains. Unpublished Master Thesis, Leiden University.

Grouard, Sandrine 1998. Internal Report: Manzanilla, Trinidad. Premier aperçu sur les Vertébrés. MNHN, Paris. Typescript.

Liddle, R. A. 1946. The Geology of Venezuela and Trinidad. Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged.

Nieweg, Dennis C. 2000. Shells in Archaeology. Archaeological shell on Trinidad and Guadeloupe: two case studies. Unpublished Master Thesis, Leiden University. Part 1 and 2 with CD-Rom. Stuiver M. & P. J. Reimer 1993. Extended 14C Data Base and Revised CAL 3.0 14C Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon, vol. 35 (1), 215-230.

181

Figures and Tables

No. 1

2 3

Lab.no. GrA-13865

GrA-13866 GrA-13867

F.nr site SAN-1 1-A-14 SAN-1 l-B-7 SAN-1 l-B-4

Material Charcoal

Charcoal Charcoal

AgeBP 1590±40BP

39,000 ± 500 BP 1220±40BP

Calibrated date 406 AD- 556 AD

688 AD- 892 AD Table 1. Radiocarbon dates from the Manzanilla 1 (SAN-1) site

Stratum I 0 in IV V

VÍ VII VIII IX X XI

m XIII XIV XV

XVI

Colour 10YR2/2 very dark brown 10Yâ2/2 vcty dark brawn I0YR3/2 very dark grayish brown I0YR3/3 dark brown 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown 2,5V 5/6 light olive brown 2,5V 4/3 olive brawn 2,5V 4/3 olive brown

no matrix I0YR4/3 dark brown

2,SYR4/3 olive brown 2.ÎYR4/3 olive brown 10YR3/3 dark brown 10YR4/3 dark gray 2,5Y 3/2 verv dark (¡ravish brown

Texture loose humic chryish sand loose bumic clayiifi sand loo» clayish land loose clayish tand compact clayish sand loose sandiih clay loose «anditb clay loose sandish cloy compact sandish clay no matrix loose clayish «and loose sandish clay loo» sand loose sandish clay loose widish clay commet sandish clay

Cultural comooslllun no shell some shell in matrix some shell in manix burned shell in matrix 50%-J0% shell-matrix some shell fragments in matrix no shell 50%-50% shell-matrlx no shell entirely small chip-chip shells entirely (hell in little matrix no shall some sltell fragments in matrix Í0?4-J0% shell-matrix no shell some shell/aah in matrix, burial

Table 2 Strata description Unit 1, Manzanilia 1, Trinidad (Dorst, 2000).

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CariêbeSf! Sea Tohaqo Soünei

Atíafític Ocesfi

n i s 3>¡

Fig. 1 The island of Trinidad (Dorst, 2000)

Fig. 2 The Manzanilla 1 site in the region (Dorst, 2000).

183

>?ariva Swarap

Fig. 3 The Manzanilla 1 (SAN-1) site, Trinidad (Nieweg, 2000). Fig. 4 Map showing the four habitation areas surrounded by midden deposits (Dorst, 2000).

e:3 f**.jB btiiDHd shell

Fig. 5 Líníí Ï, Manzanilla I, Trinidad (Dorst, 2000).

184

Fig. 6 Palo Seco style anthropomorphic modelling, white painted and accentuated with incisions filled with red slib.

Fig. 7 Arauquinoid style bowl, Unit IB, SAN-1.

185