the man who transforms korea, yi sun-sin
DESCRIPTION
Korean HistoryTRANSCRIPT
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04 Foreword
05 Introduction
Chapter 1. His contribution to the world
The Ultimate Naval Battles
08 The Battle of Salamis
11 The Battle of Gravelines
15 The Battle of Hansando
20 The Battle of Trafalgar
Imjin War
24 The Imjin war
International Reputation
28 International Reputation
of Yi Sun-sin
Chapter 2. His contribution to Korea
32 Inspire Korean
39 Domestic Reputation
Contents
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Chapter 3. Who is he?
42 Timeline46 Life
50 Keywords
55 Quotes and Poems
56 Historical Sites
59 People
60 Major Battles
67 Arsenal
Chapter 4. The truth about him
72 Looking for Truth
73 Truths and Falses
76 Letter writing campaign
Chapter 5. VANKY introduces him
78 VANKY introduces
him to the world
Publisher VANK
TEL. +82-2-921-3591~2 FAX. +82-2-921-3593Website. yisunsin.prkorea.com E-MAIL. [email protected]
Sponsor
Gyeongsangnamdo government
Design
Saengki (www.saengki.co.kr)
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Foreword
04 Foreword
Dear Readers,
My name is Tae-ho Kim, the Governor of the Province of Gyeongsangnam-do in Korea. I am both
pleased and honored to have the opportunity to greet you through this magazine.
Gyeongsangnam-do is an important province for a number of reasons. Currently, in the fall of
2008, we are the host of the 10th Conference of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Government
representatives from 165 countries, environmental specialists, NGOs, and other interested
international organizations will be participating in the conference. It is also a popular tourist
destination that attracts many visitors each year from throughout Korea and the world. Tourists
visit for the scenery of its beautiful mountains and seas, and for its rich culture and history.
Gyeongsangnam-do also has an important place in world history. It was the site of several naval battles that turned the
tide against Japanese attempts to invade mainland Asia. In 1592, Japan invaded Korea, a land whose people favored peace
and at the time was known as Joseon or “the land of morning calm”. The Japanese invasion led to the outbreak of the
Imjin War (1592~1598), which eventually took the lives and destroyed the homes and property of millions of Koreans.
Faced with this tragic war, Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin came forward to protect Korea and the peace in Asia.
Gyeongsangnam-do was the site where many of his naval battles took place. He defeated the Japanese Navy in all of his
battles, at least 23 victorious battles in 7 years during the Imjin War. This is a great record of naval success that is rarely
found in Eastern or Western history. Such tremendous victories were made possible thanks to his foresight in preparing
Korea for its defense against invasion. Before the outbreak of war, Yi Sun-sin built the Geobukseon, the world’s first
ironclad battleship, in order to defend against Japanese attempts to invade. This innovative battleship played a significant
role in Yi Sun-sin’s victories by helping the Korean navy overcome being outnumbered by the amount of Japanese ships.
Unfortunately, most information on the Internet and in influential encyclopedias fails to accurately represent the
aggressive nature of Japan during the Imjin War, and the important role of Admiral Yi Sun-sin in protecting peace in Asia.
One of the primary reasons for these inaccuracies is that Japan had the advantage of using the Internet to promote its
perspective on history before Korea. As a result, wider perspectives and important pieces of information from Korea and
other Asian countries have been left out of the historical record.
To address this problem and to fill in some of these gaps in world history, since December of 2007 the Province of
Gyeongsangnam-do and the Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK (Voluntary Agency Network of Korea), have been
engaged in a joint project to discover, analyze, and correct inaccurate historical information on the Internet and in
encyclopedias and textbooks. This magazine is the result of our effort.
However, correcting distortions of our history cannot be accomplished without your help. Historical truth and accuracy
needs your interest, cooperation, and commitment. By reading this magazine, I hope that you will learn more about the
accurate information of the Imjin War and the brave leadership of Admiral Yi Sun-sin during the war. I also would like to
ask a favor of you; please, let your family, friends and neighbors know as well.
Governor
The Province of Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
September 2008
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Introduction 05
Greetings Readers,
"Your Highness, I still have twelve battleships!"
This is what Admiral Yi Sun-sin told the Korean King during a war against Japan in the Joseon Dynasty period. This statement showed
his determination to go on to war with hope and without fear, despite the overwhelmingly unfavorable conditions that faced the Korean
forces. Using his strong will, Yi rescued the endangered country of Korea and protected the peace in East Asia by achieving tremendous
victories over Japan that would become some of the greatest in world naval history. For Koreans, Yi always comes out on the top of the list
of most respected heroes in the 5000 years of Korean history. His sayings have long been used as Korean political campaign slogans,
corporate CEO business philosophies, ways to stimulate the imagination of entertainers, and inspiring motivational quotes in the
textbooks of Korean students. These examples show clearly that Yi has immense influence over Korean society. But, what do six billion
foreigners think about Korea’s greatest hero Yi Sun-sin? This very question was the seed of this magazine.
In January of 2008, Koreas Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK (Voluntary Agency Network of Korea) and the Korean province of
Gyeongsangnam-do, found through extensive research that information about Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War is seldom included in foreign
history textbooks, encyclopedias and popular websites. Many Koreans are surprised to learn that Yi’s leadership and bravery, which can
help to inspire youth in the world beyond Korea, are often neglected in educational resources available for foreign students. Even more
surprising is that the few resources that do have limited content about Yi often provide incorrect information. The dissemination of such
misinformation gives some cover to Japan, who had engaged in an aggressive war of invasion against Korea. Misinformation also
degrades Yi’s character and accomplishments during the Imjin War.
In recognition of this problem, VANK has decided to publish this magazine to inform international audiences about Yi Sun-sin, a man
who changed the destiny of Korea and became one of the greatest heroes in Korean history. For this magazine, we put considerable effort
into reflecting international perspectives, rather than only a Korean perspective, in our descriptions of Yi’s life and accomplishments
during the Imjin War. World naval history and examples of leadership to save a country are familiar and inspiring topics for people across
the world. Thus, we present Yi Sun-sin’s leadership, accomplishments, and contribution in a more global context through a chapter titled
“His contribution to the world”. In the chapter, you will get to know about the Imjin War and the world’s four greatest naval battles,
which include the Battle of Hansando, the Battle of Salamis, the Battle of Calais, and the Battle of Trafalgar.
When you read this magazine and begin to learn about Korea’s most respected hero Yi Sun-sin, his accomplishments and leadership, as well
as his great battle at Hansando, the knowledge you gain will be valuable to your future. The primary reason we are publishing this magazine
is to promote Yi Sun-sin to the world. However, we promote Yi Sun-sin not merely because he is Korea’s greatest naval commander who was
never defeated in battle, but more importantly, because he devotedly loved the people and the community to which he belonged, and served
them even at the cost of his own life. The spirit that he showed can serve as a moral guide for the lives of contemporary people all around the
world. The life and philosophy of a great hero who saved a country in crisis can be the seed that produces more heroes among future
generations. We hope that through this magazine, you too can become heroes someday and change the world!
Korea’s Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK
September 2008
Introduction
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Gyeongsangnamdogovernment’s
challenge to searchGeobukseon
Geobukseon ship played very important role in most battles
of Admiral Yi. In battle, it led whole fleet and attacked
Japanese ships first. After it dispersed Japanese battle line,
remaining warships followed it. Admiral Yi could win
continuously at sea battles with various strategies using this ship.
Although many historical records about this ship were handed down to
present, no wreckage of this ship was found. If some wreckage of this ship is discovered, it would be meaningful
excavation in Korean history and very helpful for scholars who study the Imjin war period. Hence, Gyeongsangnamdo
government started huge project that search for wreckage of Joseon’s warships and armories since June 2008.
They’ll mainly explore the sea in front of Chilcheondo island it because many Joseon’s warships were sunken in this sea
at the battle of Chilcheonryang. Battle of Chilcheonryang took place after King Seonjo deprived of Admiral Yi's rank as
Commander-in-Chief, because he became entangled in domestic political strife. King Seonjo appointed Won gyuninstead of Admiral Yi. Won gyun's Joseon navy decisively was defeated over Japanese at the battle of Chilcheonryang in
July 1597. Therefore, many warships sank on this seabed and it means there are many possibilities that wreckage of
Geobukseon or other relics can be discovered.
Although there is only a 1 percent possibility that Geobukseon still exist in the seabed, Gyeongsangnamdo government
and Koreans’ challenge to search Geobukseon will not end.
Sea area in front of Chilcheondo island The governor of Gyeongsangnamdo
is beating traditional drum
A professor having presentation about the
structure of Geobukseon
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The Ultimate Naval Battles
- The Battle of Salamis
- The Battle of Gravelines
- The Battle of Hansando
- The Battle of Trafalgar
Chapter 1
His contribution
to the world
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1. Historical Background
1Conflicts between Persian and Greek
At that time, the world was under control of the Persian
Empire. Persians established immense empire from West
Asia to Cacausus areas. To expand their land to the west,
this thriving empire had to conquer Greek city states. They
constantly invaded Greek through many their king’s reigns.
The battle of Salamis took place during the reign of Persian
king, Xerxes, the son of Darius the Great of Persia whom
invaded Ionian area. Several city-states in Ionia
confederated and rose in rebellion against Persian Empire.
Darius the Great sent Persian army and put down a
rebellion. When Ionian city-states asked aides, only Athens
sent army for them. Consequently, the Persians settled the
plan to invade Athens and another Greek city states which
allied with Ionians.
When Persians invaded Greek mainland again, Athenians
confronted Persian large forces in the field of Marathon,
which is situated in north-east from Athens. After this
battle, one messenger ran to the Athens and conveyed the
victory of their army. He died when he accomplished his
mission. His mission became the inspiration for the
Marathon race of modern Olympic Games.
1 Invasion of Persian
Darius, the Great planned the invasion to the Athens again,
but he died before he carried out plans and this mission
was handed down to his son. Xerxes wasn’t warlike man,
but his followers didn’t let him stay in Persia. He settled
invasion plan and gathered men from his colonial areas.
When he was ready to war, his army marched to the Greek
mainland. Herodotus assumed Persian army was around
5.28 million, but modern Sagas calculated estimated army
was 360,000.
They marched down along coastline, because their navy
supplied food and arms. Finally, Persian army arrived at
08 His contribution to the world
The Battle of SalamisIt was one of major battles of Graeco-Persian wars which took place
from B.C. 492 to B.C. 448. Although, this battle has less fame than another major field
battles, such as the Battle of Marathon and the battle of Thermopylae, it was turning
point for the Athens.
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Takis of Malis which is located nearby Thermopylae, this
was the key point of the Central Greek. If Greeks lose this
area, Athens might be devastated by Persians. South Greek
31 city states allied and sent their army against Persians.
Spartans were the leader of this allied army.
At August 18, B.C.480 the battle of Thermopylae had
joined, Leonidas, a king of Sparta confronted Persian army
with 7,000 Greek army. Persian army was twentyfold than
Greeks. For two days, Persians couldn’t defeat small Greek
army. Crafty Xerxes asked to the Spartan traitor the
shortcut which is directly connected to Thermopylae. Soon,
the Persian contingent took a shortcut. Greek allied army
suggested to Leonidas to retreat from Thermopylae, but
this brave king and his 300 bodyguards left and had battle
with Persians.
While Leonidas and his army were in the battle, Greek city
states’ fleets were gathered at Artemisium and mainland to
support Greek army in Thermopylae. Xerxes penetrated
this Greek strategy and sent his naval fleet to here.
On the way to Artemisium, Persian fleet lost a lot of
warships during a heavy rainstorm. And they lost more
warships at the Battle of Artemisium. This was one of the
reasons which Greek fleet defeated Persian fleet at the
Battle of Salamis. However, Greek Historian Herodotus
claimed that Persians filled the loses by another Greek city
states in Aegean Sea which were under the Persians.
When Greek fleets were told the defeat of the Battle of
Thermopylae, they withdrew and headed to the island of
Salamis to evacuate their people from their states to another
safe place.
2. The Battle
1 Fleet and commanders
Winner: Greek fleet Persian fleet
Commander Commander-in-chief : Commander-in-chief :
Eurybiades, Xerxes I of Persia
Spartan commander
Warships Between 300~370 Around 800 warships,
tiremes, and smaller (Conservative estimate : 650
50-oared pentekonters tiremes, Greek historians
claim : over 10,000)
1Council of war
After Athens escaped to the island of Salamis, the leaders of
31 united Greeks had meeting. Spartans asserted to
withdraw to the Strait of Korint which is located nearby
their land. Athens opposed to this idea, because they knew
their people would be scapegoat of massacre by Persian
army.
The result of meeting was in the dark. Themistocles went
out of meeting site and thought the way to let Greek fleets
stay in island of Salamis. After few minutes, he sent his
dutiful and Persian slave to the Xerxes with the letter. He
wrote the division of united Greeks and made Xerxes to
The Battle of Salamis 09
They marched down along
coastline, because their navy
supplied food and arms. Finally,
Persian army arrived at Takis ofMalis which is located nearby
Thermopylae, this was the key
point of the Central Greek. If
Greeks lose this area, Athens
might be devastated by Persians.
South Greek 31 city states allied
and sent their army against
Persians. Spartans were the
leader of this allied army.
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believe they would win if they attack this island as soon as
possible.
Xeres made an order to their navy to attack Greek fleets in
island of Salamis. When Greek leaders were told the
Persian fleet was coming to the island, they had no choice.
They prepared the battle.
While Greeks were preparing the battle, Xerxes were at the
mountain Aigaleos to observe the battle. By his side, his
entourage wrote down the name of the warship which
destroyed much Greek warships.
1Battle has joined
The Persians divided their fleet to send some ships around
the island and made them to cut off the Greeks. Remaining
warships had to divide their fleet again, cause the islet in
front of the island of Salamis. They sailed into the Strait of
Salamis, while Greeks were making a line of battle.
Greeks pretended to be overwhelmed by the Persian fleet
and tricked the Persians to believe that Greeks were
retreating. Though Persian ships were not easy to enter the
strait of Salamis, they suddenly entered into the sea to chase
Greek warships. Soon, Persian warships were mixed
together and couldn’t move either forward or backward.
When Persian warships entered, Greeks winded a ship and
attacked first. Themistocles’ strategy was to break the line
of battle by their ships’ bronze ram. Greek ships startedrammed down Persian warships gradually and they
surrounded Persians. The Persian warships at the front line
were trying to retreat, but their rout of retreat was stuck by
another Persians ships. While Greeks lost only 40 ships,
Persians lost about 200 warships and they were sunk in the
sea.
3. Aftermath
The Athens’ fleet led the victory and the Golden Age of
Athens started by this battle. After this battle, Persians
invaded Athens again, but Greeks defeated them. When
Graeco-Persian wars were ended, Athens established
Athenian Empire and Greek became one of the powerful
countries in Mediterranean Sea. The Modern Hellenic Navy
celebrates this day’s victory as Battle of the Salamis day in
every 12 September.
On the other hand, Persian Empire had more frequent
rebellions in their colonial areas. It lasted 150 years more, till
the Alexander the Great defeated the last Persian king’s
army.
10 His contribution to the world
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The Battle of Gravelines
1. Historical Background
1 Establishment of protestantism
In 1517, a German priest, Martin Luther released The 95
Theses and his ideas spread through the Europeancontinent phenomenally. Though, he was excommunicated
from Roman Catholic Church, his doctrine inspired the
Protestant Reformation. By the Peace of Westphalia, the
Protestant Princes of Germany gained the right to choose
their states’ religion.
As time goes by, Protestantism was welcomed in most
European countries and the conflicts sparked between two
religions was drifted into war. England broke with Rome
during reign of Henry VIII. He closed all Roman Catholic
abbeys and monastery and seized their property and
announced that he’s the head of English Church. He
conducted this religious rebellion against Rome, because
the Rome disapproved his divorce.
This religious conflict reached climax in France on 24th
August, 1572. Hundreds of French protestants, Huguenots
were butchered by Catholics at the wedding of Princess
Marguerite. Catholic dominant countries, Spain and France
hailed this massacre. He dispatched the army to the
Netherlands which was under control of Spain in order tosuppress Protestantism. This sparked the movement of
independence of the Netherlands. In 1566, Protestant party
in the Netherlands rose in rebellion on the behalf of
England. Ironically, his suppression policy became the one
of reasons of defeat at the Battle of Gravelines. Dutch
protestants interfered the embarkation of Spanish land
forces.
1Conflict between England and Spain
At late 16C, Spain was powerful state, and she possessed
many colonies in American continent. Philip II, King of
Spain was sincere Catholic and his ambition to be a ruler of
England never subsided. While Spain was concentrated in
the holy war against Turks and Protestantism, Elizabeth I,
the Queen of England dispatched Francis Drake to the
The Battle of Gravelines 11
It was a part of Spanish Armada’s campaign against England. Spanish Armada-fleet in Spanish- sailed
toward England to return her as a catholic country and retaliate English pirates’ buccaneering.
Though Spaniards had outstanding land forces, they failed to embark them and anchor any port of England
neither Scotland. English defeated Spaniard at the English Channel off Gravelines near by Calais. After this
battle, Spain gradually lost her dominance at sea and it gave a chance for England to be a new power at sea
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12 His contribution to the world
Spanish Main and encouraged English to pirate Spanish
ships.
Beside, she followed her father’s religious policy and
supported the Protestant dominant countries in the
continent, the Netherlands for instance. She gave aides for
Protestants in the Netherlands to protect this area from
Spain. The distance between England and this land wasn’t
so far, thus Spaniards in here was huge threat to the
England. Spaniards had ships to carry strong land forces
from this area to the England. For these reasons, Elizabeth
always had contacts with Dutch.
The presence of Elizabeth’s pirates at sea was one of the
biggest obstacles to Spain. Philip regarded English shipssince July, 1580 and accused Drake due to his piracies in the
West Indies and Atlantic Ocean. He occasionally sailed to
the West Indies and sacked the Spanish colonies or Spanish
ships on their return way to their mother country.
However, Elizabeth gave him the honor of knighthood. In
the mean time, England dispatched army to the
Netherlands and joined the independence war against
Spanish rule in 1585.
1 Philip’s invasion plan of England
Philip determined the invasion plan of England shortly
after he was told the execution of Mary, Queen of Scotland.
Catholic Mary was supposed to overthrow Elizabeth’s
throne on the behalf of Spain. Philip exaggerated his
invasion plan as a holy war against Protestantism to gain
support from the Rome. In the end, he gained the authority
of invasion. But, it crashed by Drake whom drove his ships
and burnt a half of Spanish ships which were anchoring at
Cadiz in 1587. These ships were carrying war supplies and
these were supposed to be used during the invasion of
England. By this unexpected attack, Spanish lost lots of war
supplies and warships and Philip had to suspend his
invasion plan.
Spanish invasion plan was settled by veteran sailor,
Marquess of Santa Cruze at first place. He was supposed to
conquer Ireland and, then would march to the England. But
this plan was scattered after his sudden death. Duke of
Medina succeeded him. He was great soldier but,
inexperienced at sea battles. It was one of reasons why
Spanish lost this campaign. Philip’s plan was focused on
combining his fleet with Parma’s land forces off Spanish
Netherlands. He and his councilors were convinced that
battle-trained Spaniards would defeat English army if they
land on England.
1England’s preparation
English knew the importance of collecting information
more than Spanish. They collected information from
various routes. English prime minister, Francis
Walsingham spied on Spain through his person in Spanish
palace. According to England documents, he already knew
Philip exaggerated his invasion
plan as a holy war against
Protestantism to gain support
from the Rome. In the end, he
gained the authority of invasion.
But, it crashed by Drake whom
drove his ships and burnt a half of
Spanish ships which were
anchoring at Cadiz in 1587. These
ships were carrying war suppliesand these were supposed to be
used during the invasion of
England.
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The Battle of Gravelines 13
Spanish plan about 1 year before the invasion. England
immediately conducted defense strategy and ensured the
cooperation of Protestants in Netherlands. In same time,
English redesigned their warships and built more ships.
The progress of Spanish plans, the structure of fleet and
their commanders’ name were updated by English spies in
Spain. According to the letter was sent to the English
government, 130 ships including 4 galleases and 4 galleys
were prepared for the invasion, while Don Alonso di Lieva
was appointed as the general in charge of the Spanish land
forces. A Spanish ship was sent to Calais to set up the plan
with Parma’s army before fleet departed. This letter was
based on a captain’s letter of Italian ship, was being worked
for the Spanish government.
2. The Battle
1 Spanish sail to the England
Armada sailed off Lisbon and headed to the Flanders,present-day territory of France, Belgium and the
Netherlands, which Parma’s land forces were awaiting the
arrival of them, but their sail was delayed due to heavy
rainstorms. In the middle of July, Spaniards could reach
western part of English Channel. On July 30, Armada was
observed from the Cornwall while the English fleet was
anchoring at the Plymouth port. Armada was in formation
of crescent and advanced to the Flanders along the English
Channel. After first battle, Lord Admiral divided fleet into
four squadrons, which led by himself, Vice admiral, Rear
Admiral and Sir Martin Frobisher. They attacked Spanish
fleet from time to time. During these attacks, one ship was
captured by Drake and one ship was burnt by mistakes.
1 Fleet and commanders
Winner : English fleet Spaniard fleet
Commanders • Lord Admiral : Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham • Commander-in-chief : Duke of Medina Sidonia
• Vice Admiral : Sir Francis Drake • General(Cammander of land forces) : Don Alonso di Lieva
• Rear Admiral : Sir John Hawkins
• Sir Martin Frobisher
• Total : 28,000
Crews • Sailors and seaman: 15,000 • Soldiers : 20,000
• Sailors and others: 8,000
• Total : 197
• Total : 130
Warships• Fighting ships : 75(new built galleons :20)
• Fighting ships : 65(Galleases : 4. Galleys : 4)
• Hospital ships: 2
National Maritime Museum, London
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14 His contribution to the world
Although English couldn’t give much damage to
Spaniards, they made Spaniards to consume ammunition.
Medina-Sidonia sent messages to Duke of Parma and asked
him to prepare ammunition for his fleet. On the contrary of
them, English fleet could replace ammunition, drink water
and foods from near by ports. This was the one of reasons
why English could prevent the invasion of Spaniards.
On 6-7th August, Armada anchored near by Calais where
Parma’s army would join them. It wasn’t easy to anchor in
here due to their ships’ size, they waited Parma’s transport
ships, pontoons from there. English fleet also anchored
beside Spaniard fleet. Medina Sidonia already sent his
messenger to Parma before his fleet reach Calais, but
Parma’s army were never shown. At that time, Parmathought this invasion would be failed, therefore he sent his
army into the inland according to newly released Spanish
research.
1 At Battle day
On August 6, southwestern wind began to blow, it was
prevailing wind for the English fleet. Armada couldn’t
proceed toward to England due to this wind. Around
midnight, English sent fireships to the middle of Armada,
Spaniard sailors guessed these ships would be exploded in
a minutes, they cut cables which link ships and sailed off.
Armada’s formation in crescent dispered by this, the chance
to defeat Armada had come for the English. Before Medina
Sidonia refit the formation, English warships attack
Armada off Gravelines, near by Calais. Spaniards
attempted to board ship and had fights on English ships, it
was representative tactics of them. To avoid boarding
tactics, English ships discharged guns from distance and
avoided closeness of Spanish ships. Spanish ships carried
more cannons which the range is short and their recharge
time was longer than English ones. English ships
discharged fire simultaneously. Spaniards ships were stuck
in the middle between English fleet and coast of Low
countries. Suddenly, wind changed and Spaniards could
sail off to the north.
1 Result
Spaniards was supposed to sail back to the English
Channel, but storm led them to the north only. They gave
up the invasion plan, because they already ran out of
ammunition and foods. There’s only one way to returnhome for the Spaniards, Medina Sidonia commanded to
retreat and planned to sail back around Scotland and
Ireland. The king of Scotland, James didn’t allow Spaniards
to anchor at his land, he was supposed to be granted the
throne from the Elizabeth. He did not want to disturb the
mind of Queen.
On their way to Spain, Spaniards were suffered from heavy
storms and starving. Starving Spaniards landed on Ireland,
but they were killed by the army of Elizabeth. The MedinaSidonia could reach Santander on September 13 after he lost
a half of his fleet and hundreds of sailors.
3. Aftermath
After this battle, the war between England and Spain lasted
till the treaty of London joined in 1604. England kept
supporting the Protestants in the Netherlands and
snatching Spanish ships which carried huge amount of
gold and products from Spanish colonies in America. As
time goes by, the fame of Spanish Invincible Armada was
faded, nevertheless this was rebuilt later. It became the
reason why Spain gradually lost her dominance at sea. As
Spain lost her power, England gained power at sea.
England established East India Trading Co. in 1600 and it
became the foundation of English Empire. She acquired the
colony, Virginia-this was named after Elizabeth I- in North
America in 1604.
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The Battle of Hansando 15
1. Historical Background
1 Toyotomi's ambition
In 1392, Korean medieval
state, Joseon dynastyestablished in Korean
peninsula and they kept
diplomatic relationship with
Japan. Two countries
exchanged envoy visits for
200 years and enjoyed peace.
The circumstance changed
shortly after Toyotomi
Hideyoshi succeeded his former lord, Oda Nobunaga.
At 1500s, Japan was in turmoil. The war between daimyos,
feudal lords, kept dragging on and on until Toyotomi
Hideyoshi united Japan. After unification, Toyotomi
thought the chance to invade China had come to him. He
always carried the fan which East Asia's map is printed on
it. His ambition was to be the first Japanese ruler who
conquered China. Furthermore, he worried about the
possibility that his subordinate daimyos would rebel
against him.
He took action for his ambitious plan. At 1587, heconquered Daemado Island, also known as Tsushima in
Japan, and sent the mayor of this island as his envoy to
Hanyang, capital of Joseon dynasty. The mayor was
demanded to convey Toyotomi's war plan against Ming
dynasty and Joseon's unconditional surrender. Because he
was received economic support from Joseon dynasty, he
couldn't tell the truth. He only requested Hanyang to send
envoy to Toyotomi.
Hanyang dispatched Tongsinsa, diplomatic mission, to
Japan at 1590. They returned with Toyotomi's letter. In this
letter, he claimed his war plan against Ming dynasty again.
On the other hand, two envoys reported to their king after
their trip. One of them asserted Toyotomi will invade
within few years, but another opposed to this idea.
The Battle of HansandoIt was the biggest and decisive naval battle during disastrous war, Imjin war which took place from 1592 to
1598. Battle-trained Japanese invaded under control of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His ambition was broken in
pieces by Joseon's Navy and Admiral Yi Sun-sin. After this battle, Japanese changed their strategy of their
invasion of Korea and the whole war situation was dramatically reversed.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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16 His contribution to the world
1 Joseon's preparation
Joseon government speculated the possibility of Japanese
invasion and prepared for the war since two envoys came
back from Japan. They appointed three provincial
governors and dispatched them in southern provinces of Korean peninsula. The governors prepared armory and
built castles. Especially, many castles were built or rebuilt in
Gyeongsangdo during this time. New barracks were also
built in this province.
To settle defense plans, Joseon government appointed new
naval commanders of southern provinces' fleet. In February
1591, Yi sun-sin was appointed as Jeollajwado
Sugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla province's
western fleet and Yi eok-gi was appointed as JellawudoSugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla province's
eastern fleet. In early 1592, Won gyun was appointed as
commander-in-chief Gyeongsangdo province's eastern
fleet. These commanders prepared for the war in their local
seas. Jeollado province' commander, Yi sun-sin perfectly
prepared to defend his domain sea. A lot of amount of
armory, ammunition, gun powder, foods were reserved
under control of him. New warships, including 3
Geobukseon were also built.possessed many colonies in
American continent. Philip
1 Japanese invasion
At April 13, 1592 the Imjin war broke out. Japanese army
arrived at Korean peninsula. Almost 160,000 Japanese
participated in this war, only 8,000 Korean army had to
confront numerous invasion. Battle-hardened Japanese
army defeated Joseon's armies by matchlock at every battle.
Koreans also was using firearms, such as cannons at siege
warfare, but they were mostly using sword, spear and bow
at battles.
When King Seonjo was told the invasion of numerous
Japanese army and Koreans' defeats, he dispatched his
most trusted general, Sin Rip to defend Japanese invasion.
General, Shin was famous for his missions against Manchus
at the northern most border of Joseon dynasty. He defeated
them in many times and became the General. Sin Rip
confronted the first Japanese army, Gonishi yukinaga's at
the Tanguemdae, Chungju, but his cavalry couldn't defeat
Japanese. No one could halt the Japanese army's march to
the Hanyang after this battle. On April 30, King seonjo
retreated to Northwest, and Japanese seized Hanyang after
2 days.
The situation at sea
was obviously different. Combined
Jeollado and Gyeongsangdo fleet
defeated Japanese navy
continuously. Before the battle of
Hansando, combined Joseon fleet
won for seven times. They could
win because Joseon fleet was
consists of well-trained navy and
sailors and Joseon warships were
well equipped with medium-and
long- range guns. Furthermore,
they had outstanding commander,
Admiral Yi.
Japanese matchlock gun
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1 Victory at sea
The situation at sea was
obviously different.
Combined Jeollado and
Gyeongsangdo fleet
defeated Japanese navycontinuously. Before
the battle of Hansando,
combined Joseon fleet won for seven times. They could win
because Joseon fleet was consists of well-trained navy and
sailors and Joseon warships were well equipped with
medium-and long- range guns. Furthermore, they had
outstanding commander, Admiral Yi.
PanokseonJoseon had trained navy and sailors to protect
their lands from Japanese pirates since the dynasty was
established. Japanese ships were designed for their main
tactics, boarding tactics which grapple enemy ship and
board on it. For this, Japanese needed fast ships. On the
contrary, Joseon's main warship, Panokship was made of
sturdy pine wood plate , therefore it was capable of
carrying many guns on it while Japanese ships couldn't
carry any cannons because these were made of Japanese
cedar. This wood has less solidity than pine tree. Koreans
developed these guns since Choi mu-seon invented
gunpowder and firearms in late 1300. Four different size
guns were developed during 1555~1565, these guns were
boarded on Joseon's warships.
Actually, Joseon navy was out of Toyotomi's strategy at
first place. He ordered his daimyos to prepare many ships,
mainly transport ships for the invasion of Korea. His
invasion plan was focused on land battles and building
castles. After continue defeats at sea, Toyotomi denounced
his daimyos and ordered to change war strategy. Japanese
troops of Wakisaka yasuharu, Guki yoshitaka and Gato
yoshiyaki evacuated from north to the coast of the south
sea. They built castles at Angolpo, Jinhae to ambush Joseonnavy and prepared war battles. It became headquarter of
Japanese navy.
Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be
united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka
Yasuharu decided to defeat Yi's fleet by himself. He was
appointed as a chief of navy at the beginning of Imjin war,
but couldn't have naval battle till this time. He thought he
might gain more fame if he won. On July 7, 1592, his fleet
was departed from the Japanese headquarter. When
Wakisaka's fleet arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet
anchored off Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, Joseon's
fleet was at Dangpo of Mirukdo island.
1 At battle
On July 7, a shepherd reported that Japanese fleet is
anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang to Joseon fleet. At night,
commanders of Joseon fleet had council and planned
strategy. Admiral Yi decided to entice Japanese fleet from
there to the open sea, because that sea is shallow and it was
hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon.
Furthermore, Japanese tended to abandon ships and retreat
to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.
On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while
remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island.
The Battle of Hansando 17
1 Fleet and commanders
Winner: Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commanders • Joellajwado suguntongjesa: Yi sun-sin • Commander-in-chief : Wakisaka Yasuharu
• Joellajwudo suguntongjesa: Yi eok-gi• Gyeongsangwudo suguntongjesa: Won gyun
Warships • Korean record: 54
• Total : 73 • Japanese record: 109(Big ships: 59, Small ships: 50)
2. The battle
Panokseon ship
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18 His contribution to the world
Joseon ships attacked ships which were anchoring off coast
of Gyeonnaeryang. Immediately, Japanese boarded ships
and counterattack to Joseon warships. Joseon warships
poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them.
hansandoWhen enticing ships arrived at the open sea,
another Joseon fleet joined them. Admiral Yi commanded
to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing formation.
Joseon ships formed like crescent moon and surrounded
Japanese ships. This tactic's name derived from a shape of
crane when it spread its wings. This tactic designed to
attack enemy's Adake(flagship) or main squadron first and
simultaneously. Joseon fleet discharged guns and 2~3
Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack.
Joseon fleet attacked flagship first, it was main tactic of
Admiral Yi. Soon, Japanese fleet was out of their
commanders' order and dispersed to retreat, but Joseon
fleet surrounded them and ambush their ships one by one.
Most Japanese ships were sunken before they approached.
This battle ended within 2~3 hours.
1 Result
Japanese fleet's casualties were unprecedented. They lost 59
warships and the list of ships as follow: 28 Big Sekibune
ships, 7 Adake ships, 28 middle Sekibune ships and 17small
Sekibune ships. By considering capacity of these ships,
about 3,000 Japanese died after this battle. Joseon lost no
ship and casualties were insignificant.
On their way to Spain, Spaniards were suffered from heavy
storms and starving. Starving Spaniards landed on Ireland,
but they were killed by the army of Elizabeth. The Medina
Sidonia could reach Santander on September 13 after he lost
a half of his fleet and hundreds of sailors.
3. Aftermath
Joseon enjoyed three advantages as a result of this battle.
First, Joseon could keep their control in Jeollado and
Chungcheongdo which were breadbasket of Joseon. The
Watch Tower in Jeseungdang
Jeseungdang building The water in front of Hansando island
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The Battle of Hansando 19
food supply was kept for Joseon army and fleet, it became
huge advantage and base of Joseon's victory at Imjin war.
Second, Japanese attempts to defeat Joseon fleet were failed
and they had to change war strategy of invasion. Their
strategy was to deliver more Japanese land forces and foods
through seas to northern part of Korean peninsula and then
they would march to Ming dynasty's territory. By failure of
this strategy, Japanese troops which seized north provinces
of Joseon had to suffer from starving and shortage of
ammunition. To invade China, they needed to secure war
supplying routes. Japanese attempts to deliver foods and
ammunition through roads were also blocked by Joseon
army and Uibyeong. Uibyeong is literally translated as
righteous army. A lot of civil army and Buddhist monk
army voluntarily were formed and attacked Japanese
troops.
Third, the army of Ming dynasty could march down to
Korean peninsula by road, because Japanese troops
couldn't march forward to the territory of Ming dynasty.
King seonjo asked aid to the Ming dynasty and Ming sent
their army to prevent invasion of Japanese troops in Korean
peninsula.
After this battle, Admiral Yi's fleet secured south sea till the
end of Imjin war and Joseon could protect their land from
Japanese invasion. On August 18, 1595, Toyotomi
Hideyoshi died, but his councilors kept his death as secret.
After several months, this came to light and Japanese
councilors ordered retreat of their troops in Joseon. On
November 19, 1598, Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet was on
their return to mother land, almost 200 Japanese warships
were sunken and it became Yi's final battle. After few days,
all Japanese troops withdrew from Busan and the
disastrous Imjin war ended.
The result of this war impacted three countries in East Asia,
Joseon, Ming dynasty and Azuchi-Momoyama period
Japan. Joseon's lands were devastated by 7 years war and a
lot of national treasures were destroyed or plundered by
Japanese. Although, it took many years to rebuild country,
Joseon dynasty lasted for about 400 years.
On the contrary of Joseon, Ming dynasty began to
disintegrate and Toyotomi's government was replaced.
Ming was suffered from economic decline and rebels
against its government, and it was collapsed by Manchus in
1644. Manchu established China's last absolute monarchy
state, Cheong.
Toyotomi's successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved capital to
Edo, present-day Tokyo and Edo period started. Tokugawa
proposed reestablishing diplomatic relations with Joseon in
1607. Two countries exchanged envoy till Meiji Restoration
took place. Joseon dispatched diplomatic mission, which
called as Tongsinsa. Tongsinsa was consists of about 500
people, including diplomats, painter, potter and doctors.
Japanese could learn Joseon's technology by this diplomatic
mission. Especially, Joseon's potters have had a strong
influence on Japanese ceramic arts.
Joseon enjoyed three
advantages as a result
of this battle. First,
Joseon could keep
their control in
Jeollado and
Chungcheongdo which
were breadbasket of
Joseon. The food
supply was kept for
Joseon army and fleet,
it became huge
advantage and base of
Joseon's victory at
Imjin war.
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20 His contribution to the world
The Battle of TrafalgarIt was a part of the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon longed to expand his empire
to the east and conquer Britain. His ambition was torn by this battle and Admiral Nelson, the
man whose name is immortal. This battle had ended with Britain's victory and Britain
remained unchallenged at Sea for years.
1. Historical Background
1Napoleon's ambition
On July 14 1789, about 10,000 Parisians attacked Bastille and
this prison fell under control of angry people. The FrenchRevolution took place on this day and absolute monarchy
replaced by constitutional monarchy. Most European
countries' royals were afraid if the same revolution
occurred in their land. Soon, they allied and tried to
reestablish absolute monarchy in France. In 1792, the war
between French and allied countries' army started. This war
changed a man's life. His name was Bonaparte Napoleon.
His dream was to become a naval officer, but he had to be
an artillery officer because only noble family could join the
Naval Academy. When he was 20, the French Revolution
took place and he defeated English in 1793 and Austrians in
1795. In 1797, Napoleon could attain Vienna, the capital of
Austria. The treaty of campo formio was signed on October
17, 1797 and Austrian lands ceded. The first phrase of
Napoleonic war ended like this and he returned his
attention to the Britain.
In late 1797 Napoleon encouraged and persuaded French
to believe that English monarchy should be destroyed bythem and then the Europe would be at their feet. He also
started to concentrate his effort on the navy. But his
invade plans were blockaded by Admiral Nelson and
Royal Navy.
In 1802, the treaty of Amiens was signed and two countries
were in peace for 14 months. Napoleon whose power was
rapidly on the rise conferred upon him the tile of Emperor
Napoleon I on 2 December 1804. In this day, Napoleon's
ambition to expand his empire rose up. He acquired the
power to invade England and ships.
1 Admiral Nelson's endless chase
British speculated the possibility of invasion of France.
England could be easily collapsed if French army arrives in
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ports. Britain knew the
importance of securing the
seas, as the history approved
this for them. Royal Navy
had observed the movementof French ships. In late 1804,
Spain and France allied and
planned the invasion of
Britain. Spain fleet was given
to Napoleon's hands.
Napoleon organized army,
Grand Armee, it includes
2,000 boats and 90,000 men. They stationed along the coast
of France to invade England. Napoleon ordered to his fleets
to blockade the Royal Navy while he would deliver his
newly organized army in England.
At that time, Napoleon's fleets were dispersed in five
havens, Brest, Rochefort, Toulon in France and Cadiz and
Ferrol in Spain. British Royal Navy was keeping these fleets
under their surveillance. They set their attempt to combine
their fleets in Caribbean Sea, because they could reach
English Channel only after they tricks British Navy.
Admiral Charles Villeneuve's fleet was in Toulon whileAdmiral Nelson's fleet secured his movement. On March
30, 1805 he escaped port and headed to Atlantic Ocean.
When Nelson realized Toulon's fleet sailed out of the port,
he assumed that French ships would sail to Mediterranean
Sea. He drove his fleet to Egypt, but he found his mistake
and chased Villeneuve. Spanish fleet in Cadiz also slipped
out of the port and joined Villeneuve's fleet.
1 Failure of Napoleon's invasion plan
When Villeneuve arrived in French colony, Martinique, he
was reported that fleet in Ferrol couldn't break out of the
port. He knew that Napoleon was waiting for his arrival,
therefore he sailed back to Ferrol to drive ships in there out
of the port. Villeneuve's fleet was blocked by Vice Admiral
Sir Robert Calder off the coast of Spain, but he escaped
British speculated
the possibility of invasion of
France.
England could be easily collapsed
if French army arrives in ports.
Britain knew the importance of
securing the seas, as the history
approved this for them.
Royal Navy had observed the
movement of French ships.
In late 1804, Spain and France
allied and planned the invasion of
Britain.
Spain fleet was given to
Napoleon's hands.
The Battle of Trafalgar 21
Vice Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson
The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner
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22 His contribution to the world
from Calder's fleet and arrived in Vigo port which is
situated below of Ferrol.
For five months, Napoleon waited the arrival of his fleet,
but he was reported that Admiral Villeneuve couldn'tcombine fleet. And the Austria and Russia set their
attempts to invade France, while the Napoleon had
concentrate on invasion of England. He abandoned the
invasion plan and led his Grand Armee to the Germany.
He ordered Villeneuve to sail to the Mediterranean to
support French land forces during their campaign against
Austria and Russia.
2. The battle
1 The Battle has joined
Admiral Villeneuve's fleet left Cadiz to follow Emperor's
order on October 18. Nelson arrived near by Cadiz in late
September. He anticipated the movement of French fleet
and had a council of war with his subordinate captains and
Admiral Collingwood. The battle plan was confirmed even
before French fleet leave the port. His tactic was to divide
his fleet into several columns and set them headlong, it is
known as the Nelson Touch.
On October 21, English fleet discovered Villeneuve's fleet at
Trafalgar off coast of Spain. Admiral Nelson immediately
made the signal to divide his fleet into two columns,
weather and lee. He led weather column while Admiral
Collingwood led lee column. When French-Spanish
combined fleet was blocked by Royal Navy, they turned
around and sailed to the port again.
Villeneuve's fleet was in formation which the ships position
a line north-to-south, it was very common battle line, because battleships could discharge guns only when their
broadsides are heading to their enemy ships.
English columns followed the direction of Admiral
Nelson's plan and cut off the battle line of combined fleet
from the west. Nelson knew that the wind changed and it
helped British ships to sail fast. Nelson ordered to the first
column to broke in front of Villeneuve's ship, the
Bucentaure and destroy flagships first.
When Nelson turned the bow of the Victory and
discharged guns to Bucentaure, Collingwood broke French
line further south. His column's mission was to ambush
Spanish commander's ship and other warships which were
dispersed by Nelson's attack.
While 2 ships of Nelson's column changed course and
attacked ships which were in van of French fleet,
Collingwood's column engaged second line of Spanish
fleet. At about 1:15 pm Nelson was hit by a sniper at
Redoutable and carried to the cockpit. Weather column
devastated the middle battle line of French fleet and sailed
to the north where the 2 ships of weather column was
under attack of French fleet's vanguard ships. French fleet's
vanguard ships fled when they discovered the weather
column's sail to them. Nelson died after his captain,
Thomas Hardy reported the victory of his fleet at 4:30pm.
1 Fleet and commanders
Winner: English fleet French-Spanish combined fleetCommanders • Commander-in-chief : Vice Admiral, • Commander-in chief: Pierre-Charles
Lord Horatio Nelson Vice Admiral : Collingwood Villeneuve(French) Spanish Commander:
Crew • 18,000 men and wemen
Warships • Total: 32 Battleships : 25 Frigates and smaller ships : • French ships - Total:26(Battleships: 18,
Others: 8) Spanish ships - Battleships:15
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The Battle of Trafalgar 23
1 Result
Combined fleet lost many sailors and their 21 ships were
captured by British navy. 2,218 French navy dead and 1,155
were wounded. 1,025 Spanish navy dead and 1,383 were
wounded. 7,000 sailors of combined fleet were captured.On the other hand, British lost no ship. 449 British including
Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson dead and 1,246 were
wounded.
3. Aftermath
After this battle, Napoleon decisively defeated allied army of
Austria and Russia and the Austria had to sign Treaty of
Pressburg, which made Austria ceded their land to
Napoleon. Napoleon realized that his fleet could not defeat
the Royal Navy and dismissed his invasion plan of England
as a result of this battle. He chose other scheme to block
English trade and pull down England's economic power. On
November 21, 1806, he announced Continental System,
which made all European countries' trade with England
prohibited. He tried to isolate England from trade with
European countries, but it ironically isolated him and
became a reason which his empire collapsed within years. It
brought many frictions between France and its allies. In 1810,
Russian Empire abrogated this, and Napoleon marched to
the Russia to punish them by his army. But he was decisively
defeated by Russians, and his power rapidly declined.
Although, French historians deemed this battle was as an
unfortunate affair, the truth that it halted the Napoleon's
attempts to invade England and became the reason why
Napoleon announced Continental System can't be denied.
English celebrated the victory of this battle during English
Empire era. This continued till today. The Royal Navy held
series of ceremonies, such as the International Fleet Review,
Son et Lumiere, International Drumhead ceremony to
celebrate the bicentennial anniversary of this battle in 2005.
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help you learn more about the world’s four greatest naval
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24 His contribution to the world
Imjin war broke out when Battle-trained
Japanese under control of Toyotomi
Hideyoshi invaded Korean medieval
state, Joseon dynasty from 1592 to 1598. This
war is called Imjinwaeran in Korea, though
the first invasion is known as Imjinwaeran
and second invasion as Jeongyujaeran. This is
known as Bunroku Geichono yaku( ) in
Japan and Renchen Woluan ( ) in China.
In 1392, Korean medieval state, Joseondynasty established in Korean peninsula and
they kept diplomatic relationship with Japan.
Two countries exchanged envoy visits for 200
years and enjoyed peace. The circumstance
changed shortly after Toyotomi Hideyoshi
succeeded his former lord, Oda Nobunaga.
After unification, Toyotomi thought the
chance to invade China had come to him. His
ambition was to be the first Japanese ruler
who conquered China. Furthermore, he
worried about the possibility that his
subordinate daimyos would rebel against him.
According to Jingbirok, Memory of disastrous
war, Joseon government speculated the
possibility of Japanese invasion and prepared
for the war since two envoys came back from
Japan in 1590. They appointed three provincial
governors and dispatched them in southern
provinces of Korean peninsula. The governors
prepared armory and built castles. Especially,
many castles were built or rebuilt in
Gyeongsangdo during this time. New
barracks were also built in this province.
To settle defense plans, Joseon government
appointed new naval commanders of
southern provinces' fleet. In February 1591, Yi
Sun-sin was appointed as JeollajwadoSugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla
province's western fleet and Yi Eok-gi was
appointed as Jellawudo Sugunjeoldosa,
commander-in-chief Jeolla province's eastern
fleet. In early 1592, Won gyun was appointed
as commander-in-chief Gyeongsangdo
province's eastern fleet. These commanders
TheImjin war
、 、–
、
Busanjin-sunjeoldo(Painting of Busanjin Castle Battle in 1592)
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The Imjin war 25
prepared for the war in their local seas.
Jeollado province' commander, Yi Sun-sin
perfectly prepared to defend his domain sea.
A lot of amount of armory, ammunition, gun
powder, foods were reserved under control of
him. New warships, including 3 Geobukseon
were also built.
On April 13, 1592 the Imjin war broke out.
Japanese army arrived at Korean peninsula.
Japanese invaded Joseon dynasty. Batt le-
hardened Japanese army defeated Joseon's
armies by matchlock at every battle. Joseonarmy also used firearms, but they mainly
fought Japanese soldiers hand to hand by
sword, knife and bow.
When King Seonjo was told the invasion of
numerous Japanese army and Koreans'
defeats, he dispatched his most trusted
general, Sin Rip to defend Japanese invasion.
General Sin Rip was famous for his campaigns
against Manchu in the northern border of
Joseon dynasty. General, Sin Rip confronted
Gonishi Yukinaga's army, which led the van at
the Tanguemdae, Chungju, but his cavalry
could not defeat Japanese. No one could halt
the Japanese army's march to the Hanyang,
capital of Joseon dynasty after this battle. On
April 30, King Seonjo retreated to Northwest,
and Japanese seized Hanyang after 2 days.
Japanese marched to the north and reached
the northernmost boarder of Joseon dynasty in
June. Therefore, King Seonjo asked aids to the
Ming dynasty.
The situation at sea was obviously different.
Combined Joseon fleet defeated Japanese navy
continuously. They could win because Joseon
fleet was consists of well-trained navy and
sailors and Joseon warships were well
equipped with medium-and long- range guns.
Furthermore, they had outstanding
commander, Admiral Yi.
After Admiral Yi's fleet decisively defeated
Japanese in the Battle of Hansando on July 8,
Japanese had to change their war strategy.
Their strategy was to deliver more Japanese
land forces and foods through seas to
northern part of Korean peninsula and then
they would march to Ming dynasty'sterritory. By failure of this strategy, Japanese
troops which seized north provinces of Joseon
had to suffer from starving and shortage of
supplies. To invade China, they needed to
secure war supplying routes. Japanese tried to
deliver Japanese land forces and foods
through roads, but this was blocked by
Uibyeong. Uibyeong is literally translated as
righteous army. A lot of civil army and
Buddhist monk army voluntarily were
formed and attacked Japanese troops.
Reinforced Joseon army also blocked the
march of Japanese. In October, 1592, General
Kim Si-min triumphed over 20,000 Japanese at
the battle of Jinju. General Gwon-yul also
triumphed at the battle of Haengju. Sine the
end of 1592, Ming dynasty's Army started to
participate in the imjin war. Combined army
of Ming and Joseon retook the Pyongyang
castle that was seized by Japanese.
Ja panese wa s defeated by Joseon navy,
reinforced and combined Ming-Joseon army.
In 1593, Japanese asked for a truce, but this
couldn't last forever. Japanese invaded joseon
According
to Jingbirok,Memory ofdisastrous
war, Joseongovernmentspeculated
thepossibility of
Japaneseinvasion andprepared for
the warsince two
envoyscame back from Japan
in 1590.
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26 His contribution to the world
again in 1597. Admiral Yi's fleet secured
south sea till the end of Imjin war and
Joseon could prot ect their la nd from Japanese invasion. On August 18, 1598,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, but his
councilors kept his death as secret. After
several months, this came to light and
Japanese councilors ordered retreat of their
troops in Joseon. On November 19, 1598,
Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet was on
their return to mother land, almost 200
Japanese warships were sunken and it
became Yi 's final batt le , the Batt le of
Noyrang. After few days, all Japanese
troops withdrew from Busan and the
disastrous Imjin war ended.
In 1593, Japanese asked for a truce, becausethey reached the impasse. Although Joseon
government opposed to truce with
Japanese, Ming government had truce
negotiations with Toyotomi Hideyoshi
government. But, they couldn't reach an
agreement. In January 14, 1597, Japanese
reinforced the army and invaded Joseon
again.
At that time, King Seonjo deprived of
Admiral Yi's rank as Commander-in-Chief,
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The Imjin war 27
because he became entangled in domestic
political strife. King seonjo appointed Won
gyun instead of Admiral Yi. Won gyun's Joseon navy decisively was defeated over
Japanese at the battle of Chilcheonryang in
July and Won gyun died after this battle.
After defeat of Won gyun's Joseon navy,
Japanese attacked Jeollado province and
seized Nawon castle in August and King
Seonjo reappointed Yi Sun-sin as
Commander-in-Chief. Admiral Yi prepared
battle against Japanese navy after he took
over the 12 battleships which a naval officer,
Bae-seo retreated with him in the middle of
battle of Chilcheonryang. Although the King,
seonjo ordered to combine Admiral Yi's navy
with army, Admiral Yi sent report to king. In
this report he wrote his famous quote, "Your
highness, I still have twelve battleships".
Admiral Yi continuously moved naval base
to the west and west to find the best place to
defeat Japanese again.
On September 16, 1598, Admiral Yi confronted
Japanese fleet in front of naval base, present-
day Haenamgun. He stationed in this sea,
because he knew Japanese warships had to
sail into the Uldolmok, sea between Jindo and
hwawon peninsula, it is narrow sea which
lowest sea level is about 1.9m and flow speed
is 11.5 note. Although Admiral Yi's fleet was
consist of only 13 warships, he defeated 133 Japanese warships which passed Uldolmok at
the battle of Myeongryang. By victory at this
battle, the situation reversed dramatically.
On August 18, 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi
died, but his councilors kept his death as
secret. After several months, this came to light
and Japanese councilors ordered retreat of
their troops in Joseon. On November 19, 1598,
Admiral Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet wason their return to mother land, almost 200
Japanese warships were sunken and it became
Yi's final battle, the Battle of Noyrang. After
few days, all Japanese troops withdrew from
Busan and the disastrous Imjin war ended.
The result of this war impacted three countries
in East Asia, Joseon dynasty, Ming dynasty
and Azuchi-Momoyama period Japan.
Joseon's lands were devastated by 7 years war
and a lot of national treasures were destroyed
or plundered by Japanese. Although, it took
many years to rebuild country, Joseon dynasty
lasted for over 300 years.
On the contrary of Joseon, Ming dynasty
began to disintegrate and Toyotomi's
government was replaced. Ming was suffered
from economic decline and rebels against its
government, and it was collapsed by Manchus
in 1644. Manchu established China's last
absolute monarchy state, Cheong.
Toyotomi's successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu
moved capital to Edo, present-day Tokyo and
Edo period started. Tokugawa proposed
reestablishing diplomatic relations with
Joseon in 1607. Two countries exchanged
envoy till Meiji Restoration took place. Joseondispatched diplomatic mission, which called
as Tongsinsa. Tongsinsa was consists of about
500 people, including diplomats, painter,
potter and doctors. Japanese could learn
Joseon's technology by this diplomatic
mission. Especially, Joseon's potters have had
a strong influence on Japanese ceramic arts.
The result ofthis war
impactedthree
countries inEast Asia,
Joseondynasty,
Ming dynasty and Azuchi-Momoyama
periodJapan.
Joseon'slands weredevastatedby 7 years
war and a lotof nationaltreasures
were
destroyed orplundered by Japanese.
Although, ittook many
years torebuild
country,Joseondynasty
lasted forover 300
years.
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28 His contribution to the world
History of
Korea,Homer B.Hulbert
But soon a
reinforcing fleet
came up from
An-gol Harbur
near Han-san
and the Admiral
found that his
day's work was not yet done. The
attack straightway began and soon the
Japanese were in the same plight in
which their comrades had been put.
Many, seeing how impossible it was
to make headway against this iron
ship, beached their boats and fled by
land; so on that same day forty-eight
ships more were burned. The few that
escaped during the fight sped
eastward toward home. So euded, we
may well believe, one of the great
naval battles of the world. It may truly
be called the Salamis of Korea. It
signed the death-warrant of the
invasion. It frustrated the great motive
of the invasion, the humbling of china;
and thenceforth, although the war
dragged through many a long year, it
was carried on solely with a view to
mitigating the disappointment of
Hideyoshi-a disappointment thatmust have been as keen as his thirst
for conquest was unquenchable.
Sato Tetsutaro(Vice-admiral of theImperial Japanese Navy,also served as aninstructor in the Naval
War College in Japan in
1908)
Throughout history, there have been
several generals who revealed
outstanding tactics. For naval
generals, we cannot go without
Korea's Yi Sun-sin in the East and
Britain's Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) in
the West. Unfortunately, Yi was
unknown in the West because he was
born in Korea, yet the literature of the
Seven-Year War proved that he was a
truly brilliant admiral. To find naval
generals that are a match for Yi from
the West, they should be at least better
than Dutch Admiral Michiel
Adriaanszoon De Ruyter (1607-1676).
Someone like Lord Nelson in no way
can reach the level of Yi in terms of
character. Admiral Yi Sun-sin is
InternationalReputation of Yi Sun-sin
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International Reputation of Yi Sun-sin 29
honored as an unparalleled naval
commander, who has no rival
anywhere in the world in all aspects,
including his great character,outstanding strategies, creative
genius, and distinguished diplomatic
ability. (Excerpt from 'A Military
History of the Empire'; a textbook
written and used in classes by General
Sato Tetsutaro)
As a naval commander, I have
admired Dutch Admiral Michiel
Adriaanszoon De Ruyter and Korean
Admiral Yi Sun-sin all my life. If you
ask me to decide priority, I would
have no hesitation in recommending
Yi first. Although Lord Nelson is an
internationally renowned general, he
is in no way a match for Yi in terms of
his character and creativity ... Admiral
de Ruyter is comparable to Yi in
aspects of character, ability andmilitary career, but seems to rank
below Yi in creativity. Admiral Yi was
a great commander, who frustrated
the ambition of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
and proved the importance of
controlling territorial waters in
national defense. At the same time, he
submitted himself without resentment
to the humiliation of serving in war as
a commoner due to false accusations by his superiors, which clearly
showed his noble character. He was
an exemplary general who was firm
and strict in enforcing military
discipline, but loved his soldiers just
as his own children. He always put in
his best effort in his duty and did not
act depending on his mood. He often
said, "If born as a man and given a
chance to serve a country, he should
be loyal until death. Otherwise, it will
be enough to live in the fields as a
farmer. If I pursue honor by flatteringpeople in power, it will be a
tremendous shame." These words
show more than enough to prove his
noble character. (Excerpt from 'the
unparallel naval commander Yi Sun-
sin', Local Administration of Joseon,
Vol. 6, February 1926)
Ballard, G. A.(George Alexander),1862-1948 Theinfluence of the sea onthe political history ofJapan (1921)
It is always
difficult for
Englishmen toadmit that
Nelson ever had
an equal in his
profession, but if
any man is entitled to be so regarded,
it should be this great naval
commander of Asiatic race who never
knew defeat and died in the presence
of the enemy; of whose movements a
track-chart might be compiled fromthe wrecks of hundreds of Japanese
ships lying with their valiant crews at
the bottom of the sea, off the coasts of
the Korean peninsula... and it seems,
in truth, no exaggeration to assert that
from first to last he never made a
mistake, for his work was so complete
under each variety of circumstances as
to defy criticism... His whole career
might be summarized by saying that,
although he had no lessons from past
history to serve as a guide, he waged
war on the sea as it should be waged if it is to produce definite results, and
ended by making the supreme
sacrifice of a defender of his country.
(The Influence of the Sea on The
Political History of Japan, pp. 66-67.)
Wakizaka Yasuharu(General of the
Japanese Army,who took part in theImjin War)
Yi Sun-sin is the person who I am
afraid of the most, hate the most, love
the most, admire and respect the
most, wish to kill the most, and want
to have tea together the most.
Tokotomi Teiichiro(Prominent Japanesehistorian, the author ofHistory of ModernJapan)
The death of Yi Sun-sin is similar to
that of Horatio Nelson. He died after
victory, and won after his death (fromthe book titled the War in Korea,
written by Tokotomi Teiichiro) He [Yi
Sun-sin] died after victory, and won
after his death. For the seven years of
Japan's war in Korea there had been
many tacticians, speakers and writers,
but there was only one hero in battle
to be greatly honored. While he was
alive, Japanese naval generals always
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30 His contribution to the world
flinched in fear. He was truly the
greatest hero during the Seven-Year
War, not only of Korea, but of all threeEastern countries, including China
and Japan.
Chen Lin(General of the MingChinese Navy)
Yi Sun-sin has not only the ability to
govern the whole world, but also the
merits of having straightened out a
country.
Togo Heihachiro(Admiral of the ImperialJapanese Navy)
You maycompare me
with Lord
Nelson, but not
with Yi Sun-sin.
Next to him, I
am only a petty
officer (Quotes from General Togo
Heihachiro in his victory celebration)
Shiba Ryotaro(Popular historicalnovelist in Japan)
Yi Sun-sin ... was a man of integrity.
He was an ideal soldier whose
existence itself seems to be a miracle
with such leadership, tactics, loyalty
and bravery. He was already a
renowned commander before British
Admiral Horatio Nelson, and nobodyis comparable to Yi in world history.
The existence of Yi will never be
forgotten in Korea, but also his
accomplishments and tactics should
be studied even in Japan because
respect for him influenced generations
of Japanese and led to the
establishment of the Japanese Navy
during the Meiji Restoration.
Aoyanigi (Historian,the author of the GreatCompendium of the Yi-Dynasty)
Japanese generals, including Konishi
Yukinaga and Shimazu Yoshihiro,continued fighting without knowing
of the death of Yi Sun-sin, and
eventually retreated in defeat. It is not
different from a past event in China
where the dead Zhuge Liang routed
the living Sima Yi. After the battle,
Ming Chinese General Chen Lin
finally got to know of Yi Sun-sin's
death, threw himself down on his ship
tree times, and cried out, "there isnobody like him in all eras!" Yi Sun-
sin was a patriot who laid down his
life for his country.
The Yi-Dynasty of Korea at the time
began declining and 300 years later
was annexed to Japan. However, the
fair name of the great hero Yi Sun-sin
will be immortalized in history.
Kawada Isao(Japanese researcher
of naval tactics in the1920s)
It is true that Japanese Admiral Togo
Heihachiro had a record of
distinguished war service, but
compared to Korean Admiral Yi Sun-
sin, Togo was far behind. If Yi was
given as much national support,
abundant weapons and battleships asLord Nelson, Japan would have been
defeated in a day. I know it would be
very rude, but I have to say that
Koreans hold him in high esteem, yet
they know less about how truly great
he was than us Japanese (from the
book titled Penetrating into the shells,
written by Kawada Isao)
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The Battle of Salamis 31
- Inspire Korean
- Domestic Reputation
Chapter 2
His contribution
to Korea
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Hansik (Korean Food)
Yi Sun-sin,the Man to InspireKoreans in the
21st Century The Great Admiral Yi Sun-sin is the man to inspire Koreans
in the 21st century. If a foreigner was to come to Korea and ask
any Korean on the street,
"Who is your greatest hero in Korean history,"
one out of three would answer "Admiral Yi Sun-sin."
He has been loved by men
and women of all ages for many years in Korea.
Few historical figures remain as influential in the life of Koreans today as Yi.
How does he exist in the mind of Koreans today?
Let me show you the different appearances of Yi that are integrated into
Korean society.
32 His contribution to Korea
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A Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin stands
at the Gwanghwamun Intersection on
Sejongno Boulevard in downtown
Seoul. On the way to the Blue House
where the Korean president resides and
conducts state affairs, Yi stands as if he
is still protecting the country. Every
year there appears a strange scene in
front of the statue. Marines, known as
Korea's elite troops, report to Yi on their
discharge from the military service, and
sing a martial song. A discharge
ceremony is a ritual where soldiers
make their final report to their
superiors, after finishing their national
defense duty. Present-day soldiers from
throughout the country come toGwanghwamun to give their discharge
report to the statue of a person who
died 500 years ago. Also, on the
birthday of Yi Sun-sin many people
from the government, private
companies, and voluntary communities
gather to clean the statue. Every year
this scene draws the attention of the
media and becomes the talk of the
country. It is not too much to say that
Koreans continue to be united under
Yi's leadership, even after so many
years.
Yi Sun-sin, the Everlasting Leaderof the Korean People
Inspire Korean 33
Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been and
continues to be one of the most
respected people among Koreans of all
ages and both genders. The weekly
newsmagazine 'Sisa Journal' conducted
a 2007 survey of 1,000 leaders from
various areas of politics, business,
culture and civil society, including
government officials, corporate CEOs,
legal professionals, and journalists,
about the most honorable people that
inspire Korea.
Yi was ranked as the second most
respected person with 24.5 %, after
King Sejong with 28.2%. Yi is not just
the hero of influential opinion leaders.
Yi also came in third place in a 2001
survey by the popular Korean
Yi Sun-sin, the Most RespectedPerson in Korea of all time
Discharge ceremony for Korean marines in
front of the Yi Sun-sin statue
Ceremony of washing te Yi Sun-sin statue
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34 His contribution to Korea
broadcasting company SBS of the most
respected people in Korean history
among 4,500 average adults. Yi once
again took third place in a survey bythe Korean news agency 'Yonhap
News' of the most respected people in
Korean history among 1,500 adults
over the age of 20. He is also one of the
front-runners in online polls. He
ranked in fourth place when the
monthly newsmagazine 'Monthly
Chosun' asked 15,000 Internet users for
a month in January of 2002 for theiropinions of the best Koreans.
Above all, Admiral Yi has continued to
live in the hearts of Koreans across
time. The biography of Yi Sun-sin was
the most read biography among
children in a 1982 survey conducted by
the Samsung Life Insurance Company.
Over twenty years later, the list of respected men has changed with time,
yet biographies of Yi remain on
bestseller lists among children and
youth.
In January of 2008, a TV commercial
was launched nationwide about Chung
Ju-Yung, the deceased founder of
Hyundai Group, growing his business
into a global company. In 1970 he flewto London to find investors interested
in helping him enter the shipbuilding
industry. Initially, he had a difficult
time attracting investors. On his last
chance to secure an investor, he met
with Charles Brooke Longbottom, the
President of A&P Appledore
Shipbuilders. However, President
Longbottom refused any investment
outright, saying that Korea had no
financial ability to pay back money that
was invested. Chung didn't give up
and took a 500 won bill out of his
pocket. He showed Longbottom the
side of the bill that has a picture of the
Geobukseon battleship printed on it
and said "Koreans are the people who
invented this unique ship called the
Geobukseon and defeated the Japanese
in the 1500s ... Korea's shipbuilding
technology is 300 years ahead of
Britain's." This argument persuaded
Mr. Longbottom and he lent money to
Chung Ju-Yung to build ships. Thisstory about the Geobukseon was the
seed of a miracle 30 years later, in
which Korea's shipbuilding industry,
beginning in the war-battered country
after the Korean War, became number
one in the world.
Chung is not the only successfulKorean inspired by Yi. Many Korean
CEOs find the courage to overcome
their own challenges by reading Yi's
Yi Sun-sin, Role model of high-rankingofficials and corporate CEOs
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Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been brought
back to life in numerous books, dramas,
movies and commercials. 'The Song of
the Sword', a novel about Yi written by
Kim Hun, had sold over one million
copies by December of 2007. This novel
portrays Yi's agony as a human being
during the Imjin War. It won the Dong-
In Literary Award, a prestigious award
in the Korean literary world, in 2001,
and was translated and distributed to
other Asian and European countries.
The author of the book said that he
wished to suggest moral principles for
leaders who are in positions of
responsibility in history, and life
philosophies for common individuals.
This novel succeeded in moving
Koreans to think of Yi's agony and
solutions in their own time of ordeal.
Former Korean President Roh Moo-
Hyun (reigned 2003-2008) referred to
Inspire Korean 35
Novel, The Song of the Sword(2001)
stories about defeating Japanese forces
under overwhelmingly disadvantaged
conditions. Jeong Un-Cheon, appointed
the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry,Fisheries and Food in February of 2008,
is a well-known CEO who admires Yi
Sun-sin. He took Yi's saying "Those
who seek death shall live. Those who
seek life shall die" as his motto. He said
that he learned important lessons about
the entrepreneurial spirit from Yi Sun-
sin, such as Yi's creation of unique
value through the innovative
management of personnel and battle
strategies when Japan, with enormous
human and financial resources,
invaded Korea during the Imjin War.
Jeong used the same wisdom and
unyielding willpower of Yi to
overcome the economic crisis Korea
faced in the aftermath of the opening of
the Korean agricultural market in the
1990s. He also wrote a book titled
"Geobukseon-style Agriculture" to offer
suggestions on how to utilize Yi's spirit
in the management of agriculture in the21st century, causing a sensation
among aspiring entrepreneurs. Finally,
Jeong was brought into the government
to lead the ministry. He now has the
great responsibility of managing
Korea's 21st century agricultural
policies under the rapidly changing
environment of the Korea-U.S. Free
Trade Agreement (FTA).
Similarly, President Hwang Chang-
Gyu of Samsung Electronics, a
worldwide semiconductor company,
has Yi's saying "Those who seek death
shall live. Those who seek life shall die"
as his motto. With this saying as his
business philosophy, he succeeded in
making Korea's semiconductor
industry number one in the world.
Also, KTF, Korea's leading
telecommunications company, teaches
its high-ranking executives about Yi'sdauntless venture spirit. Additionally,
the valuable characteristics of Yi's spirit
have been taught in many business
management seminars for prospective
CEOs to help them learn how to win a
competition with a relatively poor
resource base, especially when
compared to China and Japan. There
are even universities that offer Yi Sun-
sin leadership courses to help build
courage and confidence in students
who are seeking jobs. In Korea, Yi's
leadership serves as a lighthouse to
guide businessmen and university
students in finding their way into the
future.
Yi Sun-sin, the Legendary Hero in novels, dramasand movies
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biographies of Yi as books that he often
read when encountering his own
political hardships, generating more
public interest in Yi's biography.
The most decisive event to revive
interest in Yi in the 21st century was the
production of the drama, 'The Immortal
Yi Sun-sin', which was broadcast in
2005 by KBS, Korea's state-run
broadcasting company. This drama
was based on the novel 'The Song of the
Sword'. The drama registered a solid 30
percent rating, successfully appealing
to the audience by showing his agony
and frustration over obstacles and
challenges as a human being, rather
than just his heroic accomplishments
that had been the focus of previous
dramas about Yi. Additionally, anti-
Japanese sentiment was rising due to
Japan's claim to the Dokdo Islet, the
continued distortion of history in
Japanese textbooks, and series of
inflammatory remarks by high-profile
Japanese right-wing politicians.
Koreans watching the drama derived vicarious satisfaction from Yi's victories
over the Japanese in at least 23 battles.
The success of the drama made the
unknown actor Kim Myeong-Min who
played Yi in the drama a national star,
and the small town of Buan where the
drama was located became a populartourist destination.
A movie about Yi was soon produced,
spurred by the popularity of the novel
and the drama. In July of 2005, the UK
magazine 'The Times' introduced the
movie 'Heaven's Soldiers' about Yi and
contemporary South and North
Koreans working together. The movie
is about South and North Korean
soldiers who accidentally go back in
time and help a 28 year old Yi Sun-sin
to protect Korea. The magazine quoted
the movie poster which read,
"Superman, Batman, get out of the way!
General Yi Sun-sin will save us," anddetailed its story about a combined
force of South and North Koreans
going back to the 16th century and
meeting Korea's greatest hero, Yi Sun-
sin. In many instances Admiral Yi has
been resurrected in the life of Koreans
much like the title of the drama 'The
Immortal Yi Sun-sin, through a
bestselling novel, a beloved national
36 His contribution to Korea
Poster of the movie 'Heaven's Soldiers'(2005)
Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been brought back tolife in numerous books, dramas, movies andcommercials. 'The Song of the Sword', a novelabout Yi written by Kim Hun, had sold overone million copies by December of 2007. This
novel portrays Yi's agony as a human beingduring the Imjin War.
Snapshot of the drama 'The Immortal Yi Sun-sin'(2004)
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Many festivals have been held
throughout Korea, in Seoul,
Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and
Gyeongsang-do, all to commemorate
Admiral Yi Sun-sin. First, the Korean
capital of Seoul, where Yi was born, is
promoting an ambitious project to
restore Yi's birth house, a memorial
hall, a museum, and the
Chungmugong shrine
(*Chungmugong: Yi's posthumous
title). It also holds events that float a
smaller sized model of the Geobukseon
battleship on both the Hangang River
and the Chenggyecheon Stream. Many
Seoul citizens gather at these events to
share in the pride of living in the place
of Yi's birth.
In the city of Asan in the
Chungcheongnam-do province, the
Great Admiral Yi Sun-sin Festival is
held every year. Designated as a
cultural tourism festival by the Korean
government, this annual festival had its
46th year in 2007. Various events are
scheduled to provide visitors with a
chance to experience Yi's life. Such
events include an essay contest for
children, archery, horseback riding, and
experience in military barracks. The
Hyeonchungsa Shrine, built to honor
Yi's accomplishments, is also in this
imageBattleships are commonly named
after a King, President, or war heroes in
most countries such as the US and the
UK. This practice is a widespread way
to signify that the named ships are the
most formidable battleships of the
country. Korea is no exception. The
Korean Navy uses the name of Korea's
greatest naval hero Admiral Yi Sun-sin
for one of its destroyers, ships knownas the fortresses of the sea. For the
name of a battleship, no one has a
greater reputation among Korean
historical figures and national heroes
than Yi. Also, Yi is still alive in the
hearts of Korean Navy cadets who
aspire to protect Korean seas in the 21st
century by following the path laid by Yi
500 years ago. The Korea Naval
Academy has taught its cadets about
Yi's spirit and leadership as a primary
course, and has established a museumwith the documentary records and
relics of Yi in order to inform the
general public about Yi's life and
accomplishments.
Inspire Korean 37
Admiral Yi Sun-sin,
Reborn as the Name of aKorean Battleship
Nationwide Yi Sun-sin Festivals
The Yi Sun-sin festival in seoul
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38 His contribution to Korea
city. It displays many relics of Yi,
including Yi's war diary during the
Imjin War called 'Nanjung Ilgi'
(National Treasure No. 76). Over onemillion Koreans visit this shrine every
year to learn about Yi's heroic life.
The city of Yeosu in the Jeollanam-do
province has held the Yeosu
Geobukseon Festival, also known as the
Jinnamje Memorial Festival, for the last
40 years. Yeosu is well known as the
place where the Geobukseon battleship
was constructed under the command of
Yi. To celebrate this accomplishment,
Yeosu citizens promote Yi's life and the
Geobukseon with many Geobukseon-
related things to see for visitors. Also,
the small town of Haenam in the same
province holds the Great battle of
Myeongnyang Festival to pay tribute to
the naval triumph in the Myeongnyang
Strait, where Admiral Yi defeated 133
Japanese ships with only a small fleet of
13 ships. In Haenam, the Usuyong
Tourist Resort was established to
commemorate Yi. The resort covers an
area of about 200,000 square meters and
encompasses an exhibition hall of the
victory in Myeongnyang, a statue of Yi,
and a monument inscribed with Yi's
sayings.
The Gyeongsangnam-do province
holds several festivals, including the
Great Battle of Hansan Festival in
Tongyeong, the Great Battle of
Danghangpo Festival in Goseong, the
Okpo Sea Battle Festival in Geoje, the
Victory of Noryang Festival in
Namhae, and the Gunhang Festival in
Jinhae. The Gunhang Festival, held
annually to acknowledge Yi's
patriotism, is growing as a nationally
popular festival. About two hundred
thousand visitors come to Jinhae
during the 10 days of the festival. Many
different parts of Korea hold various
festivals to commemorate Admiral Yi
Sun-sin's naval victories,
accomplishments, and his birth.
Through these cultural festivals, Yi's
spirit is instilled into the life of present-
day Korea.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin protected Korea
against the invading forces of Japan by
achieving tremendous victories during
the Imjin War, despite a lack of military
personnel, warships, weapons, and
government support. However, this is
not the only reason why Koreans still
remember him as their national hero.
Koreans keep him in their heart not
because he is one of the world's greatest
naval commanders, never defeated in
at least 23 battles under his command,
but more importantly, because he
devotedly loved the people and the
community to which he belonged, and
served them even at the cost of his own
life. He showed the true spirit of
transcending the fear of death to work
for the people. His noble life provides a
moral compass for the lives of today's
Koreans. Even today, 500 years after his
death, Koreans everywhere still cherish
his spirit, his statements, his brave
accomplishments and the history he
created. He guides Koreans to look to
their future with bravery and a love for
people. Admiral Yi Sun-sin, he was, is,
and always will be the Immortal Hero
of all Koreans.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin, the ImmortalHero of every Korean
Many festivals have been held throughout Korea,in Seoul, Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, andGyeongsang-do, all to commemorate Admiral Yi
Sun-sin. First, the Korean capital of Seoul, where Yi was born, is promoting an ambitious project torestore Yi's birth house, a memorial hall, amuseum, and the Chungmugong shrine(*Chungmugong: Yi's posthumous title).
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Domestic Reputation of Yi Sun-sin
Domestic Reputation 39
Yi Sik (1584-1647,
renowned scholar under
King Injo, served as a
high-ranked academician[Daejehak], inspector-
general [Daesaheon] and
minister [Panseo in
Korean])
In our history, there have been many
generals who defeated small enemies
in ordinary times and gained a
reputation, but nobody among them
can match Yi Sun-sin. While the
country was weakened and trying to
avoid war, Yi Sun-sin defeated
formidable enemies in all his battles
and cut off ways of passing the
western sea of Korea, and thereby
prevented enemies who were trying to
attack from the sea and land. His
victories ware the foundation for
recovering our country. Additionally,there is nobody, even among the
renowned generals of the past who
have been celebrated as the few great
heroes to appear in a century, that can
excel Yi in his aspects of unyielding
integrity, loyalty to willingly lay down
his own life in national crisis, ability in
managing soldiers, and wisdom for
dealing with complex affairs.
King Seonjo (1552-
1608; reigned 1567-1608)
I turned my back on you, but you
didn't turn your back on me.
Although I finally awarded you as the
first-rank meritorious subject, this
reward is not enough for your
contributions.
King Sukjong (1661-
1720; reigned 1674-1720)
I've heard of the phrase 'dying for
loyalty', but the first person I learned
of who actually sacrificed his own life
and saved a country was Yi Sun-sin.
Choe Yu-hae (1587-
1641, royal secretary
[Seungji in Korean] under
King Injo, also the author
of Haengjang, biography
of Yi Sun-sin)
Yi Sun-sin was strict, serious anddignified. But he also loved others and
behaved modestly to scholars, had
gratitude, faith and generosity, and
always tried not to show his
happiness or anger. He had said, "If
born as a man and given a chance to
serve a country, he should be loyal
until death. Otherwise, it will be
enough to live in the fields as a
farmer. If I pursue honor by flattering
people in power, it will be a
tremendous shame."
King Jeongjo (1752-
1800; reigned 1776-1800)
The foundation stone for my ancestors
to recover our country was only the
power of Chungmugong (Yi's
posthumous title), that was it. Who
else would I compose an epitaph for,
besides a special one for
Chungmugong? He is the
combination of Li Sheng, who
stabilized the nation during the Tang
Dynasty, and Zhuge Liang, who
recovered the royal family during the
Han Dynasty.
Yu Seong-ryong (1542-
1607, Younguijeong,
prime minister during the
Imjin war period)
Yi Sun-sin was like a solemn scholar,
who didn't speak or smile much. He
had many abilities and the potential
contribution of his abilities was
limited only by his short life
- Yu Seong-ryong (1542-1607,
Younguijeong, prime minister during
the Imjin war period)
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- Timeline
- Life
- Keywords
- Quotes and Poems
- Historical Sites
- People
- Major Battles
- Arsenal
Chapter 3
Who is he?
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Timeline of Admiral
Yi Sun-sin's Life and the Imjin War
1545 1
1572 28
1576 32
1580 36
1582 38
■Born in Geoncheon-dong (present-day Inhyeon-dong), Seoul on March 8
■Applied for a military officer examination(Byeolgwa❹) in August hosted by the militarytraining command (Hullyeonwon❹), but failed topass the examination.
❹ Byeolgwa: Examinations held on specialoccasions, besides the regular state examinationsto hire officials.
❹ Hullyeonwon: Office in charge of selecting,educating and training soldiers during the JoseonDynasty.
■ Passed a military officer examination(Singnyeonmugwa❹) in February and placed inthe third rank group (Byeonggwa❹)
❹ Singnyeonmugwa: Examination held everythree years to hire military officers. Successfulcandidates were divided into three groups,Gapgwa, Eulgwa, and Byeonggwa, dependingon their rank in the examination.
■Appointed naval officer titled Manho❹ in Balpoin July; the beginning of his career in the navy
❹ Manho: Government post as a military navalofficer that belonged to the 8th ranking ('Jong4-pum') out of a total of 18 in the governmenthierarchy during the Joseon Dynasty, which issimilar to the rank of commander in the present
■Dismissed from the post of Manho in January,trapped in the false accusation of inspector Seo Ik
Year Age Yi Sun-sin's Life Imjin war
42 Who is he?
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1587 43
1589 45
1591 47
1592 48
■Appointed officer titled Manho in the bordertown Josanbo in January
■Concurrently appointed officer titled
Dunjeongwan in charge of managing reservedland called Dunjeonin Nokdundo near Josanboin August; this experience managing Dunjeon
❹
helped him manage the navy later■Demoted to and served as a commoner (Baegui
Jonggun❹) in August, trapped in the falseaccusation of his superior Yi Il
❹ Dunjeon: Government-reserved land to secureprovisions for the army during the JoseonDynasty. Soldiers, petty officials (Seori),commoners, and slaves were made to cultivatevirgin land and produce crops to fund the localgovernment or military provisions.
❹ Baegui Jonggun: Punishment of depriving asolider of his rank and forcing him to go to battleas a commoner in a commoner's white clothes.
■Appointed officer titled Hyeongam❹ in Jeongeup,Jeollado province, in December
❹ Hyeongam: Head of Hyeon, the smallestadministrative division of Korea during theJoseon Dynasty. It belonged to the 10th ranking('Jong 5-pum') out of a total of 18 in thegovernment hierarchy.
■ Promoted to naval commander, titled Sugun
Jeoldosa❹ of the western part of Jeolladoprovince on February 13
❹ Sugun Jeoldosa: Government post as a navalmilitary officer that belonged to the 5th ranking('Jeong 3-pum') out of a total of 18 in thegovernment hierarchy during the JoseonDynasty, which is similar to the rank of realadmiral in the present military ranking system.
■Completed building the Geobukseonon❹ April 12■Defeated the Japanese at the battles of Okpo
and Happo on May 7, as well as at the battle ofJeokjinpo on May 8
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Sacheonon May 29; the Geobukseon was first used. YiSun-sin was shot in the left shoulder, and hisLieutenant Na Dae-yong was also wounded
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Dangpoon June 2, at the first battle of Danghangpo onJune 5, and at the battle of Yulpo on June 7
■ Triumphed over the Japanese at the battle ofHansando on July 8; Yi's tactic of the crane-wingformation (Hagikjin❹) was adopted
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Angolpoon July 10 and at the battle of Jangrimpo onAugust 29
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of
■ The Imjin War❹ broke out on April 13■General Yi Il was defeated in Sangju on April 24■General Sin Rip was defeated in Chungju on
April 28■King Seonjo retreated to the northwest on April
30■Militias (Uibyeong)❹ were formed by General
Gwak Jae-u and others in April■ Japanese troops seized Hanseong (present-day
Seoul) on May 2■ Japanese troops seized Pyongyang on June 14■King Seonjo retreated to Uiju in June■Go Gyeong-myeong, a militia leader, fought
against the Japanese in Geumsan in July anddied in battle
■General Kim Si-min defeated the Japanese atthe first battle of Jinju on October 6
■A large Ming Chinese relief army under General
Year Age Yi Sun-sin's Life Imjin war
Timeline 43
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1593 49
1594 50
1595 51
1596 52
1592 48 Hwajungumi, Dadaepo, Seopyeongpo,Jeoryeong and Busan on September 1; Yi'sLieutenant Jeong Un (Manho in the Nokdo
Island) died in battle.❹ Geobukseon: Geobukseon literally means turtle
ship, derived from its shape of a turtle. Thesewarships were built by Lieutenant Na Dae-yongunder the command of General Yi Sun-sin, andprimarily employed as the spearhead of KoreanNavy ships during the Imjin War.
❹ Hagikjin: Naval tactic that surrounds the enemyfleet in a semicircle and bombards it all at once.The name was derived from its shape of acrane spreading its wings. It requires perfectorder and discipline among soldiers.
Li Rusong arrived across the Amnokgang Riverin December
❹ Imjin War: Japanese invasions of Korea and the
subsequent wars (1592-1598)
❹ Uibyeong: Uibyeong literally means a righteousarmy. They were formed voluntarily, usually bycommoners to protect the country underforeign invasion.
■Commanded at the battle of Ungcheonpo(February 6 to March 8)
■Blocked the Strait of Gyeonnaeryang to stopJapanese forces from going to the west in May
■Moved his headquarters from Yeosu toHansando on July 14
■ Invented an innovative firearm (JeongcheolChongtong❹) on August 10
■Appointed Commander-in-Chief of the NavalForces of the South on August 15, and receivedan official warrant of appointment on October 9
❹ Jeongcheol Chongtong: Innovative firearms,made out of iron, created by Lieutenant JeongSa-jun under the command of Yi Sun-sin. It
combined the strengths of both Korean andJapanese firearms of the time.
■Defeated the Japanese at the second battle ofDanghangpo on March 4
■ Protested against Chinese General TanZongren's order (Geumtopaemun❹) on March 6
■Attacked the Japanese at the first battle ofJangmunpo on September 29 and the secondbattle of Jangmunpo on October 4
❹ Geumtopaemun: Warrant sent by ChineseGeneral Tan Zongren not to attack theJapanese.
■Managed Dunjeon, and inspected theheadquarters of the naval forces of westernJeolla in February
■ Produced salt to fund the navy in May
■Ming China and Japan had a peace talk inUngcheon (January to February)■Ming Emperor's envoy arrived in Hanseong in
April■ Japan asked for Korean emissaries to Japan in
December
■Managed Dunjeon in February■ Performed a sacrificial rite in May for soldiers
who had died of infectious disease
■ Japanese forces withdrew from Gimhae, Geojeand Angolpo (January to February)
■ Toyotomi Hideyoshi broke a truce in September,opposing China's offer to install Hideyoshi asKing of Japan
■ Japan declared a resumption of the war againstKorea in October
■A combined force of Korean and Chinese troopsdefeated the Japanese at the battle ofPyongyang on January 8
■General Li Rusong's Chinese army was defeatedat the battle of Byeokjegwan on January 25
■General Gwon Yul triumphed over the Japaneseon February 12
■ Japanese forces retreated from Hanseong inApril
■Korean forces were defeated at the secondbattle of Jinju on June 22
■ Japanese and Chinese forces beganwithdrawing from Korea in August
■King Seonjo returned to Hanseong on October 1
■Ming China and Japan held a peace talk inSeosaengpo in April
■ Japanese General Konishi Yukinaga asked foramity in August
■Ming China decided to dispatch an envoy toJapan in December
Year Age Yi Sun-sin's Life Imjin war
44 Who is he?
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1597 53
1598 54 ■Moved the naval base from Gohado Island toGogeumdo Island on February 17
■ Formed a combined force of Korean andChinese navies on July 16
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Noryang(the final battle of the Imjin War), and killed by abullet on a ship along with ten other Koreangenerals on November 19
■ Toyotomi Hideyoshi died on August 18, and afterhis death, Japanese forces received the orderfor complete withdrawal from Korea
■Remaining Japanese forces completelywithdrew from Busan on November 25
Year Age Yi Sun-sin's Life Imjin war
Timeline 45
■Arrested and taken to Hanseong on February 26■ Imprisoned on March 4■Released from prison on April 1 and served as a
commoner under General Gwon Yul■His mother died on April 13■Reinstated Commander-in-Chief of the Naval
Forces of the South on July 23, and received anofficial warrant of appointment on August 3
■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Eoranjinon August 28 and at the battle of Byeokpajin onSeptember 7
■ Triumphed over the Japanese at the battle ofMyeongnyang on September 16
■Heard the news of his son Myeon's death inbattle on October 14
■ Established a naval base in Gohado Island onOctober 29
■ Japan initiated its second invasion of Korea withabout 200,000 soldiers on January 14
■General Won Gyun replaced Yi Sun-sin as
Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of theSouth on January 27
■General Won's navy was defeated at the battleof Chilcheollyang in July, and he himself died inbattle
■ Japanese forces invaded Jeollado province, andseized the Namwon Fortress in August
■Chinese forces defeated the Japanese at thebattle of Jiksan in September
■Chinese forces were defeated at the battle of theUlsan Fortress (December 23, 1597~January 3,1598)
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46 Who is he?
Becoming a Warrior Admiral Yi Sun-sin prepared for
the invasion of Japanese.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin, also transliterated Yi Sun-
sin, was born in Geoncheon-dong, Seoul, on
March 8, 1545. Due to the poverty of his
family, he moved to and grew up in his
mother's hometown, Asan, in the
Chungcheongnam-do province. In August of
1572 at the age of 28, he applied for a military
officer examination, but failed the
examination after falling off his horse. Fouryears later, in February of 1576, he finally
passed the examination. At the late age of 32,
he began his career as a defense solider at the
bottom rank in the northern frontier region.
Yi Sun-sin would face many challenges
during his military career. Since he lacked
political and economic power, and was
rigidly stuck to principles, he often had
tensions with and thus faced false accusations
by his superiors. Nevertheless, in February of 1591, he was promoted to naval commander
of the western part of Jeolla-do province, as
recommended by Yu Seong-ryong, a high-
profile official and renowned scholar during
the Joseon Dynasty.
Upon his arrival, he set out to build up the
fighting strength of the navy because he
foresaw the inevitability of war against Japan.
He tightened discipline among the troops,
expanded armaments, and produced
powerful defensive weapons, including the
Geobukseon and Panokseon battleships as
well as the Jija and Hyeonja Chongtong
firearms. The Geobukseon battleship was
especially important as the spearhead of the
Lifeof Admiral
Yi Sun-sin
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Life 47
Korean Navy. It was a mighty warship able
to fire cannons in any direction with a
rounded roof covered with spikes to
effectively prevent Japanese soldiers from
boarding. Yi wrote in his war diary
(Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) that his
Lieutenant Na Dae-yong completed the
construction of the Geobukseon battleship
and test-fired the Jija and Hyeonja
Chongtong firearms on April 12, 1592, one
day prior to the outbreak of the Imjin War
(1592-1598).
The outbreak ofImjin warJoseon fleet blockaded Japanese
invasion force.
On April 13, 1592, the Imjin War broke out
just as Yi had foreseen. Hundreds of
thousands of Japanese troops attacked
Korea while it was not prepared for war. Yi
analyzed the war situation thoroughly
upon the outbreak of the war, and went to
battle on May 4, 1592, with full preparation.
He defeated the Japanese forces by
destroying 42 Japanese ships in the naval
battles of Okpo, Happo and Jeokjinpo. He
continued to have successive victories in
the battles of Dangpo and Danghangpo in
June, the battles of Hansando and Angolpo
in July and throughout the battles of Busan
in September. The overwhelming victories
of Yi's naval fleet boosted the morale of
the Korean Navy, and led to Korean
control of the south coast of Korea. Yi
outmaneuvered the Japanese forces that
had previously advanced northward
through Seoul and Pyongyang attacking
from the sea and land.
As a result, Yi's naval victories turned the
tide of the war against Japan. Among all his
victories, the Great Battle of Hansando is
considered not only one of Yi's greatest
battles, but also one of the world's four
greatest naval battles along with the Battle
of Salamis (480 B.C.), the Battle of Calais
(1588) and the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).
The victory at Hansando proved the
superiority of Korean firearms and
battleships as well as Yi's brilliance as anaval commander in his use of his creative
naval tactic called 'Hagikjin' or crane-wing
formation. On August 15, 1593, Yi was
appointed to Commander-in-Chief of the
Naval Force of the South (Samdo Sugun
Tongjesa in Korean) in recognition of his
outstanding wartime service. By this time,
Japanese forces were stuck in a quagmire
due to the successive victories of the
Korean Navy, the appearance of Korean
militias (Uibyeong in Korean), and the
intervention of the Chinese Army. Japan
had no choice but to initiate tedious peace
talks with Ming China that lasted for 45
months. The peace talks did not include
Korea because of Korean opposition to
peace negotiations with the invading forces
of Japan.
During this period, Yi continued his best
efforts to increase the fighting power of the
Korean Navy by recruiting and training
soldiers, building arms and battleships,
reserving gunpowder, and securing
provisions. At the same time, he conducted
naval operations under the unfavorable
On April 13,1592, the
Imjin Warbroke out just as Yihadforeseen.Hundreds ofthousands ofJapanesetroopsattackedKorea whileit was notprepared forwar. Yianalyzed thewar situationthoroughly upon theoutbreak of
the war, andwent tobattle onMay 4, 1592,with fullpreparation.He defeatedtheJapaneseforces by
destroying42 Japaneseships in thenaval battlesof Okpo,Happo andJeokjinpo.
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48 Who is he?
conditions of infectious disease and a
shortage of provisions. According to his war
diary entries for March of 1594, he himself suffered from a disease. Yi commanded the
war despite his ailing body. Additionally, he
was able to successfully procure large
amounts of food for the war by managing
land called Dunjeon, fishing, and producing
salt, which proved his notable management
ability.
The years of hardshipHe could restore Joseon
fleet by decisive victory at the battleof Myeongryang..
Unfortunately, despite all of his efforts and
accomplishments, he became entangled in
domestic political strife and was eventually
deprived of his rank as Commander-in-Chief
and escorted to Seoul as a criminal in February
of 1597. He faced the threat of the death
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Life 49
penalty after suffering from brutal torture,
but was eventually released from prison
thanks to the efforts of many people to
spare his life. However, he was forced to
serve in war as a commoner, which is
referred to as the punishment of 'Baegui
Jonggun' in Korean. What was worse, he
lost his beloved mother at this time.
However, the General who took the place
of Yi as Commander-in-Chief, General
Won Gyun, was utterly defeated and died at
the battle of Chilcheollyang in July of 1597.
Immediately upon the news of thedisastrous defeat, Yi undertook a patrol
through Korean coastal areas with his
subordinates for a month in order to find
solutions to recover the Korean Navy. He
also reorganized the scattered soldiers and
gathered weapons and supplies. On
August 3, 1597, he was brought back to
lead the navy upon receiving an official
warrant of reappointment as Commander-
in-Chief of the Naval Forces of the South.
By this time there were only 13 Panokseon
battleships left under his command. With
this small fleet, Yi faced 133 enemy ships at
the battle of Myeongnyang. Despite being
overwhelmingly outnumbered, he
triumphed over the Japanese with his
distinguished leadership, outstanding
tactics, and knowledge of the geographical
features of the region. This victory stopped
Japan's attempt to advance into the west
sea that was spurred by its victory at the
battle of Chilcheollyang. Sadly, Yi lost his
third son due to his victory at
Myeongnyang because the defeated
Japanese forces raided his home in Asan
and retaliated against his family.
Afterwards, Yi concentrated all his efforts
on rebuilding the navy, while moving his
naval base to Gohado, and later to
Gogeumdo Island. Jingbirok, a chronicle of
the Imjin War by Yu Seong-ryong,
recorded that Yi moved his base to
Gogeumdo on February 17, 1598, with
8,000 soldiers and 53 battleships.
His last battle,the battle of Noryang
He was a true hero whose namewould be immortal.
When the Japanese warlord Toyotomi
Hideyoshi died on August 18, 1598,
Japanese forces rushed to withdraw from
Korea. The combined Korean-Chinese fleet
chased after the retreating Japanese army
and had the last battle of the war off
Noryang in November of 1598. Yi was
killed by enemy fire during this battle.
Mortally wounded and dying, he asked
that no one be told about his death,
concerned about its impact on the morale
of his troops. The battle of Noryang was
one of the biggest triumphs and most
decisive battles that proved the patriotism
and supremacy of the Korean Navy.
Throughout the Imjin War, Admiral Yi
Sun-sin was a preeminent warrior who was
never defeated in at least 23 battles under
his command for seven years. However, he
was not just a brilliant commander, he was
also a true leader who wholeheartedly
loved his country and its people, and
sacrificed himself to protect them. Hence,
Koreans regard him as one of the greatest
heroes of Korean history.
When theJapanese
warlordToyotomiHideyoshi diedon August 18,1598,Japaneseforces rushedto withdrawfrom Korea.The combinedKorean-Chinese fleetchased afterthe retreatingJapanesearmy and hadthe last battleof the war offNoryang in
November of1598. Yi waskilled by enemy fireduring thisbattle. Mortally wounded anddying, heasked that noone be toldabout hisdeath,concernedabout itsimpact on themorale of histroops.
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50 Who is he?
The practice of justice
Admiral Yi Sun-sin practiced justice without any
compromise of his integrity throughout his life. As a militaryofficer, he always strictly distinguished between public and
private affairs, and had no hesitation in speaking plainly to
superiors or those in power about injustice. Such
uprightness caused him to go through several hardships
during his lifetime, but despite all of those challenges, he
remained faithful to his principle of justice. In practicing
justice, he was stricter on himself than on others. The
following excerpt is from his report to the King, asking for
his own punishment after his navy lost a ship at the battle of
Ungcheonpo in 1593. In fact, the cause of the ship's capsize
was his subordinate generals not following his orders, yet he
took full responsibility as a commander.
"A ship capsized and many were drowned.
This is because I failed to adequately lead the soldiers, and
my command was ineffective. I am waiting for punishment,
prostrating myself on the ground."
(Tongseonilcheokgyeongbokhudaejoejang, April 6, 1593; Yi's
report to the King)
Also, he provided many subordinate generals with chances
to make a distinguished contribution to naval battles. He
Keywordsabout Yi Sun-sin
"Song of Hansando"
by Admiral Yi in the watch tower
In the Hansando Island, under the bright moon
While standing alone on the watchtower over the water
With a big sword held tightly in my hand
I am falling into a deep pit of agony
The melody of a flute from somewhere adds more concern.
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Keywords 51
strictly evaluated their operations to
be recorded in his report to the King,
so that they could be rewarded
accordingly. Additionally, he hiredengineers from various practical areas
who were often treated
contemptuously at the time, yet
highly valued them and their work.
"My Lieutenant Jeong Sa-jun
discovered a unique technology to
make firearms, and developed some
firearms with Yi Pil-jong (a marine in
Nagan who used to be a blacksmith),
An Seong (a private slave in
Suncheon), Dong Ji (a temple slave in
Gimhae), and Eonbok (a temple slave
in Geoje) and others. The firearms,
which they made by striking iron,
have well-constructed gun barrels
and are as powerful as Japanese
firearms." (Bongjinhwapojang,
August 10, 1593; Yi's report to the
King)
While reporting to the King about the
production of the innovative firearms
called 'Jeongcheol chongtong' in August of 1593, he wrote
down the names of all the people who had contributed to
the innovation, not only the name of his lieutenant but also
the names of lowly slaves.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin lived all his life practicing justice bystrictly adhering to his principles. He always led by example
before he came to judge others. This attitude served as the
foundation of his great achievements in saving the nation,
highlighting his greatness.
Creativity
Creativity is a primary value in the 21st century. Great
leaders of all eras and countries are
often well known to have had
brilliant and creative minds. Yi Sun-
sin in the 16th century was also aleader with excellent creativity. Yi's
creativity was reflected in his
development of various innovative
weapons including the Geobukseon
battleship, outstanding naval tactics
that became a part of world naval
history, and effective ways to
manage an army.
The first documentary record about
the Geobukseon battleship
appeared in 1413 under King
Taejong (reigned 1400-1418).
However, the Geobukseon at the
time was very different in its
structure and capability from the
Geobukseon Yi redesigned 180
years later in the face of the Imjin
War. The following is a
documentary appearance of Yi's
Geobukseon, which was described
in his report to the King about the
battle of Dangpo on June 2, 1592.
"We put a dragon's head on the front of the ship, and we can
fire our cannons through its mouth. We stuck iron spikes on
the shell (top), and designed it so that we could see outside
from our position inside the battleship, but enemies cannot
see us inside from their position outside the battleship. This battleship can rampage through hundreds of enemy ships in
order to fire cannons. In this battle, I ordered an assault
commander to lead the ship into the enemy fleet and
bombard the fleet with cannons (Dangpopawaebyeongjang,
June 14, 1592; Yi's report to the King).
The Geobukseon as an assault battleship was designed by
reforming the Panokseon battleship. The Panokseon was
Korea's primary battleship, designed with an upper deck
When the Japanesewarlord Toyotomi
Hideyoshi died on August 18, 1598,Japanese forces
rushed to withdrawfrom Korea. The
combined Korean-Chinese fleet chasedafter the retreatingJapanese army and
had the last battle ofthe war off Noryangin November of
1598. Yi was killedby enemy fire duringthis battle. Mortally wounded and dying,he asked that no one
be told about hisdeath, concerned
about its impact onthe morale of his
troops.
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52 Who is he?
that was shielded with a layer of
wooden panels to be suitable for
battles against Japan. Japanese naval
forces preferred hand-to-hand combat
after boarding enemy ships. The
Geobukseon rammed into the enemy,
broke the formation of the fleet, and
bombarded the enemy fleet with
cannons. It fatally damaged the
Japanese fleet. Japanese forces were
very afraid of the Geobukseon, calling
it the blind ship.
Even during the continuous naval
battles, Yi never neglected to develop
new weapons. In August of 1593, he
invented the Jeongcheol Chongtong,
innovative firearms that combined the
strengths of both Korean and Japanese
firearms of the time. Yi's creativity was
also utilized in his management of the
navy during the Imjin War. For all
seven years of the war and almostsingle-handedly, he had to procure all
the means necessary for the maintenance of the navy,
including provisions and funds for the production of
weapons and military training.
For this purpose, he engaged in creative administration
initiatives, including fishing, producing and selling salt,
managing land called Dunjeon, and issuing certificates that
charged a fee for the passage of coastal waters around the
three provinces of Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do and
Chungcheong-do. Using his experience as a Dunjeongwan,
the officer in charge of managing Dunjeon, he gathered
wandering people in Dunjeon to supplement the military
personnel, and effectively procured provisions for the army.
The following is Yi's report to the King, stressing the need
and benefit of managing Dunjeon.
"Provisions for the army are the most urgent need ...
[omitted] ... Whether the government administers or lets
tenants farm, there is a need to
cultivate the reserved land. Or, you
may use the defense soldiers in
Suncheon and Heungyang to farm
during peacetime and go on to
battle during wartime. Then there
will be no interference in their
defense duty and it will be beneficial
for procuring provisions"
(Jojinsuryukjeonsajang, September
10, 1593; Yi's report to the King).
Creativity provides the power tochange weakness into strength,
crisis into chance, and nothing into
something. With his creativity,
Admiral Yi Sun-sin constantly
endeavored to stand up to
numerous challenges in order to
protect Korea against Japanese
invasion and to maintain peace in
East Asia. This made him a
memorable hero who changedworld history.
Undefeated naval record
Admiral Yi Sun-sin is a naval commander who was
undefeated in at least 23 battles for 7 years during the Imjin
War, starting from the battle of Okpo through the battle of
Noryang. This is a great record rarely found in Eastern or
Western history.
How was this legendary record possible?
1. Thorough preparedness
Upon his appointment as naval commander of the western
part of Jeolla-do province, Yi Sun-sin thoroughly prepared
for a war against Japan since he already foresaw its
inevitability. He developed effective training strategies for
the navy and produced powerful weapons based on his
Admiral Yi Sun-sinis a naval
commander whowas undefeated inat least 23 battlesfor 7 years during
the Imjin War,starting from the
battle of Okpothrough the battleof Noryang. This is
a great recordrarely found in
Eastern orWestern history.
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Keywords 53
assessment of the strengths and
weaknesses of enemies. The invention
of the Jija and Hyeonja Chongtong
firearms and the Geobukseon and
Panokseon battleships were all in this
context. Such comprehensive
preparedness led him to victories in
all of his naval battles. Also, the
number of Korean casualties was
significantly smaller than that of
Japanese casualties.
2. Outstanding tactics
The battle of Hansando on July 8,
1592, is a famous naval battle that
turned the tide of the Imjin War
against Japan, and is considered as
one of the world's four greatest naval
battles. The Strait of Gyeonnaeryang,
where about 70 Japanese ships were
anchored, was too narrow and
unfavorable to the Korean Navy. Yi
saw through these disadvantages andenticed the Japanese fleet into the
wider sea. He then attacked the unwary enemies using his
creative tactic called 'Hagikjin' or crane-wing formation. This
battle concluded with the Korean Navy's triumph. The
battle of Hansando proved Yi's ability as a brilliant
strategist. He always studied and discussed strategies and
tactics with his subordinate generals. Naval researchers in
the East and the West have long praised and studied Yi's
distinguished naval tactics.
3. Distinguished war service
After establishing strategies on the basis of thorough
preparations, he acted more bravely than anyone else in
battle. The record is well known that he defeated 133 enemy
ships with only 13 ships at the battle of Myeongnyang.
When Korean Naval generals lost their fighting spirit and
held back in going on to battle, Yi rebuked them and went
forward to spearhead the battle. Encouraged by his brave
initiative, the Korean Navy desperately fought against the
Japanese at the risk of their lives,
and triumphed despite being
overwhelmingly outnumbered. Yi
always led by example to encourage
subordinates to do their best in
battle.
Before every battle, he prepared
thoroughly and devised effective
strategies by using his remarkable
insight in battle conditions. Yi's
glorious record of all victories and
no defeats was possible because he
always took the lead in battle with
distinguished bravery, despite the
danger that would await him.
Diligent record-keeping
A documentary record not only
delivers the past to the present, but
serves as a milestone to look back upon the past and plan for the
future. People who leave accurate records of what happened
at their time provide an invaluable gift to future generations.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin is one of them, even though he was a
military officer and not a professional scholar. He wrote a
war diary (Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) for 7 years from 1592
until he died at the battle of Noryang in 1598. His war diary
and the rough drafts of his war reports to the King (Imjin
Jangcho in Korean) are celebrated as one of the three
documentary classics of the Imjin War, along with Yu Seong-
ryong's Jingbirok, a chronicle of the Imjin War, and the
Seonjo Sillok, the veritable records of King Seonjo. It must
have been difficult for a soldier to maintain daily diary
entries while engaged in life-or-death battles. Nevertheless,
Admiral Yi Sun-sin diligently kept records of all the events
during the Imjin War.
In the Nanjung Ilgi, Yi recorded the barracks life of his naval
headquarters, naval tactics and situations in many naval
Before every battle, he prepared
thoroughly anddevised effective
strategies by usinghis remarkableinsight in battleconditions. Yi's
glorious record of
all victories and nodefeats waspossible because
he always took thelead in battle with
distinguishedbravery, despitethe danger that
would await him.
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54 Who is he?
battles, and various features of the lives of people in the
Joseon Dynasty. He also straightforwardly wrote down his
emotions and thoughts, making the diary the best resource to
learn about him as a person. The diary was written in seven
volumes, each volume completed every year from 1592 to
1598. The Nanjung Ilgi, designated as National Treasure No.
76, is kept in the Hyeonchungsa Shrine in Asan along with a
collection of his letters (Seogancheop in Korean). Collections
of Admiral Yi Sun-sin's works have been published in many
different editions, and are constantly read by researchers of
Yi and by the general public.
Devoted love for the country and the people
Beginning his military career at age 32, Admiral Yi Sun-sin
devoted his entire life to protect the country that he
belonged to and loved. Regardless of his military rank, he
did his best in his duty. After the breakout of the Imjin War,
he protected the territorial waters of Korea as the head of the
Korean Navy at the cost of his life. He faced many
challenges in serving his country as a military officer.
Trapped in false accusations by his superiors, he was
demoted several times and served as a commoner in battle
(the punishment of Baegui Jonggun) in 1587 and in 1597.
Despite his outstanding accomplishments in naval battles,
he even faced the threat of the death penalty as a criminal.
However, these ordeals never affected his patriotism. Until
his death on a ship during the battle of Noryang in
November of 1598, he was firmly determined to serve his
beloved homeland.
His love for the country was consistent with his love for the
people. Even dangerous and precarious situations, his first
priority was always for the safety of the people. He sincerely
cared about people suffering hardships and tried to comfort
them. Such humanitarian efforts were specifically described
in several documentary records, including his war diary.
"If we burned all the Japanese ships and cornered them into
a deadlock, they might slaughter our people. Hence, I
decided to temporarily hold back at a distance of 1-ri away
from them at night" (Gyeonnaeryangpawaebyeongjang ,
July 17, 1592; Yi's report to the King)
In July of 1592, he triumphed over the Japanese at the
historic battle of Hansando and at the battle of Angolpo.
However, he allowed two remaining enemy ships to retreat.
This was because he was afraid that the Japanese soldiers
might kill ordinary people around the area for revenge. This
choice of his was consistently observed in many later
occasions. The following excerpt shows that he evacuated
people in the urgent situation before the battle of
Myeongnyang.
"I sent a messenger boat to the headquarters of the naval
forces of western Jeolla so as to urge people to go up to the
land quickly" (Nanjung Ilgi, September 13, 1597; Yi's war
diary).
Three days later, the Korean Navy faced 133 enemy ships
with only a small fleet of 13 ships in the Strait of
Myeongnyang. This naval battle was critical in deciding the
recovery of the Korean Navy and the existence of the
country. Before such a decisive battle, he still thought of the
people first. Without a heartfelt love for the people, this
attitude would not have been possible at such a critical
moment. Throughout his life, he took care of people who
had lost their homes, helping them make their living
through fishing and farming while under the protection of
the army.
The life of Admiral Yi Sun-sin had many challenges and
obstacles in serving the country and the people of Korea.
Despite all the hardships, however, he protected the country
and looked after the people as always.
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Quotes and Poems by Admiral Yi Sun-sin
Don't make a hasty movement.
Be like a mountain. Move silently
and cautiously. Yi's statement to his generals before the battle of Okpo, stressing
that they be calm and cautious in battle: The battle of Okpo was the
first victory of the Korean Navy and Korean Army since the
outbreak of the Imjin War (Okpopawaebyeongjang, May 10, 1592;
Yi's report to the King).
Your Highness, I still have twelve battleships.King Seonjo sent a royal edict to Yi after the Korean Navy under
General Won Gyun was nearly annihilated at the battle of
Chilcheonllyang, saying "Close the navy. Concentrate on land
warfare". However, Yi strongly insisted that the Korean Navy should
be maintained because he knew the importance of the navy better
than anyone else. He later added one more ship. The Korean Navy
under Yi's leadership faced hundreds of enemy ships with a force of
only thirteen ships, yet triumphed at the battle of Myeongnyang (Yi
Chungmugong Haengnok ; Biography of Yi Sun-sin).
Those who seek death shall live.
Those who seek life shall die. Yi's statement to his generals on the eve of the battle of
Myeongnyang, stressing that they be mentally strong in battle: On
the next day, Yi and his generals desperately fought against
overwhelming odds, 13-133 (number of battleships), and triumphed
(Nanjung Ilgi, September 15, 1597; Yi's war diary).
We are at the height of battle. Don't let
anybody know about my death!
Yi's last words: Yi Sun-sin was shot by an enemy bullet in the battleof Noryang against retreating Japanese forces on November 19,
1598. Even in the last moment of his life he was concerned about
the war situation. In order to not discourage his soldiers, he said the
famous phrase to his oldest son Hoe and his nephew Wan who were
at his side. The battle concluded with a Korean victory (Yi
Chungmugong Haengnok; Biography of Yi Sun-sin).
Song of Hansando (Nanjung Ilgi, August 15,
1597)In the Hansando Island, under the bright moon,
While standing alone on the watchtower over the water,
With a big sword held tightly in my hand,
I am falling into a deep pit of agony,
The melody of a flute from somewhere adds more concern.
A Night in Hansando
The Sun falls into the vast sea in autumn, A flock of wild geese, startled by coldness, flies high up into the sky,
During a restless night in agony,
The dawn moon, aloof, sheds light on bows and swords.
Quotes and Poems 55
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Hyeonchungsa Shrine
in Asan
The Hyeonchungsa Shrine was built
in 1706 to commemorate Admiral Yi
Sun-sin. It displays many relics of Yi,
including Nanjung Ilgi (Yi's war
diary) and Imjin Jangcho (Yi's war
report). The old house where Yi spent
his childhood and youth is preserved
within this shrine. It is located in
Yeomchi-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-
do.His grave is also located in Eumbong-
myeon in the same city of Asan.
Yeosu Jinnamgwan
The Yeosu Jinnamgwan was a
guesthouse (official residence) that
belonged to the naval headquarters of
the eastern part of Jeollado province
during the Joseon Dynasty. At the
time that General Yi Sun-sin used this
site as his headquarters there was a
watchtower called Jinhaeru. Later in
1718, the watchtower was renovated
by General Yi Je-myeon because the
original building was burned down
during the Imjin War. It was
designated as National Treasure No.
304 in 2001. It is located in Gunja-
dong, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do.
Historical Site of Yeocheon Seonso in YeosuThe Yeocheon Seonso was a dockyard
where General Yi Sun-sin hired the
shipbuilding engineer Na Dae-yong
as his lieutenant, and constructed theGeobukseon or turtle ship. The
remains of Gulgang (a pond used to
hide the Geobukseon) still exist. It was
designated as Historical Site No. 392
in 1995. It is located in Sijeon-dong,
Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do..
Okpo Great Victory Commemorative Park
56 Who is he?
Historical Sitesfollowing the traces
of Yi Sun-sin
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The Okpo Great Victory
Commemorative Park was opened in
1996 to celebrate Korea's first victory
over Japan during the Imjin War and
to commemorate the spirit of the
leading commander Yi Sun-sin. It
displays a map of the Okpo battle and
other remains. It is located in Okpo 2-
dong, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do.
Danghangpo National
Tourist Resort Complex
The Danghangpo National Tourist
Resort Complex was opened in 1987
to commemorate Yi's two naval
victories at Danghangpo in 1592 and
1594. Within the complex are the
Songchungsa shrine that houses the
portrait of Yi, the Monument of the
Danghangpo Victory, and other
remains. It is located in Danghang-ri,
Hoehwa-myeon, Goseong-gun,
Gyeongsangnam-do.
Korea Naval Academy MuseumThe Korea Naval Academy Museum
was established in 1976 to educate
naval cadets, naval officers, and other
visitors about the history and
traditions of the Korean Navy. Its
exhibitions include documentary
records and other relics of Yi, and a
replica of the original Geobukseon
battleship. The replica of the
Geobukseon was constructed in 1980
by the Korean Navy following
historical evidence. Visitors are
allowed to enter and see the inside of
the Geobukseon. It is located within
the R.O.K. Naval Academy, Aenggok-
dong, Jinhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do.
Hallyeohaesang MarineNational Park
The Hallyeohaesang Marine NationalPark consists of a waterway between
Yeosu and Tongyeong as well as parts
of the southern coastal regions
including Namhaedo and Geojedo.
This area encompasses many
historical sites of Yi Sun-sin. Among
these are Hansando (the location of
Yi's naval headquarters), Odongdo
(the location of the drilling ground of
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Admiral Yi Sun-sin's People
Eo Yeong-dam ( 魚泳潭 : 1532-1594)
Eo Yeong-dam served as an officer titled Hyeongam in the city of Gwangyang, an area within Yi Sun-sin's jurisdiction,
when the Imjin War broke out in 1592. Since he grew up by the water, he had considerable skills in the operation of ships.
He was also particularly knowledgeable of the tides and currents of the seas around the Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-doprovinces, and so served as a tide expert. This ability made a significant contribution to the victories of the Korean Navy
during the Imjin War. Eo Yeong-dam engaged in the operations of many great naval battles, including the battles of Okpo,
Hansando, and Busan, until he died of infectious disease in the naval base in Hansando in April, 1594. On April 9, 1594,
Admiral Yi Sun-sin wrote in his war diary (Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) that "My defense soldier Eo Yeong-dam died. How can I
say how sad I am?" Eo Yeong-dam was an outstanding soldier whom Yi loved and trusted very much.
Yu Seong-ryong ( 柳成龍 : 1542-1607)
Yu Seong-ryong served as second state councilor. Upon the outbreak of the Imjin War in
1592, he also took the lead in general military affairs as the minister of war. For all seven
years of the war, he played a crucial role in bringing the war to victory by leading all state
affairs, including military affairs, administration and diplomacy. Also, he recognized the ability
of General Yi Sun-sin and General Gwon Yul, and raised them to high positions by
recommending them to the King before the Imjin War. As he expected, these two generals
thoroughly prepared for war, and performed distinguished service during the war in naval
and land combat respectively. He had known Yi Sin-sin from childhood, and appreciated his
noble character. Whenever Yi went through hardship in his life, Yu would give him special
assistance. As a prominent scholar, Yu Seong-ryong left many writings. Among them, Jingbirok (懲毖錄) is famed as a
remarkable documentary record of the Imjin War, and was designated in 1969 as National Treasure No. 132. In the
opening of the book, he stressed the need to be wary of possible wars by learning from the lessons of the Imjin War.
People 59
Na Dae-yong ( 羅大用 : 1556-1612)
Na Dae-yong was born in 1556 in the city of Naju in the Jeolla-do province. He and his cousin Na Chi-yong began
serving under Yi Sun-sin in 1591, one year prior to the outbreak of the Imjin War. As a lieutenant, and with Yi's complete
confidence, he was given the responsibility of constructing the Geobukseon and other battleships. The Geobukseon
was built by remodeling the Panokseon battleship, then Korea's primary battleship. These battleships were specifically
designed for naval battles against Japan, whose navy excelled in on board hand-to-hand combat. The Geobukseon
was shielded by a roof covered with iron spikes to prevent enemies from boarding the ship. It played a decisive role in
breaking the enemy's formation by spearheading attacks. The Geobukseon could rampage through the enemy fleet and
fire cannons from every direction of the ship. Needless to say, the Geobukseon made an enormous contribution to the
Korean Navy's victories during the Imjin War. Na Dae-yong was not only an excellent shipbuilding engineer, but also a
courageous soldier who carried out remarkable operations in many naval battles, including the battles of Okpo, Dangpoand Sacheon. He was wounded by enemy fire at the battle of Sacheon along with Yi Sun-sin. After the war, he continued
to study battleships, and developed another ironclad battleship called Changseon, which was densely covered with
swords and spears.
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60
60 Who is he?
His MajorBattles
❹ The Battle of Okpo (May 7, 1592)
❹ The Battle of Habpo (May 7, 1592)
❹ The Battle of Jeokjinpo (May 8, 1592)
❹ The Battle of Sacheonpo (May 29, 1592)
❹ The Battle of Dangpo (June 2, 1592)
❹ The first battle of Danghangpo (June 5, 1592)
❹ The battle of Yulpo (June 7, 1592)
❹ The battle of Hansando (June 8, 1592)
❹ The battle of Angolpo (June 10, 1592)
❹ The battle of Jangrimpo (August 29, 1592)
❹The battle of Busanpo (September 1, 1592)
❹ The second battle of Danghangpo (March 4~5, 1594)
❹ The battle of Myeongryang (September 16, 1597)
❹ The battle of Noryang (November 19, 1598)
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Major Battles 61
1. The Battle of Okpo (May 7, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Dodo Dakadora
Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 30 ships
Casualties and losses None 26 ships destroyed, about 4000 dead
It was the first his battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan
port. He didn't depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet's scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and
Won gyun's fleet departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was
plundering villages near by okpo port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi
waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships
position a line east-to-west. He didn't use boarding tactics, which were very common at that time. He ordered to
bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon while Joseon army couldn'tattain in land.
2. The Battle of Habpo (May 7, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi Dodo Dakadora
Strength Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 5 ships
Casualties and losses Casualties and losses Unknown 5 ships destroyed
After Battle of Okpo, Admiral Yi’s fleet was supposed to anchor at youngdeungpo, which is situated in Geojedo,but they headed to Happo off Ungcheon, present-day Jinhae, because spy ship sent message that Japanese
ships were passing through near sea. Immediately, his fleet chased them and attacked them. Soon, they
abandoned their ships and fled to the land. After Joseon fleet destroyed all ships, they sailed to Nampo in
Changwon.
3. The Battle of Jeokjinpo (May 8, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi Unknown
Strength Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 13 shipsCasualties and losses Unknown 13 ships destroyed
It was the first his battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan
port. He didn't depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet's scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and
Won gyun's fleet departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was
plundering villages near by okpo port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi
waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships
position a line east-to-west. He didn't use boarding tactics, which were very common at that time. He ordered to
bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon while Joseon army couldn't
attain in land.
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62
62 Who is he?
4. The Battle of Sacheonpo (May 29, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Unknown
Strength 26 panokships and 20 small vessels 13 ships
Casualties and losses None 13 ships destroyed
Admiral Yi discussed next tactics with his subordinate officers and decided to combine his fleet with Jeolla eastern
fleet. He sent message and was supposed to meet them on June 3. On May 27, Won gyun sent message that his
fleet was under attack of Japanese, he had to leave before Jeolla eastern fleet joined his fleet on May 29. After
Won gyun’s fleet joined his fleet, they chased one Japanese warship and found more ships which were anchoring
in Sacheon port. Admiral Yi ordered to make the formation, Jansajin, which ships station a line north-to-south and
tried to reach this port, because the sea off port was shallow and the tide was ebbing. He tried to entice Japanese
from the port, but about 200 Japanese counterattacked by matchlock in the port. Opportunely, tide changed and
his fleet could reach port. He employed Geobukseon at this battle for the first time. Geobukseon led fleet and
rushed to Japanese. Soon, Japanese abandoned ships and fled to the land. His fleet destroyed all ships. Admiral
Yi was wounded his left shoulder by matchlock.
5. The Battle of Dangpo (June 2, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Gamei Korenori
Strength 26 panokships and 20 small vessels 21 ships
Casualties and losses None 21 ships destroyed
On June 1, he drove his fleet and anchored at Saryangdo in Goseong. Around 8 am, he departed there after he
got a message that Japanese warships are anchoring at Dangpo port. He arrived off Dangpo around 10 and
attacked Japanese ships. Japanese counterattacked from the land and ships. He sent Geobukseon first, and it
destroyed Adakebune, flagship. Soon, his subordinate officer, Gwon jun cut the head of Japanese commander.
Joseon fleet destroyed Japanese ships while Japanese were perplexed after their commander°Øs death. Shortly
after he triumphed, spy ship sent the message that Japanese fleet was sailing from Geojedo. His fleet tried to
search them, but they lost Japanese fleet.
6. The first battle of Danghangpo (June 5, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Gato giyomasha
Strength 51 panokships and 50 small vessels 26 ships
Casualties and losses None 26 ships destroyed
On June 4, Jeolla eastern fleet joined Admiral Yi’s fleet. It doubled strength of Joseon fleet. One citizen informed
Joseon fleet that Japanese ships were anchoring at Danghangpo in Goseong. Admiral Yi discussed tactic with
other commanders and decided to entice Japanese ships out of port. Joseon fleet divided into two columns and
first column sailed into port. Second column followed them after first column sent message to enter the port.
Geobukseon destroyed Adakabune first again and all Japanese ships were destroyed
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Major Battles 63
7. The battle of Yulpo (June 7, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Gurushima Michiyuki
Strength 51 panokships and 50 small vessels 7 ships
Casualties and losses None 7 ships destroyed
Combined Joseon fleet departed at dawn again and reached Jeungdo island. They searched traces of Japanese
fleet and reached youngdeungpo at around noon. They found small fleet and chased them. Soon, Japanese
abandoned their ships and ran away in land after this battle. According to Japanese records, Gurushima
Michiyuki reached near land and committed suicide after this battle. On June 10, Combined Joseon fleet
scattered and returned to their naval bases.
8. The battle of Hansando (June 8, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Wakisaka Yasuharu
Strength 59 panokships and 50 small vessels 73 ships
Casualties and losses None 59 ships destroyed
Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka
Yasuharu decided to defeat Yi°Øs fleet by himself. On July 7, his fleet was departed from the Japanese
headquarter in Jinhae. When Wakisaka’s fleet arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet anchored off
Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, a shepherd reported that Japanese fleet was anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang toJoseon fleet. Joseon fleet decided to entice Japanese fleet from there to the open sea, because that sea is shallow
and it was hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon. Furthermore, Japanese tended to abandon ships
and retreat to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.
On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island.
Joseon squadron enticed Japanese and poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them. Squadron arrived
at the open sea and joined Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi ordered to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing
formation. Joseon warships discharged guns and 2~3 Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack.
Joseon fleet attacked flagship first and surrounded them. Wakisaka drove 14 ships and retreated.
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64 Who is he?
9. The battle of Angolpo (June 10, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Guki yoshitaka, Gato yoshiyaki
Strength 59 panokships and 50 small vessels 42 ships
Casualties and losses None About 20 ships destroyed
On July 9, spy ship sent the message that they found 40 Japanese warships in Angolpo port while Joseon fleet
took a rest in Gyeonnaeryang. The Japanese fleet at Angolpo was combined Guki yoshitaka and Gato yoshiyaki
fleet. On July 7, they drove their fleets and followed trace of Wakisaka’s fleet. On July 10, Joseon fleet sailed to
Angolpo and faced Japanese fleet. Joseon fleet tried to entice them again, because the sea level is low and
therefore Panokship couldn’t reach port. However, Japanese fleet didn’t sail out of the port. They counterattacked
at port only, because Toyotomi banned naval battle with Joseon fleet after the Battle of Hansando. Admiral Yi sent
squadron and they destroyed Japanese ships by guns. Thousands of Japanese died and survivors fled to land.After an half of Japanese warships were destroyed, Joseon fleet left battle field due to they worried the safety of
Joseon civilians who hid near by mountains. Admiral Yi°Øs fleet returned to their base on July 13.
10. The battle of Jangrimpo (August 29, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Unknown
Strength 74 panokships and other small vessels 6 ships
Casualties and losses None 6 ships destroyed
He built 22 warships more during about a month and maneuvered tactics with Jeolla eastern fleet. They departed
on August 24 shortly after officer of Gyeongsang eastern fleet sent a message that Japanese are sailing down
from Gimhae. They sailed toward Busan and searched Japanese warships till August 28. On August 29, they
found Japanese warships off Janglimpo port in Dongrae and destroyed all.
11. The battle of Busanpo (September 1, 1592)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Most Japanese generalsStrength 74 panokships and 92 small vessels 470 ships
Casualties and losses Admiral Yi’s subordinate officer Jeong Un dead, 130 ships destroyed
6 dead, 25 wounded
After the battle of Jeolyoungdo, Admiral Yi sent spy ship to Busanpo port. Spy ships found about 470 warships at
that port and came back to Joseon fleet. Joseon fleet headed to Busan port and destroyed Japanese squadron, 4
warships and they made the formation, Jangsajin and rushed into Japanese fleet. Japanese army joined their fleet
and attacked Joseon fleet from the near hills. Joseon fleet decisively defeated Japanese fleet and returned to
base, because they had to fix warships and ran out of foods. On September 2, Admiral Yi’s fleet arrived at their
naval base.
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Major Battles 65
12. The second battle of Danghangpo (March 4~5, 1594)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi, Eo young-dam Unknown
Strength 30 panokships Unknown
Casualties and losses None 30 ships destroyed
Admiral Yi drove his fleet and headed to Jeungdo shortly after his spy reported that Japanese fleet was sailing to
Oriryang and Jeodo. He divided his fleet into two columns. His subordinate officer, Eo young-dam led first column,
which was consist of 30 warships and attacked about 30 Japanese ships. Admiral Yi’s column secured sea off
Jeungdo. Eo young-dam destroyed about 30 Japanese warships off Danghangpo port. He returned to base on
March 7.
13. The battle of Myeongryang (September 16, 1597)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Commander-in-chief : Gurujima Michihusa, Wakisaka yasuharu,
Admiral Yi sun-sin DoDo akidora
Strength 13 warships and 32 small vessels, About 300 ships, About 120,000 soldiers
About 1500 soldiers
Casualties and losses Unknown Casualties unknown, 31 warships destryoed
On July 16, 1597, Admiral won gyun was defeated at
Chilcheonryang and dead after this battle. About 160
Joseon fleet’s warships were destroyed during this battle. A
naval officer, Bae-seol retreated with 12 warships out of
battle field. Joseon government reappointed Admiral Yi sun-
sin as a commander-in-chief. Before he arrived at naval
base, Admiral Yi collected his navy officers and sailors. On
August 19, he took over Bae-sol’s warships at Hoiryeongpo
port and collected foods, arrows, bows. Although the King,
seonjo ordered to combine his navy with army, Admiral Yi
sent report to king. In this report he wrote his famous quote,
“Your highness, I still have twelve battleships.” He moved his
base to the west and west.On September 16, his spy reported that hundreds of Japanese warships were sailing to his base at around 7 am.
He drove his fleet and waited Japanese fleet in front of his base, present-day Haenamgun. 133 Japanese
warships had to sail into the Uldolmok, sea between Jindo and hwawon peninsula, it is narrow sea which lowest
sea level is about 1.9m and flow speed is 11.5 note. Japanese had to separate their warships. Most big warship,
Adakabune stationed in front of this sea. Only 133 middle warships, Sekebune could pass the sea. Admiral Yi
ordered to make a formation, Iljajin which ships position end-to-end. At first, Admiral Yi°Øs ship fought against
Japanese warships with guns in the front battle line, while other generals ships were hesitated to attack. He called
other ships and rushed into Japanese battle line first. Soon, tide changed and his all warships followed him. They
destroyed about 31 warships in a flash. After this attack, Japanese retreated at around sunset. He never gave up
and gained glorious victory.
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66 Who is he?
14. The battle of Noryang (November 19, 1598)
Joseon fleet Japanese fleet
Commander Commander-in-chief : Jin lin Admiral Yi Gonishi Yukinaga, Shimazu Yoshihiro,
So yoshitoshi, Dachibana Muneshige,
Derajawa masanari, Takahashi
munemashu
Strength About 400 Ming’s warships, 500 warships
80 Joseon’s warships
Casualties and losses Admiral Yi dead, 10 Joseon officers dead,
navy casualties Unknown
After the Battle of Myeongryang Japanese fleet evacuated to
Ungcheon, far away from Admiral Yi’s naval base. He collectedfoods, ships, soldiers and ammunition and moved his base to east
and east. He settled in Goguemdo on February 17, 1598 to reinforce
his army and secure seas from Gonishi Yukinaga’s army. He could
attain other benefits that he saved foods for the next battle, because
there were many farms. His glorious victory was spread throughout
southern provinces of Korean peninsula and, many civilians gathered
to this island. Admiral Yi could reinforce his fleet with them. According
to Jingbirok, records of Yu seong-yong, Admiral Yi trained about
8,000 and then he worried about shortage of provisions when his fleet
was stationed in this island.
In early 1598, Ming began to send their army to prevent invasion of
Japanese through sea. Ming fleet joined Admiral Yi’s fleet on July 16.
Combined Joseon-Ming army had small and big battles in land and
sea. On August 18, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died and his councilors
ordered Japanese army in Joseon to retreat until November. Gonishi
Yukinaga sent his fleet’s squadrons and tried to retreat, but combined Joseon-Ming fleet blockaded his fleet.
Gonishi bribed Jin lin and then sent his ships to other Japanese fleet bases. Admiral Yi’s officers realized and
reported this to him. He had council of war with his officers and decided to sail to Noryang. His fleet stationed off
Noryang and waited Shimazu’s fleet on November 18. Jin lin’s fleet joined Yi’s fleet because he couldn’t reach
agreement with Gonishi yukinaga. His fleet would receive attack from Shimazu°Øs fleet.
The wind blew from northwest and combined fleet enjoyed benefit from it. They attacked Japanese fleet with fire.
Soon, Japanese warships were in flame and retreated. They locked in port on their way to retreat. Japanese
strongly confronted combined fleet to escape from the port. Middle of battle, Admiral Yi was dead by bullet wound
around gwaneumpo port in presence of his son Yi hoe. Before he died, he said his famous will, “We are at the
height of battle. Don’t let anybody know about my death!”
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Arsenal 67
His ArsenalBattleships 1
Panokseon shipPanokseon ship was main warship of Joseon fleet. Its name
means literally wood warship having panok, loft on it.
Commander boarded on this loft while oarsmen and
soldiers boarded in gun deck. Koreans added tall woodplates in both side of a ship above upper deck because
Japanese main naval tactic was boarding tactic which navy
board enemy's ship and fight on their ship's deck by
sword.
It was also designed to sail in southeastern coast of Korea
which has wide mudflats and many large and small islands.
Hence this ship had flat keel. Its structure was sturdy than
Japanese warships, because Koreans used wooden nail to
fix planks when they build this ship and it was made of sturdy pine wood plates. Therefore it was able to absorb
reaction which occurred after the gun was pushed backward by the force of the blow. On the contrary, Japanese
ships couldn't absorb reaction, because they fixed planks with iron nails and their ships were made of Japanese
cedar. This wood was less solidity than pine tree. Hence it couldn't carry guns on it.
Admiral Yi's fleet was composed of this ship in most battle. It followed Geobukseon and bombard Japanese
fleet. He built 24 ships before the Imjin war broke out and built more ships during war period. His famous
formation, Hakikjin, was able to position due to this ship. Furthermore, he could defeat Japanese fleet far away by
guns. It was one of reasons why he could gain continue victories till the Imjin war ended.
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Battleships 2
Geobukseon shipIt is also known as turtle ship.
Geobukseon means literally turtle
shaped warship in Korean. It was
similar as floating turtle. According to
Lee Chungmugong Jeonseo,
Biographies of Yi Sun-sin, the
Geobukseon ship which was used
during the imjin war period was
designed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin andbuilt by his subordinate naval officer,
Na Dae-yong. According to
T'aejongsillok, Annals of King T'aejong,
Joseon scientists already invented
turtle warship and had launch it in
Hangang river. This test launch
occurred during T'aejong's reign,
1401~1418. But, modern Korean
historians inferred that this ship was quite different as the Geobukseon ship which used by Admiral Yi's fleet.
Sailors inside of this ship could see the enemy, but enemy couldn't see its inside. It made Japanese to confusewhere they shall attack. It was double-deck ship and propelled by sails and oars. There were cabin and
warehouse in the first deck. It carried four series of guns in the second deck and Soldiers and oarsmen boarded
on it. Its figurehead was dragon's head to frustrate Japanese because they scared dragon the most. There was
a wooden crest which rammed enemy ships below the dragon's head.
It could discharge fires from the four directions. Inside of the
Dragon's head, it carried Hyeonjachontong and fired when it rushed
to Japanese battle line. It carried 6 Chenjachongtong or
Jijachongtong in broadside and approximately 1 gun in stern.
Admiral Yi built 3 Geobukseon ship before the Imjin war broke out. It
was employed in the Battle of Sacheonpo for the first time. In battle, it
led whole fleet and attacked Japanese ships first. After it dispersed
Japanese battle line, remaining warships followed it. The main target
of this ship was Adakebune, flagship which Japanese commander
boarded.
68 Who is he?
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Arsenal 69
FirearmsFirearms were first introduced to Goryeo, medieval state of Korea in 1104, but these weapons were extensivelydeveloped after Choi mu-seon developed method to produce gunpowder and established special government
agency, Hwatongdogam in 1377. Joseon people also had developed various guns, muskets and shots. This
development became one of reasons why Joseon fleet could defeat Japanese.
GunsFour series of guns, Cheonja, Jija, Hyeonja and Hwangja were used during Imjin war period. Ancient Koreans
gave different names for this four series of guns to separate their capability according to maximum range, number
of balls and length. These guns mounted on Geobukseon ship and Panokseon ship. According to Nanjungilgi,
war diary of Admiral Yi, he inspected naval bases when they test fire the guns in February 1592. He also drove his
fleet and tested these guns of Geobukseon in the middle of south sea.
Guns comparison
Cheonjachongtong Jijachongtong Hyeonjachongtong Hwangjachongtong
Range 1,125m 1,000m 1,000m or 1,875m 1,378m
Calibre 118~130mm 105mm 60~75mm 40mm
Length 130~136cm 89~89.5cm 79~83.8cm 50.4cm
Cheonjachongtong : Cheon literally means sky in Korean. It
was the largest gun and fired mostly Daejanggunjeon, cannon
arrow to make a hole in the body of Japanese warships. It also
could fire cannon ball and 400 Joranhwan, kind of shrapnel.
Jijachongtong : Ji literally means earth in Korean. It was the
second largest gun and fired mostly Janggunjeon and 200
Joranhwan.
Hyeonjachongtong : Hyeon literally means black in Korean. It
was the third largest gun and fired mostly Chadaejeon and 100
Joranhwan.
Hwangjachongtong : Hwang literally means yellow in Korean.It is the smallest gun and fired mostly Piryeongchajungjeon and
40 Joranhwan. The actual gun which was produced by gun artisan, Bu Gwi was designated Treasure Number
886, and preserved in the National Museum of Korea.
MusketJeongcheolchongtong : According to Nanjungilgi, , it was invented by the officer, Jeong Sa-jun under the
admiral Yi. He compared Joseon's matchlock, sungjachong with Japanese matchlock and invented it. It was
made of refined iron.
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Friendly Korea V@NK is making a steady progress toward its goal to build a bridge between Koreans and
foreigners.17,000 V@NK members are keeping in touch with their international friends and buildingfriendships.
Our international members gave us many interesting stories about their experiences with Korean friends
that helped them learn about Korean culture, history and the daily life of the people. Most impressive
stories are presented to you in this magazine, Friendly Korea. You can also read letters that have been
exchanged between foreigners all over the world and their Korean friends, and find answers to a lot of
questions about Korea that you may have.
Moreover, you can grasp the essence of Korean culture through ‘Han-style’ that consists of Hangeul
(Korean language), Hansik (Korean food), Hanbok (Korean clothing), Hanok (Korean traditional
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Friendly Korea is ready for you to read at http://times.prkorea.com
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- Looking for Truth
- Truths and Falses
- Letter writing campaign
Chapter 4
The truth about
him
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72 The truth about him
Looking for Truth Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War
in foreign textbooks and websites
Analysis of descriptions about Yi Sun-sin
and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks and websites
A major issue we found in analyzing descriptions of Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War in foreign resources is that
often these descriptions are simply neglected in foreign history textbooks, encyclopedias and popular websites.
Although Yi's leadership and bravery are useful educational contents to inspire youth in the world beyond
Korea, they are not even mentioned in reference books and websites that foreign students use for studying
purposes.
Another significant issue we found is that even those few foreign resources with limited content about Yi often
provide incorrect information. For example, Yi's last battle in the Noryang Strait is described as an illegitimate
attack on Japanese retreating forces because it broke an armistice agreement. However, there was no armistice
agreement between Korea and Japan, and so this description gives readers the wrong impression that Yi won the
battle by resorting to foul play. The dissemination of such misinformation gives some cover to Japan that had
engaged in an aggressive war of invasion against Korea, and degrades Yi's character and accomplishments
during the Imjin War.
The way the Imjin War is described is also problematic. Foreign history textbooks and websites represent the
Imjin War only from the historical perspectives of China and Japan. This absence of a Korean perspective is
consistent with the common fallacy that Korea is only a shrimp caught between the two whales of China and
Japan. An example of a description of the Imjin war from a Chinese perspective is the mistaken belief that Koreawas only able to escape from the threat of Japanese occupation due to the arrival of Chinese relief forces because
Korea had no modern weapons to defend against the Japanese forces. This perspective reduces the conditions of
the Korean victories during the Imjin War to the presence of Chinese assistance, downplaying the
accomplishments of the Korean Navy under the command of Yi Sun-sin.
An example from a Japanese perspective is that the Japanese invasion of Korea was only to use Korea as a
stepping stone or passage to China. This perspective assumes that the Imjin War was a conflict between China
and Japan for hegemony in Asia, ignoring Korea's stance and role as a regional player in Asian geopolitics.
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Truths and Falses 73
Truths and Falses Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks and websites
Errors in the descriptions of Yi Sun-sin
and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks, websites and corrections
of those descriptions based on accurate information
Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea, a vassal of China, and
invaded several towns on the coast in 1592 ... Japan's attack on
Seoul caused the conflict between China and Japan. In 1597,
Japan again sent large forces to China to strike a blow to theChinese Army.
Korea was not a vasssal state of China in 1592. The Imjin War
(1592~1598) consisted of Japanese invasions of Korea as an
independent state, not a part of China. Japanese forces landed
on the shore in the southern port city of Busan in April, 1592, andsuccessfully advanced through Korea's northernmost area of the
Tumen River. However, Yi's successive naval victories, the
resistance movements of Korean militias throughout the country,
and Ming China's intervention turned the tide of the war against
Japan. Eventually in 1598, Japanese forces completely withdrew
from Korea, due to their continuous defeats in naval battles and
the death of Hideyoshi, the Japanese warlord who had waged
the Imjin War.
Error Correction
History of World Civilizations (Ongot Khevel et al., 2005):Mongolian textbook
Holt World History: The Human Journey (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003):
American textbook
In 1598, the Korean Navy invented the iron-clad battleship called
the Geoubukseon.
It was in 1592 when Admiral Yi Sun-sin built the Geobukseon
battleship in preparation for Japanese invasion. Its name was
given because its shape was similar to a turtle (Geobuk in
Korean). Yi developed this battleship by reforming the
Panokseon battleship, then Korea's primary battleship. The
Geobukseon was a mighty battleship that could fire cannons in
any direction for offense and was covered with iron spikes for
effective defense. In battle, it struck fatal blows to enemy ships
by disturbing the formation of their fleet.
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Error Correction
Kato Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga led the invasion of Korea
under the command of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Although Konishi
successfully occupied Busan in 1592, the Japanese Army
became isolated after the Ming Navy forces nearly wiped out the
Japanese fleet.
It was Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Korean Navy that nearly annihilated
the Japanese fleet. Kato Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga were
the spearhead of Japanese invasion forces. They arrived at
Busan in April, 1592, and advanced northward. The Japanese
Army had victory after victory and marched through Korea's
northernmost area of the Tumen River. However, the Japanese
Army became isolated after they were cut off from their
communication and supply lines by Yi's Korean Navy. The Ming
Chinese Navy did intervene in the war, but it didn't take the
leading role in naval battles.
The Cassell Atlas of World History (John Haywood et al., 2001):British textbook
China also gave Korea military aid. With this help, Koreans
resisted the Japanese forces that had invaded their country from
1592 to 1598.
The intervention of Ming China assisted Korea in repelling the
Japanese invasion forces. However, Chinese aid was not the
primary factor of Korea's victory. Rather, the Korean Navy under
Yi's leadership and Korean militias raised throughout the country
both played a crucial role from the beginning of the war to the
end.
Global Studies: Civilization of the Past and Present (Henry Brun, 1998): American textbook
On November 19, 1598, Admiral Yi was shot during the final
battle of the war when he broke an armistice agreement and
attacked Japanese remnants at Noryang.
Correction: In the Noryang Strait, Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the
Japanese forces that invaded Korea and had inflicted immense
suffering on a number of innocent civilians. During this operation,
he was shot and died. At the time, he said his famous words;
"We are at the height of battle. Don't let anybody know about my
death!" He faithfully stuck to his role of protecting the country
even on the verge of his death.
Knowledge Rush Encyclopediahttp://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Yi_Sun-sin
Factional strife worsened in the Yi-Dynasty ... Hideyoshi's
invasion dealt a more serious blow to Korea in 1590.
Hideyoshi invaded Korea in 1592, not in 1590.
The History of Asia (Serafin D.Quiason, Fe B.Mangahas, et al., 1998):Philippine textbook
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Error Correction
On September 16, 1597, he led 12 turtle ships against 133
Japanese ships in the Myongnyang Strait. The Koreans sank 31
enemy ships and sent the others fleeing in this victory.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated 31 Japanese ships with 13
battleships and patriotic soldiers at the battle of Myeongnyang.
Through this victory, Korea took control over the Korean seas.
Jade Dragon Onlinehttp://www.jadedragon.com/archives/history/yisunshin.html
A Korean fleet of only twelve kobuksan was able to defeat 133
Japanese ships in 1597, preventing enemy troops from
occupying Korea at that time.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Korean Navy faced a Japanese fleet of 133
ships with only their 13 battleships in the Myongnyang Strait.
Despite being overwhelmingly outnumbered, they desperately
fought to protect their country and triumphed by sinking 31
enemy ships.
American Airlineshttp://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/record/,256325/81/record.html
He was killed in one of the final battles of the war, at Kogum-do. Admiral Yi Sun-sin was killed on a ship during his last battle offNoryang, and his corpse was temporarily moved to the
Gogeumdo Island where his naval base was located.
Free Dictionary by Farlexhttp://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Yi,+Sun-sin
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Dear sir or madam
(Textbook publishing company person in charge)
Hello. I express my sincere respect for you to manage the
website inspiring and challenging the young people around the
world. I am living in South Korea, and a member of a
nongovernmental organization called VANK. VANK is an
abbreviation for Voluntary Agency Network of Korea and
consists of Korean students from elementary to senior school
and other adult volunteers. We are promoting Korea to the
world through pen-pal activities with foreign friends from all
over the world. Also, we are learning different countries'
culture, history, and a leadership of national heroes as a part of
an education for world citizenship. As I have contacted with
students in many other countries via emails, I became interested
especially in the naval battles and the leadership of national
heroes who saved their country from a crisis, often introduced
in world history textbooks.
Especially when I studied the naval battles to be a turning point
of world naval battles' history and shift the stream of human
history such as the battle of Salamis, the battle of Gravelines,
and the battle of Trafalgar, counted as the World 3 Naval
Battles, I could learn how should I live on the global stage and
what should I prepare now to change my own country and theworld.
While I read the stories of world naval battles and the
biographies of the world heroes introduced in major textbooks,
websites, and encyclopedias, I was encouraged to let you know
that there is a missing point in your website and your
publication. There is affluent and detailed introduction about
the battle of Salamis, the battle of Gravelines, and the battle of
Trafalgar with a great deal of weight, but there is little
reference on a Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the battle of
Hansando.
Admiral Yi Sun-sin is a Korean hero in the 16 century who
fought against Japanese invasion upon Joseon for seven and a
half years, and won the unprecedented 23 complete victories
among the 23 naval battles. It is the unique record in the history
of world naval battles as well.
He is not only a national hero who's been selected as the most
respected hero for the Korean people during the 5,000 years of
Korean history, but also the one who played a role of the
bulwark of peace of East Asia at that time, driving a wedge in
Japanese plan to expand their territory to the East Asian
countries including China, using South Korea as a stepping-
stone. Furthermore, the battle of Hansan regarded as his
representative battle has a historical value and meaning with its
innovative strategy and the applicative competence of the fleet.
Some experts in naval battles and the Naval Academy
appreciated the significance of the battle of Hansan.
You can get the well-organized information about the battle of
Hansan, one of the world 4 naval battles, by visiting our website
below.
http://www.prkorea.com/yisunsin
The reason why I especially promote Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the
battle of Hansan to you is that many people in the world
introduce heroes on the point of western history only.
The world 3 naval battles also exclude the East. In Asia, there are
many stories of hidden heroes and leadership having changed
the world history.
Your company is standing on the significant position as like a
hatchway delivering the right historical facts and truth to the
students all around the world.
Thus, it would be mostly appreciated if you introduce Admiral
Yi Sun-sin and the battle of Hansan for the balance of the
perspective toward the West and the East. If you ask any
materials related to Admiral Yi Sun-sin or the battle of Hansan,
we will help you as much as we can.
Our wish is to promote the great but hidden Asian heroes to
the people in the world through our voluntary effort. And also,
we sincerely hope to promote the Korean national image, the
peace maker in 21 century in Asia as Admiral Yi Sun-sin was in
the past. We'll look forward to your kind cooperation for our
dream to come true.
Faithfully yours,
http://www.prkorea.org
http://www.prkorea.com
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Chapter 5
VANKY
introduces him
- VANKY introduces
him to the world
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Hey! It’s Seonghwa here.
How are you? You know I’m really interested in politics and my ambition is to become either a politician or a diplomat right? Well,
speaking of politics, there’s something I want to tell you about. You know Korea was once colonized by Japan like Indonesia,right? Well, the attack of Japanese in Korean peninsular did not just happen once at that time but was an issue for a long period
of time since about even before Joseon Dynasty, the last dynasty in Korea before it became a democratic country. Japan wanted
to take over Korea as one of their expansionism and colonialism plan. During over hundreds of Japanese attack of Korea, lots of
Korean fought. What I want to talk about now is the most praised hero from 16th century Korea(Joseon Dynasty), Yi Sun-sin. You
may know some famous Korean figures like King Sejong, who created Korean language. But unfortunately, Yi is not as world-wide
famous as King Sejong despite his achievement in protecting Korea, well at that time, Joseon Dynasty.
Yi Sun-sin was born in 1545 and later he became the admiral in Joseon fleet at the age of 47. His great achievement ties with the
Japanese invasion in 1592. The background of this Japanese invasion was the political instability due to the recent unification of
the government in Japan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After Hideyoshi has united Japan by seizing power, there was a lot of opposition
and domestic conflicts so he started to attack Joseon in order to draw the Japanese attention to this war. This war has lasted for 7
years, leaving huge loss of soldiers and so on. This war was over with Joseon’s victory due to Yi Sun-sin’s military tactics and
bravery despite the disadvantages his army had such as small number of ships and ill-equipped soldiers. Saying that Japanese
soldiers possessed the gun and Joseon soldiers had to fight against them with traditional arrows, guess how many difficulties
Joseon soldiers encountered? Nevertheless, Yi did not complaint on any disadvantages he had, he fought with his best effort and
lead to Joseon’s victory.
According to the sources, Chungmugong, Yi Sun-sin’s nick name meaning patriotic hero (I think), has always emphasized on
keeping soldier’s morale. Like in WWI, one of the reasons why central powers lost was the decreased morale of the soldiers due
to the entry of USA in 1917. Well, now you see how important it is to keep soldiers morale. He focused on keeping soldiers mind
strong, as in like, always think they will win. He said If you fight like you will die, you will live. But when you try to survive in the
battle, you will get killed., in a Battle of Myeongryang. This was said to remind the soldiers that no matter what happens, they
should fight with their best effort so they don’t show any excuse for the Japanese soldiers for the sudden attack. To set up the
tactics for the wars at sea, he was fully prepared for the tactics those are suitable for the geographical condition. He also did not
forget to prepare for the food supply, home front and minimize the loss of civilians life.
Yi has invented a very interesting Ship called Geobukseon which means the Turtle Ship. Sounds fun? But you should not
underestimate it. The ship was designed by Yi to scare the Japanese. As you see in the photo (I’ve attached it for you!), it is madeup of metals with spike on the top. This was used to lead the group of ship. Under the metal spike, the wooden part, soldiers
would hide and shoot the arrows. No matter how much Japanese soldiers would fire at Geobukseon the metal deck was strong
enough to protect the ship and the soldiers. It is said that this ship, Geobukseon played a very crucial role in the defeating the
Japanese. It seems like Yi was really talented in both military tactics and designing devices for military tactics. He surely had a
capability of becoming a great admiral and the national hero.
Is there any famous Indonesian general who fought against the Dutch government during colonization or any revolutionary forces
against Dutch and Japanese forces? I’ve heard the man in the 1,000 Rupiah (money paper) is a famous civil revolutionary man
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with a sword? Ah, speaking of which, I’ve got an interesting thing to tell you! In a memorial museum, there’s a 2m long sword
owned by Yi Sun-sin. So people were wondering, “How tall was Yi to be able to use such long and heavy sword?” And they also
had an interesting discussion about his height. Haha. But at the end, it was proved that he didn’t actually used the sword in the battle
but was just used as a symbol of his power as a admiral.Even though Yi is not a world-wide figure yet, there were some testimonials praising his achievements made by western historians
and even Japanese. One Japanese admiral, Sato Tetsutaro was once a professor in Japanese navy university in 1908. In his book, he
wrote “If you would mention a great sea admiral, there’s Yi Sun-sin from Korea in Eastern country and Nelson from the UK in Western.
Yi Sun-sin surely is a greatest naval hero. Unfortunately, he was born in Joseon which limited his fame to spread to all around the
world. However, if documents about Japanese Invasion were read, one will realize he surely was a great sea admiral.” Japan was
the one who attacked Joseon and might have biased idea due to its defeat but the fact that even a Japanese General was praising
Yi Sun-sin admiral’s greatness, he must have been a great person. Furthermore, he also has said that even a great British admiral,
Nelson, cannot be compare to Yi Sun-sin’s personality.
His patriotism is still remembered by Koreans for about 500 years. To remember his achievements, his status are build in different
places and his museum as well. Also, a computer game based on his wars was created and his life and war story has been made
as a drama series. There’s a famous saying by Yi which all the Koreans know. “Do not tell anyone about my death.” He didn’t
want to tell his followers- soldiers about his death because they might be in panic, so he chose to spend his final moment alone. I
always thought he was a brave and strong figure but he might have been lonely. He was poor so he was raised up by
grandparents, he became admiral at the age of almost 50 and lost his son from the battle.
He surely is one of the greatest hero who protected Korea. If he wasn’t there, Joseon would’ve lose in the Japanese invasion attack
and Korea might have been colonized by Japan since then. Or even worse, today’s Korea wouldn’t exist. I want to learn his strong
mind which didn’t give up in any situation, and hope other people around the world will do the same. We’re still young, so if we try
our best I’m sure we will be able to become a great people as well. We live in a global world as one of the Global citizen.
Apparently, each of us will represent our country Indonesia and Korea. Therefore, we have to be patriotic as Yi was, be
sympathetic and kind like he look after his soldiers, be creative like how he invented Geobukseon( these days, creativity is really
important than before!), and have a strong mind to not to give up easily. (Yi was born in a poor family, he went to the battle field
just with 10 old ships and he was even imprisoned for several times.) And most importantly, believe in yourself.
Oh boy.. my letter is so long! I’ve been talking so much. Hehe. Well, what do you think about Admiral Yi and his achievements? If I
could give a nickname for him, I would call him ‘Invincible Admiral Yi’ Next time, tell me about Indonesian general or revolutionary.
Just like Yi , I don’t think there is any world-wide famous Indonesian general, right? I think we, as patriotic citizens, have to put our
effort in spreading our cultures and history. There’s no one who just knows about their own culture today. Everyone has fertile
knowledge about other country’s history and international issues. Everyone tries to become a true global citizen. Since we go to an
international school, I think we should be their role model. Our graduation is really soon and after the graduation we’re going to
become a real adult. I hope both us can be the great leader of the world by remembering Yi Sun-sin’s will as you become an
architect and myself as a politician or a diplomat.
Thank you for being patient and reading all my endless long-essay like letter. :P Take care!
-Seonghwa, Lee -
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Hey Seonghwa!
I’m sorry for the late reply. I’ve been struggling with lots of stuff these days. Hehehe. Well, anyway, yes I’ve read your letter
and gosh, it’s so long. :PFirst of all, I would like to say that the history about Admiral Yi you wrote is very interesting and I could see that you got an
excellent view in politics. He fought the Japanese as hard as he could to protect Korea and reach his achievements. In my
opinion, I could agree with you that without him, today’s Korea might not even exist. The story about Geobukseon( is this how
you spell?) sounds interesting. Perhaps maybe it is the only unique ship in the history of the world! You forgot to attach the
photo but I looked it up myself in google. It was hard to find because in google, they spelled it as Geobukseon.. But it’s okay
because two of them sound similar. I think Yi was really smart! I mean, who would ever think about making a ship that looks like
a turtle? It’s hilarious. Don’t get me wrong, I think it’s really creative. I wish I was there to see how it worked but I’m too scared.
:P Besides the story about Tortoise Ship, the 2meter long sword was pretty interesting too. It seems like one’s status was really
important long time ago. You said you also wanted to know about the general or revolutionary from Indonesia right. Well,
apparently i don't know much detail about it You mentioned the picture of a man on the Rp 1000,- right? I'll tell you, he is one of
the patriotic hero from Maluku (small islands between Sulawesi and Irian). His name is Pattimura. The reason he strikes back is
because the Dutch ma de some nonsense rule about monopolying in trading which is unfair. It took me a little bit of research to
find what happen and this is what I got. So, for example, the Indonesians had to plant spices and the Dutch took it when it
grows so they could sell it for their own benefits. But, if the price of the spices goes down, we had to destroy those we had
plant. Pattimura took action in strikes them back and the Dutch were starting to lose. The Dutch were asking for backups
because the Pattimura troops were hard to defeat. However, at the end they had to fall back because their force was
unbalance to defeat the Dutch. Some of them were captured and it was found that there were traitors in Maluku. So then
Pattimura was sentenced to death. Imagine how sad is that. To be honest, I'm lucky enough that I wasn't born on that period.
Even though there are no more colonization, war is still not over. You may heard an issue in Maluku that there was a struggle
between Christian and Muslim. In my perspective, I don't see a point in war of religion. I mean they can't fight over on other
people's faith, it's just.... unethical or something. I think I have the same opinion as you. Without those patriotic heroes, I don't
think Indonesia would look like this today. It is good to know that such different countries Korea and Indonesia had similar heroic
figure. Anyway, I don't think I could write more cause if I do, it would be so long and you'd loose you patience in reading it~
LOL! Thank you for reading my reply and I hope it helped you to learn a little bit of the background of the colonization in
Indonesia. It is a shame that our hero, both Yi Sun-sin and Pattimura are not world wide hero like they should be. Hope there
will be a time when people know them like King Sejong or any other western heroes. (I still remember a bit about Korean
language history from the Korean language club you had at school!) Time and the amount of efforts we put will tell. Be success
and be a great diplomat. See you!
From Amanda
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VANKY introduces him to the world 81
Never Dying Admiral Yi Sun-sin who lives in the past, present and future.
Thank you for your E-mail about Alfred Novel. People all over the world know about Novel Prize and I°Øm quite sure that you're
really proud of him. Now, I want to tell you about a great admiral who saved my country from Japanese attack. All Koreans
respect the great admiral Yi Sun-sin because he was the one who sacrificed himself for Korea with no reward. To make a short
summary, he was born in 1545, and became admiral in 1591. During that time, he built ships including Geobukseon, turtle
shaped battleship to prepare for the Imjin war. Accordingly, he was able to win all the battles, and that eventually lead our
country to win the war. What's more is that admiral Yi Sun-sin wrote a diary during the war which helps researchers to know the
accurate situation during the war.
Nowadays, we can see a bronze statue of him on the street of Gwanghwamun in Korea and it's really famous among Koreans.
This tells us the fact that all Koreans admire and love Yi Sun-sin. Please don't forget that there is admiral Yi Sun-sin in Korea as
there is Novel in Sweden!
Bye!!
From yours,
Lee sue jung from Korea
Dear. sue jung
Thank you for telling me about the admiral. I've been looking forward to hearing a famous person of Korea from you. Admiral Yi
Sun-sin is a great person that I have never imagined before. I found more information about him after reading your E-mail.
Thanks to that, I was able to know Korea's history and I feel that I can go even closer to Korea. You know what? One of my best
friend is going to visit Korea this summer. I recommended her to visit Gwanghwamun and see his bronze statue. She may take
some pictures of it and maybe I can see it through pictures. If I have opportunity to visit Korea, I will go there too. Thank you
again for your good information.
Bye!
p.s. I'm going to make a presentation about the admiral.
I'm planning to announce it to all my classmates during the sociology class.
From Joakim
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I feel so grateful to you for letting me write this.
I began this writing for the contest, which gets me to know a lot of great things about Admiral Yi Sun-sin.
The Joseon Dynasty was the last Empire of Korea. Imjin War was so horrible, and had affected the Dynasty a lot so that it
divided the Dynasty into the former term and the latter one. Admiral Yi Sun-sin was at that time. From his first battle, battle of
Okpo, to his last, battle of Noryang, he achieved great honor. But the king and other retainers didn't acknowledge that. Let me
quote an abbreviation of him by a professor. It's like the below:
Don't put blame on being of no special family. I was born in family of ruined rebel, and was raised by relatives on my mother's
side due to poverty. Don't tell me that you are not intelligent. I had failed in the first examination, and barely passed it when 32
years old, in my late years. Don't complain of not holding a high position. I went on my rounds as a minor guard officer in the
border areas for 14 years. Don't tell me it's inevitable just because it's the order of your boss. I got dismissed and disadvantaged
for many times due to the discord with my immoral bosses.Don't be worried about your fragility. I suffered from chronic stomach troubles and infectious diseases all in my lifetime.
Don't be discontented with having no chances. I became an admiral in the age of 47 after my country was in danger by the
invasion of the enemy.
Don't be disappointed with not being supported by the organization. I supplied the sinews of war all by myself by cultivating the
soil to fight 23 times and win 23 times.
Don't be dissatisfied with not being admitted by your boss. I had to remain imprisoned, deprived of all my credit due to endless
misconception and mistrust of my King.
Don't feel desperate having no capital. Returning empty-handed, I kept off the enemy of 133 vessels with 12 old vessels.
Don't say that you love your own family in wrong way. I lost my 20 year-old son by the blade of the enemy, but went to the
front with other sons.
Don't be afraid of death. I chose death by myself in the last war of the enemy receding. And his story is written in novel, and
filmed as soap-opera.
Please visit this website
http://www.prkorea.com/yisunsin/
Then, you can know more about him.
I think this website can explain about him better than me. ^.^;
Jisu Lee
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Hello jisu,
I have searched information on internet about him and read. Honestly I’m impressed by his life, struggle, character and morale. I
should confess that his story was really touching. When I read, I remembered heroic characters of Ottoman and Muslim history.
(As a Korean you know your own history and bring instances from your historical legacy, so too I know about my historical
legacy most) I don’t know if you had in your history many instances of figures of similar personality, but I can say about our
history that there were many heroes of similar attributes. The distinguishing property of Lee Sun-sin was that many good
attributes were gathered in his spirit. In addition to his being a martial genius, he was thoughtful towards his soldiers and
people. In history we see some talented genius figures; however they use people for their own fame and benefit. They couldn’t
be beloved of their nations. Having a good character and talent at the same time as a leader is not seen in every historical
figures. Surely he (admiral Yi) was a humble patriot, after having tortured because of false accusations; he consented to start
again from the beginning as a plain soldier in order to serve his nation; although being demoted to such a plain degree from
admiralship was worse than death for Korean generals at that time. I think he refused king’s command to lay an ambush indangerous shores (that command was given on the false information given by a japanese spy) because he afraid to harm his
fleet. Although he knew that refusing king°Øs command will lead him to troubles and punishment (as happened) he sacrificed
himself for benefit of his people, his soldiers. (I mean the event on which he was arrested and punished in 1597).
He was very brave; his fighting amongst his soldier proves this. Similarly in Ottomans time, Sultans were fighting in battles with
soldiers. (This tradition continued until the great Suleiman). Surely this keeps up morale of his soldiers. Moreover he was very
innovative person, designing such a two or three decked armored ship, that is the turtle ship, is outstanding in comparison with
his time. But the strange point is that; he was not an educated person to be a commander. There was no naval training facility
in Joseon times. So being successful in war tactics and planning good fighting strategy to such a degree is unusual. If there was
no admiral Yi, perhaps map of the world might have been different than today’s Well, he was a gift to Koreans from God.
Because neither generals of his time, nor his successors achieved what he accomplished. This is also strange. The general Won
Gyun couldn’t be successful against Japanese navy as admiral Yi could. And after his death, his ! reforms disappeared soon. If
Japan was successful in its invasion of Korea, perhaps they may have reached to even Russia of today. Anyway, he was victim
of some selfish and jealous people.
Well, that’s all for now. If you want me to write more, or something specific, tell me.
I hope I could assist you.
Take care and have a nice day.
Nurullah > From red land.
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84 VANKY introduces him
Dear my friend, Heiko!
Hello~~ Wie geht es dir?잘지내니? Hi, how are you my friend, heiko?? How long do you sleep nowadays? I hope you have a good
sleep like a Marmot. The sun stays longer in the sky. Summer is coming. You know we’ve had good friiendship since summer in 2005.
Wow, it’s almost 3 years. So we should have some celebration together. For our celebration, I would like to talk to you... about cool
and exciting story!! I would like to introduce a coooool and handsome guy in Old Korean History.
Can U remember that I said to you Korea has very sad and tragic history in early 1900.
My country was a colony of japan. Before that period, Korea was attacked by other countries. Because Korean territory is a
“peninsula”. I know you are a smart boy. And you are much better than me about war stuffs. So I can guess you know this fact.
Originally sea was one of the most important parts in old age. Korea has 3 sides of sea and it is linked with Chinese continent. The
local position of Korea was important in old days. There wasn’t only airplane at all, as eveyrbody knows. So Korean peninsula was
easy to be attacked by the other countries. However, in an old proverb, there appread surely a great man in the most difficult
situation. Korea had a very smart and cool general in middle of 1500. His name was Ysun sin.
There is his picture. Does he look brave and powerful?? I brought them from my friend linked my blog.
We can’t know his face. But famous pointers drew his portrait, after he was dead. Which one do you like, my friend?
Who is Yi Sun-sin?
Yi Sun-sin(이순신) was one of the most famous and greatest generals in Joseon dynasty(july 1392-August 1910).He was a Korean
naval leader and he made his victories against the Japanese navy during 1592-1598. We call it Imjin war(임진왜란). It was the time
of Japan invasion. - I searched it from wikipedia, my friend I added my own explanation for you:)
Here is a map of his battle during his life.
Today I would like to introduce you. “1. The battle of okpo” and “8. The battle of Hansando”. I brought some information and the
map from VANK website. Http://yisunsin.prkorea.com If you would like to know more information, Visit the site whenever U want.
There is a good explanation for you. This paragraph is also from VANK. But I also added my own explanation for you in detail.
“1. The battle of Okpo”
It was the first his(Yi Sun-sin) battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan port.
He didn’t depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet’s scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and Won gyun’s fleet
departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was plundering villages near by okpo
port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to
discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships position a line east-to-west. He didn’t use boarding tactics, which
were very common at that time. He ordered to bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon
while Joseon army couldn’t attain in land.
I thought his strategy was very clever. The story is like a Fantasy novel, isn’t it? it’s dramatic and exciting!! My favorite one is “8.The
battle of hansando”. There was the most dramatic and cool strategy of Yi.
I also added my own detail for you in this paragraph.
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VANKY introduces him to the world 85
Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka Yasuharu decided to
defeat Yi’s fleet by himself. On July 7, his fleet was departed from the Japanese headquarter in Jinhae. When Wakisaka’s fleet
arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet anchored off Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, a shepherd reported that Japanese
fleet was anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang to Joseon fleet. Joseon fleet decided to entice Japanese fleet from there to the open sea,
because that sea is shallow and it was hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon. Furthermore, Japanese tended to
abandon ships and retreat to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.
On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island. Joseon squadron
enticed Japanese and poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them. Squadron arrived at the open sea and joined Joseon
fleet. Admiral Yi ordered to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing formation. Joseon warships discharged guns and 2~3
Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack. Joseon fleet attacked flagship first and surrounded them. Wakisaka
drove 14 ships and retreated.
This is “Hakikjin”, crane wing formation. I love this clever idea. You can see Hansando island,too.... in this map. Cranes are very goodbirds in Korea. They are white, it means never-changed and pure mind. Sometimes I think about Old people’s wisdom. They were
very genius. They made the first from nothing!! It’s so wonderful. I respect them.
“Panokseon and Turtle ship(Geobukseon)”
Above all I love turtle ship he made. Here is the turtle ship he invented. I brought following paragraph from this site. You can visit
here, if you want more about this. Panokseon was the import ship with turtle ship. It assisted the turtle ships. I searched the pics on
the internet encyclopedia for you. Does the turtleship look like a turtle? I downloaded more informations from the website I told U
right now! And I added my explanation because I wanna help your understanding.:)
The turtle ship first appeared in 1413(King Taejong reign, 13th Joseon Dynasty King) according to the record of history and was
rebuilt as a armed warship by Yi in 1592. Turtle ship was equipped with Dragon’s head and Turtle’s body. The roof of the Turtle
ship was covered with sharp iron spikes which prevented enemy soldiers from boarding and the part holes were designed in order
for the crew to look outside.(Personally I love the design of roof. It looks interesting.) But the enemy could not see inside of the
Turtle ship. The ship rowed 16 oars and made two sails, and the dragon-shaped head sent out smoke of burning sulfur powder in
order to hide itself and confuse enemy fleet. The Turtle ship was 37m long, 6.8m wide and weighted 150 tons. The Turtle ship was
a product of the brilliant creativity of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who defeated the Japanese fleet during Imjin war. I am sure that “Necessity
is the mother of invention”.
Famous people remain famous words.
This is my words ^^;;;;; It’s just my opinion. Do not care about this title, Heiko
“Those who seek death shall live. Those who seek life shall die.”
Yi’s statement to his generals on the eve of the battle of Myeongryang, stressing that they be mentally strong in battle:On the next
day, Yi and his generals desperately fought against overwhelming odds, 13-133(number of battleships), and triumphed(Nanjung
Ilgi, September 15, 1597;Yi’s war diary).
from Choi Eun-young
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86 VANKY introduces him
Dear Eun-young
how are you?잘지내? I'm very fine.잘지내. :) I also hope you are ok
and healthy as well.네가건강하고잘되기를바래. :)
It's fantastic we are friends since nearly three years.우리가친구라서행복해요! :)
So I'm very happy you introduce me more famous Korean stories and persons for our celebration. :)
Thank you very very much for your explanations about Yi Sun-sin. :) It was very interesting to read and I learnt a lot from your
text. While I read it I felt very excited and fascinated. The pictures in the text were also very helpful for a better understanding. :)
Yi Sun-sin was really a great general and naval commander with very good tactic skills. His victories were very spectacular and
dramatic for me. He was a great hero in this time. His pictures really looks brave and powerful. Especially the second and third
one. On the first picture he looks like a very wise man for me.
The two famous phrases of him you showed me sounds very brave and powerful as well. Both are very interesting for me.
Especially the second one is very exciting and impressive, because he didn't want to demotivate others because of his death.
I'm very glad you introduced me his story and interesting facts about him. Thank you very much. :)
I also learnt very much about the turtle ship. I think I heard the name "turtle ship" before but didn't know informations about that.
So thanks a lot for the introduction Young. :) After watching the pictures I also understood why it got that name. :) The
construction of that ship looks very interesting for me.
Thanks a lot as well for the website links you told me. They were very helpful for me and I bookmarked all.
I also want to introduce you more culture about Germany. It's always a pleasure for me to tell you cultural things about my
country. :) Same like you from Korea.^^ Thank you so much my friend. :)
Nice greetings to Korea.
From your German friend,
Heiko
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Publisher VANK, Voluntary Agency Network of Korea is non-profit, non-governmental
organization founded in Korea. VANK has been dedicated to developing friendships
between Koreans and foreigners and promoting Korea’s national image to the world.
Our organization’s vision for Korea is Hub of Asia, Gateway to Northeast Asia, a country
where you can share friendships and dreams. VANK’s Korean members are cyber
diplomats who introduce various information about Korea to the world. International
members also join VANK’s website. VANK welcomes all of you, especially who want to
know more about Korea through true friendship with Koreans.
Website : http://www.prkorea.org Email : [email protected]
TEL. +82-2-921-3591 FAX. +82-2-921-3593
Sponsor Gyeonsangnamdo Province is located in southernmost of Korean peninsula.Its area is 10,521km2 and it possesses 10.6% territory of South Korea. The population
of our province is about 3,172,000 and it enjoys beautiful sea scenery of south sea.
Gyeonsangnamdo Province has successfully preserved many heavenly-blessed natural
treasures such as the Hallyeosudo National Marine Park, three major national mountain
parks (i.e., Jirisan, Deogyusan and Gayasan), temples (e.g., Haeinsa and Tongdosa)
with internationally acclaimed reputations and other historic relics handed down over
the centuries. For instance, there are historical sites where the admiral Yi Sun-sin had
his last naval battle which ended with his army's victory from the invasion war of