The Maghreb Chart in the Biblioteca AmbrosianaAuthor(s): J. Vernet-GinsSource: Imago Mundi, Vol. 16 (1962), pp. xvi+1-16Published by: Imago Mundi, Ltd.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1150298Accessed: 16/11/2010 13:59

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The Maghreb Chart in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana

BY J. VERNET-GINE'S, Barcelona

Very few Arabic documents referring to the origin of portolans and of sea-charts are known. But the fact that such documents are scarce does not mean that there is no hope of discovering more of them in the future. It is sufficiently well known that the manuscript holdings of Arabic libraries, in particular those of the mosques, still remain practically unexplored; for this reason new and important texts throwing light on certain points of medieval Arab civilization1 continue to appear from time to time.

Among the works which have come down to us, the most abundant documentation is encountered in oriental texts. Information of positive interest on the compass, on portolans and on sea-charts2 is to be found in them. Such information is, on the other hand, much scantier in occidental texts.3 Summarizing, we can affirm in general terms that the Arabs did not know the portolan until the XVth century, the sea-chart until the XIVth, and the compass until the XIIIth, since the concrete and concise texts referring to them and now known to us belong to those dates. In this article we shall deal incidentally with portolans and particularly with sea-charts.

Arabic geographical texts provide us with descriptions of the Arab coasts of the Atlantic and the Medi- terranean. Al-BakrI (d. 1094) presented a fairly exact description of the Atlantic coast of Morocco in his Kitdb al-mamdlik wa-l-masdlik4; this work however is not a portolan, because it lacks any indication of rhumbs or distances, even in those parts which are described in detail, such as the Straits of Gibraltar. A fragment of a true portolan is found in the work of al-IdrisI (d. 1166),5 and refers to the coasts between Oran and Barca. This work has been discussed by Fischer,6 Kretschmer,7 and Motzo.8 Al-Idrisl's notices seem to be derived from Italian sources, which is by no means surprising, considering that this Muslim geographer worked at the court of Roger IL of Sicily, who for a number of years occupied the African coasts described.9 As early as the XIIIth century we encounter an indubitable sketch of a Muslim portolan. In the work entitled Kitdb bast al-ardfi al-tfil wa al-'ard or Kitdb al- Yugrafiya, Ibn Sa'Id al Magrib! (d. 1276 or 1284) confidently described the coasts of Morocco, giving brief indications of the rhumbs and distances,

I Cf. J. Sauvaget, "Sur d'anciennes instructions nautiques arabes pour les mers de l'Inde", Journal Asiatique, 236 (1948), 11-20. I must admit that I do not agree with some of the ideas contained in this article. 2 Cf. J. Vernet, "Influencias musulmanas en el origen de la cartograffa nautica", Boletin de la Real Sociedad Geogrdfica, 89 (1953), 35-62; A. Kammerer, La deicouverte de la Chine par les Portugais au XVIe siecle et la cartographie des portulans (Leyden, 1944), 260 pp. 3 Cf. J. Vernet, "Los conocimientos nduticos de los habitantes del Occidente isldmico", Revista General de Marina, June 1953. A study of the Islamic thalassocracy in the Mediterranean can be found in W. Hoenerbach, "La navegaci6n omeya en el Mediterraneo y sus consecuencias politico-culturales", Miscelanea de Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos, 2 (1953), 77-98; and, by the same author, The Arab navy in the Mediterranean in Mu'awiyad times (in Arabic), The Muley el-Hasan Institute (Tetuan, 1954), 28 pp. 4 Translated into French by de Slane in Journal Asiatique, 1858-9. 5 Cf. R. Dozy and De Goeje, Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne de l'Edrisi (Leyden, 1866), pp. 102-5, 117-20, 145-55, 159-63 of the translation. 6 Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs (Venice, 1886), p. 67. 7 Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik (Berlin, 1909) (=vol. XIII of Ver6ffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meereskunde und des Geographischen Instituts), p. 176. 8 Il compasso da navigare. Opera italiana della metd del secolo XIII. Cagliari 1957 (Annali della Facoltd di Lettere e Filosofia delta Universitd di Cagliari, vol. VIII), pp. xl-xli; I have not had the opportunity to see Yusuf Kamal's monograph Hallucina- tions scientifiques, les portulans (Leyden, 1937), 93 pp., 39 plates, nor the volume devoted by the same author to the portolans in his work Monumenta cartographica Africae et Aegypti (review in Isis, 30, 1939, 335). Instead, I have consulted fac. 3 of the same volume (comparative index of the toponymy of different maps), in which the Magreb chart is incidentally dated prior to 1400. 9 On the work of this geographer see Leo Bagrow, Die Geschichte der Kartographie (Berlin, 1951), pp. 37-46.

1

The Maghreb Chart. DIMENSIONS: 23,5 X 16 CMS. ANONYMOUS. BEGINNING OF XIV CENTURY.

(Preserved in the Bibliotheca Almbrosiana, Mi/ano)

expressed in miles, between the various ports. 10 The same book - which constitutes a general geography - treats of the Spanish coasts of the Bay of Biscay, and here it is evident that for the Atlantic coasts the author did not depend on Italian or Catalan sources, but in all probability gathered the details of his information from Castilian or Basque mariners.1 1. We do not believe that Ibn Sa'Id's informant was an Arab, because the naval power of the Muslim world was at that time in a state of complete decline: the Almohad navy was merely a shadow of what it had been in the XIth century'2 and the Beni Merin navy was yet unborn. Moreover, it is quite logical to presume that the description of the Cantabrian coasts was provided by the peoples who had inhabited them since the time when their commercial interests extended from the south coast of Great Britain to the north coasts of Africa. These littoral peoples naturally disposed of detailed descriptions of the coasts frequented by them13: it would be wrong to assume that no descriptions of the Atlantic coasts had existed until Italian sea-farers reached them, or that portolans of the Red Sea were first produced on the advent of the Portuguese14: as a rule, practical knowledge is transmitted with great rapidity, and we suppose - with some reason - that Atlantic mariners had navigational means of their own prior to the appearance of Italians on their coasts in 1277, the date which marks the inclusion of the Atlantic and Mediterranean worlds in a single economic and maritime sphere. 15 Until this date, it probably was the Basques who monopolised the trade of Muslim Spain and Morocco with northern Europe. This is the view of Lacour-Gayet (II, 267): "Des marins de Santander, Castro Urdiales, Loreda (sic) et San Vicente de la Barqueira introduisent des tissus flamands jusque dans la Peninsule Iberique. En 1253 on trouve au Portugal des etoffes de Gand, Ypres, Dixmunde, Lille, Saint-Omer, Arras, Valenciennes, Tournai, Douai, Cambrai, Bailleul, Poperinghe et Langemark. En 1268 c'est une ordonnance du roi de Castille qui mentionne tous les produits drapiers des centres industriels du nord. A la fin du XIIIe siecle, ils arrivent jusqu'a' Tortose. Un role gascon de 1295 fait entrevoir des periples plus hardis encore, en relatant l'aventure de ce bateau, la Sainte-Marie de Bayonne, qui venait se charger en Afrique de paniers de raisin de Malaga et de figues, pour les transporter vers l'Angleterre, en suivant les cotes du Portugal."'6

These indirect references, suggesting the existence of a Cantabrian, and even an Arabic, nautical carto- graphy, have not hitherto been corroborated by any sensational discoveries of sea-charts or ruthers per- taining to either of the two schools we are concerned with here. We give below a list of the nautical charts known to us, confining ourselves to Arabic examples and excluding Turkish charts (except that of Piri Re'is) and Italian and Catalan charts, whose toponymy was transcribed into Arabic in the Renaissance period. 1. Magreb Chart. Anonymous sea-chart preserved in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan. Date: beginning of XIVth century. Dimensions: 23,5 x 16 cm. Bibliography: Fischer, Sammlung..., pp. 219-45; Miller, Mappae arabicae (Stuttgart, 1926-31), vol. V, p. 173; Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, vol. II (Baltimore, 1953), p. 1049. 10 Cf. J. Vernet "Marruecos en la Geografia de Ibn Sa'Id al-Magribl", Tamuda, 1 (1953), 245-63, in which I give a descrip- tion of the coasts of Morocco. 11 Cf. J. Vernet, "Los conocimientos ..". 12 Records of the activity of the Arab fleet of the Cordoba caliphate in Cantabrian waters are available: thus, in the Carlo- vingian epoch Muslim vessels ransacked its coasts (cited from Lacour-Gayet, Histoire du commerce, Paris, 1950-1953, vol. II, p. 214, who refers to the Vita Sancti Philiberti as the source of his information). Later, the Andalusian fleet helped Almanzor in the conquest of Santiago de Compostela and later still, during Alphonso VII's minority, it raided the coasts of Galicia. 13 Cf. Motzo, II compasso..., pp. xxxiv, xxxix, lxxiii, civ; I. Renouard: "Les voies de communication entre pays de la Medi- terran&e et pays de l'Atlantique au Moyen Age. Probl&mes et hypotheses", Melanges Louis Halphen (1951), 587-94; idem, "Les hommes d'affaires italiens a la Rochelle au Moyen Age", Studi in onore di Armando Sapori, 1 (1957), 401-46. 14 Cf. L. Carrington Goodrich, "The connection between the nautical charts of the Arabs and those of the Chinese before the days of the Portuguese navigators?", Isis, 44 (1953), 99-100. 15 Cf. Lacour-Gayet, Histoire..., vol. II, 340-1. The date 1277 agrees with the statement made by Ibn Sa'Id, that in his day the goods transported from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean followed a land route, which crossed the south of France and stretched from Toulouse to Narbonne, whence it continued by sea to Alexandria. See also S. D. Goitein, "From the Mediter- ranean to India: documents on the trade to India, South Arabia and East Africa from the eleventh and twelfth centuries", Speculum, vol. 29, No. 2 (1954), 181-97. 16 Some information on navigation in Cantabrian waters prior to the XIIIth century is found in C. E. Dubler, "Los caminos a Compostela en la obra de Idris!", Al-Andalus, 14 (1949), 59-122 (cf. especially pp. 99 and 103-11); idem, "Ueber das Wirtschaftsleben auf der Iberischen Halbinsel vom XI. zum XIII. Jahrhundert", Romanica Helvetica, 22 (1943), XVI 186 pp. See especially pp. 116 ff.

2

2. Sea-chart by Ibrahim al-Mursi. Preserved in the Naval Museum, Istanbul. Date: 865/1461. Dimensions. 89 x 53 cm.

Bibliography: Ettore Rossi, "Una carta nautica araba inedita di Ibrdhim al-Mursi", Congr~s International de geographie, le Caire... 1925. Compte vendu, vol. V (1926), pp. 90-95, with an illegible photographic reproduction. 3. Sea-chart by Piri Re'is. Preserved in the Serail Palace Museum (Topkapi). Date: 919/1513. Dimensions: 90 x 65 cm.

This is a Turkish map, in which the coasts of America appear for the first time. It is included here on account of its author's importance, and subsequent influence, in Arabic cartography. Bibliography: Paul Kahle, Die verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498 in einer turkischen Weltkarte von 1513 (Berlin-Leipzig, 1933), 52 pp. + 9 facsimiles; idem, "Piri Re'is, der tfirkische Seemann und Kartograph", Wissenschaftliche Annalen, vol. 5, no. 11 (1956), pp. 862-72; Idem, "Huellas de un mapa perdido de Colon", Vida Maritima, 32, nos. 992-993 (1933); Afetinan, The oldest map of America drawn by Piri Reis, Turk tarih kurumu basimevi, (Ankara, 1954), 64 pp.; L. Bagrow, Geschichte der Kartographie, p. 87. The remaining bibliography referring to this subject will be found in the works cited. 4. Sea-chart by Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Sarafi al-Safaqflsi. Preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, MS arabe 2278. Date: 958/1551. Dimensions: 25 x 20 cm.

Contains various maps, an enumeration of which is given in De Slane's Catalogue. Bibliography: Miller, Mappae arabicae, vol. V, pp. 175-7; I, facs. 2, p. 52; Nallino, "Un mappamondo arabo disegnato nel 1579 da 'Ali ibn Ahmad al-Sharf! di Sfax", Bolletino delta Reale Societa Geografica Italiana, 5 (1916), 721-36 (reprinted in Raccolta di scritti... Carlo Alfonso Nallino, vol. V (Rome, 1944), pp. 533-48). 5. Sea-chart by 'Ali b. Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Sarafl. This map was in the possession of the bookseller Alessandro Castagnari and was purchased by the Italian Ministry of Colonies in 1916-17. Date: 987/1579. Dimensions: 135 x 59 cm.

A sea-chart produced by combining Idrisi's map with a Catalan portolan. Bibliography: the same as for the preceding item.

6. Uri's old catalogue of the Bodleian Library at Oxford cites a work produced in 979/1571 which may perhaps be related to No. 4. Bibliography: Miller, loc. cit.; Nallino, loc. cit.; J. Uri, Catalogus codicum mss. Bibliothecae Bodleyanae (Oxonii, 1787), vol. I, p. 935.

7. Sea-chart by Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Ahmad al-Sarafi. Preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Pads, Res. Ge. C. 5089. Date: 1009/1601. Dimensions: (725 + 645) x 485 mm.

As Nordenskidld's reproduction shows, this consists of two parts, which match fairly well although they are not exactly in the same style. The dimensions in length (725 and 645 mm) correspond to those of each part separately.

Bibliography: Miller, loc. cit.; Nallino, loc. cit.; A. E. Nordenskiold, Periplus: an essay on the early history of charts and sailing-directions (Stockholm, 1897), pp. 66-7, 69.

The Magreb Chart is drawn on paper. The ink employed is black, with the exception of the more important names, which are written in red ink. It represents the coasts comprised between 330 and 550 N and from 100 W to 110 E. It lacks any wind-roses, banners, perspective views of cities, and cartouches, unless the frames containing the scale of leagues are considered as such.

The date of its composition cannot be established from palaeographical criteria, considering that very little, if any, evolution in the Magreb cursive script took place during the XILIth and XIVth centuries. Of more significance in this respect is the relative density of place-names on the coasts of England and Ireland - remote localities, which were being discovered by southern navigators in the course of these centuries. A comparison of the number of these names with that of the names in other maps, listed by E. T. Hamy,17 yields the following result:

17 "Origines de la cartographic de l'Europe septentrionale" (= pp. 1-94 of his Etudes historiques et geFographiques). See also the lists of place-names given by Nordenskidld, Periplus..., pp. 25 44.

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MAP NUMBER OF PLACE-NAMES

Ireland Great Britain

Pisana 0 5 Vesconte (1318) 0 37 Magreb 4 18 Tammar-Luxoro 33 61 Dulcert (1339) 51 81 Genoese (1351) 55 63 Catalan (1375) 67 80

If this comparison is extended to the Atlantic coasts of Europe in the Magreb Chart and the Tammar- Luxoro Atlas, the result is as follows:

MAGREB MAP TAMMAR-LUXORO

Gibraltar-St. Jean de Luz 44 96 St. Jean de Luz-Ribes 53 84

This suggests that, in view of its meagre toponymy, the Magreb Chart is contemporary with the Tammar- Luxoro and Vesconte atlases and somewhat earlier than that of Dulcert (1339).18

The magnificent drawing of the French, Belgian, and Dutch coasts, besides the argument adduced a few lines below, makes it impossible to agree that this chart, as some authors suppose, 19 belongs to the end of the XIIth century. Moreover, the identification of name no. 79, Birb-ira, with Bermeo, proposed by Fischer, is not clear. It might equally well be identified with Bilbao, and, if so, we could conclude that the chart was drawn about 1330, because this fortress was founded in 1300 and some time would naturally elapse from the date of its foundation until it became important enough to become known to mariners.

We believe that Italians and Catalans had little to do with the drawing of the Atlantic coasts on this chart, although we suppose that the Magreb chart constitutes the only known example of a series of sea- charts of the Atlantic, now lost. Italian and Catalan influence is certainly evident in its toponymy, but it is no less certain that many of the names cannot be explained with the aid of either of these languages: Arabised words are abundant, either turned into Arabic or derived from an unknown source, as we shall see in examining the toponymy.

The place where the chart was drawn is very difficult to determine precisely, but it was doubtless produced in the Islamic West, either in the Kingdom of Granada or in Morocco, which both enjoyed their commercial apogee at the beginning of the XIVth century.

We have said above that there are no wind-roses on this chart. The rhumbs are however indicated in the margin of the frame with the following names: simdl = N; barrdna = NE; masriq = E; S'aliq = SE; yanfib = S; labaj = SW; (ma)grib = W. The name of NW is quite illegible.

A few points are indicated along the coasts, especially in the estuaries of the Schelde and Garonne, and there are numerous crosses marking real or imaginary reefs.20 The small islands have a tendency to adopt geometrical figures (e.g. the Frisian Isles, the Isle of Man, Alboran, the Columbretes) and are filled with ink. The few exceptions to this rule are Majorca, Sardinia, and Corsica.

The scale or log of leagues is given in the NE and SE corners of the chart with the following legend: Hdiihi al-amydl kull bayt bi-mi'a. Of this Nordenskidld says:

"To the distance-scale of the Arabian portolano preserved in Ambrosiana, is affixed a legend, which according to Th. Fischer... means: This the miles, every house 100. By measuring on the map, it can easily

18 Motzo, II compasso..., p. lxxi, in which he refers to this method for the dating of maps. 19 Cf. Fischer, Sammlung..., pp. 219-20. 20 Cf. Motzo, II compasso..., p. lxiv, footnote.

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be shown that this scale is an ordinary portolanscale. Since each 'house' (double division) of this scale con- sists of twenty portolan-miles, the mile of the Arabian maps-draughtsman must have equalled 0.2 p.m. = 1.16 kilometres."21

The scale of reduction is approximately 1: 12,500,000 and the average magnetic declination, according to the parallel Tarifa-Alboran-Chelif, is about 60.22

TOPONYMY

In the list of place-names which follows, we give: a) the place-names as they appear in the Magreb chart, transcribed according to the rules of the Spanish school of arabists, in which the letters of the Arabic alphabet have the following equivalents: 'btt1hjddrzssbsdtz'gfqklmnhwy; b) between brackets, an indication of the origin of the word: a - indicates that the word is Arabic or arabised; i - that it derives from Italian; c - from Catalan; v - that it cannot be explained by any of the three mentioned languages. If more than one letter is given in the brackets, it means that the word can be explained from several languages; c) an enumeration of the variants of the name in question, as listed by Kretschmer in Por- tolane...; d) observations and quotations from other sources (almost always al-Idris!); and e) the modern identification.

Of the place-names (218) which figure on the European coasts - we dispense with those on the coasts of Africa, because they are all of Arab or Berber origin - there remain 16 of doubtful reading.23 Of the remaining 202 place-names, 48 may be considered as of Arab origin or arabised,24 and the identification of 16 is doubtful.25

A series of technical words, typical of such works, are also found in the chart and normally their deri- vation. Thus: 1. Arabisms: yawn = gulf (nos. 9, 21, 30, 46, 57, 61, 68, 71, 84, 101); fazfra = island (no. 5); marsd

port (no. 45) ras, tarf = cape (nos. 58, 165; 108, 129, 132, 137). 2. Catalanisms: qdb = cape (nos. 42, 55, 66, 147, 173, 174, 210); burt = port (nos. 49, 86, 96, 158,

194, 202, 207); sa, sdnt = saint (nos. 10, 159; 8, 9, 52, 56). 3. Italianisms: da = of (preposition, no. 210); co = cape (Genoisms, cf. Motzo, II compasso..., p. 63;

nos. 50, 91). 4. Hispanisms: qabii26 = cape (no. 69); d of (preposition, nos. 10, 12, 75, 86, 96, 114, 173, 174);

sant, san = saint (nos. 54, 64, 77, 111). This last name is in our opinion of the greatest importance in relating the Magreb chart with a local

school of Spanish cartography: the letter Sin is actually a characteristic Mozarabic and Castilian tran- scription of the roman letter s.27 This articulation was still preserved in the XIIIth century, since donia Blanca, mother of St. Louis of France and daughter of Alphonso VIII - the first Castilian monarch to use on a large scale the war fleet of the Bay of Biscay - pronounced s as x (= s) as the following satirical verses by the minstrel Gontier de Soignies show:

Li xours commence xordement, xors est li siecles devenus, Et xors en sont toutes les gens; Xors est li siecles et perdus. Qui de l'altrui vuet mais noient Moult ordement est respondus Et malvesties le mont pourceint,

21 Cf. Periplus..., p. 22; for a general criticism of the results arrived at by Nordenskiold see Salvador Garcia Franco, La legua ndutica en la Edad Media (Instituto Hist6rico de Marina, Madrid, 1957), pp. 188-95. 22 Cf. J. M. Martinez-Hidalgo Teran, Historia y leyenda de la aguja manetica (Barcelona, 1946). 23 Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 23, 83, 93, 112, 162, 177, 179. 24 Nos. 33, 40, 51, 84, 88, 106, 107. 108, 109, 113, 115-139; 143-146; 148, 151, 152, 153, 157, 161, 164, 165, 176. 25 Nos. 27, 37, 53, 58, 60, 63, 69, 89, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 105, 178, 181. 26 On the Italian forms of this place-name cf. Motzo, II compasso, pp. xxiii, xxxiv, li. 27 Cf. Simonet, Glosario de voces ibericas y latinas usadas entre los mozdrabes (Madrid, 1888), pp. 582-583 and clxxxii; Menendez Pidal, Manual de gramatica historica espaniola (Madrid, 1941), p. 119.

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Que les barons fet xors et nus. "Chanteis, vos qui vents de xort, "La xorderie par lou xort"28 * . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Because or the special contexture of Arabic, the short vowels are seldom written. For this reason in our transcription only the long vowels (d, I, fi) are certain, or those (indicated in italics) which were noted by the author, though not long. Auxiliary reading signs are almost completely lacking in our map (therefore we write Inkiltira and not Inkiltirra), except the sukuns29 standing in a final position.

The abbreviations used here are those given by Kretschmer in Portolane:

L = Tammar-Luxoro Atlas (XIVth cent.) Par. = Chart of Bartolomeo Pareto (1455) Vesc. = Charts of Petrus Vesconte (1311-1320) Marc. = portolan fragment of Biblioteca Marciana Med. = Medici Atlas (1351) (XIIIth cent.) K. = Catalan Atlas (1375) V. = portolan of Pietro de Versi (1445) G. = Charts of Giroldi (1422-1446) S. = portolan of Marino Sanudo (1311-1320) J. = Chart of Museum fur Meereskunde, Berlin (ca. 1453) P. = Parma portolan (1430) Ben. = Charts of Grazioso and Andrea Benincasa (1461-1490) Ma. = Magliabecchi XII portolan, 88 (XVth cent.) Bi. = Atlas of Andrea Bianco (1436) Mb. = Magliabecchi XIII portolan, 72,1 (XVth cent.) Pin. = Pinelli Atlas (ca. 1384) Bp. = portolan of Grazioso Benincasa Dal. = Charts of Dalorto-Dulcert (1325-1339) Rz. = Rizo portolan (XVth cent.)

A) Ireland 1. Istan fiirda (i, c). - Estanforda, Ben; Stanforda, L.K.G.Med. Pin; Stanford, Rz 13. - Doubtful

reading. - = Strangford Lough. 2. Diirasii (i). - Darche, Dal. K. Ben; Dondazo, L.; Darchem, G. - Doubtful reading. - Dundalk. 3. D-anblim (i, c). - Donuelim, Med. K.Rz 14.; Domuelim, L.; Donuelim, G.; Dumuelim, Vesc.;

Doniuelim, Ben. - Doubtful reading. - = Dublin. 4. Qatarub (v). - Gataforda, L.K.G.Ben.; Gitaforda, Med.; Gitaforda, Vesc.; Chataforda, Bi.; Gato-

forda, Pin.; Gateforda, Rz. 12. - The last syllable is certain, and it is therefore difficult to accept the correction Qatafuar proposed by Fischer. - = Waterford.

B) England 5. Yazirat Inkiltira = Isle of England. 6. Barwiki (v). - Berioc, L.; Beruhic, K.; Beroch, G.; Boruchic, Ben. Berixe, Bi. - Doubtful reading. -

= Berwick. 7. Ulf (i,c). - Ullo, L. Vesc. K.G.Ben.; Uullo, Pin. - = Hull. 8. Sabinarqui (v). - G. de Sanbettor, Ben.; Sanbitor, L.; San Betorf, K.; Gulffo d'Sanbetor, Vesc.;

Sanuetor, Bi.; Sco. Bitor, G. Pin. - = Gulf of Boston (?) 9. Yawn (a) Sabinarqui (v). - = Gulf of Boston.

10. Sant de Yarnitmuwa (v). - Jarnennia, L.; Jarnemue, Vesc.; Laramua.G.; Jaremua, Pin.; Gaxdamua, Bi. - Yarmouth.

11. Yarn!... Difficult reading and the end of the word illegible. The first letter might as well be a b. 12. De qisalisiyfin (v). - Guinsalexeo, K.; Gisalexio, L.; Gixalexeo, G.; Ginsalexio, Vesc. Ben.; Ginga-

laxeo, Bi.; Insalaxeu, V 52.; Giuzan, V 53.; Vincilixeo, Rz 6.19. - = Winchelsea. 13. Ratni... Illegible. 14. Barmuyya (v). - Portamua, L.G.K.Vesc.Bi.Ben. - = Portsmouth. 15. Qatris... - Patristol, G. Ben.; Patristo, Med.; Patisto, L.; Patris, K.; Patustol, Rz 16. - Failing to

make out the entire name, I give here Fischer's identification. - = Padstow.

28 I am indebted for this quotation to my friend and colleague Prof. Martin de Riquer. I cite it from Histoire litturaire de la France, vol. XXIII (Paris, 1895), p. 604. For a complete edition of this poem see Carla Cremonesi, Lirica francese del Medio Evo (Milan, 1955), pp. 142-4. 29 sukun is a sign indicating that the relevant consonant lacks a vowel.

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16. Brl'st (i,c). - Bristo, L.K.Pin.Rz 16.; Brissto,, G.; Bristoll, Bi.; Bristol, Ben. - = Bristol. 17. Inkiltira (?) In the middle of the island, beside number 16. Very doubtful reading. 18. Illegible. 19. Mirfurt (v). - Mirafora, K.Ben. Rz 6.; Miforde, L.; Mirafiurda, V 48.; Milefora, Med.; Mirafronda,

G. - = Milford. 20. Birqalis (i,c). - Virgalles K. Ben.; Uirgalles, G.; Gales, L.; Galles, Med.; Gaules, Pin.; Gaulles,

V 48. - = South Wales. 21. Yawn (a) birqaliz (i,c). - The final z might well be an s. - Gulf of South Wales (Yales) 22. N-arqalis (i,c). - Norgalles, K.G.Ben.; Norgales,L.; Noegalles, Med. = North Wales. 23. Dinfris (i). - Donfres, Med. G. Ben.; Donfret, Pin. - Very uncertain reading. - = Dumfries.

C) The Netherlands 24. Ribs (i,c). - Ripis, Dal. Ben.; Ripiss, K.; Ripa, Adam. - = Ribe. 25. Ifrinyiya (v). - Frixia, Dal. Ben. Pin.; Flislanda, Vesc.; Firlanda, Pin. - = North Friesland. 26. Ulanda (i,c). - Holanda, L.; Hollanda, G.; Olanda, Pin.; Ollanda, Vesc. Dal. K. Ben. - = Holland. 27. Bjwant (v). - Fischer proposes to correct this name to Masdib (which is however impossible on account

of the consonantal ductus), and then identifies this name with Marsdiep. 28. Iskalls (v). - Schalingue, Ben.; Scalingue, Dal. K. - = Callantsoog? Terschelling? 29. U~trik (i). - Utrek, L.; Utres, G.; Utrech, Dal. Ben.; Uressa, Bi. - = Utrecht. 30. Yawn (a) Utrik (i) = Gulf of Utrecht. 31. Istaltiqra (v) This consonantal ductus is certain. Nevertheless, if a small error of reading is admitted,

it might be transformed into Iskaltamuwa = Mouth of the Schelde. 32. Dfiridtir (v). - Dodret, L.; Dordret, G.K.; Dordet, Vesc. Dal.; Dordrech, Ben.; Durdrech, Bi. -

Dordrecht. 33. Yawn al-y'azr (a) = Gulf of the reflux. Probably one of the mouths of the Zwyn. 34. Ulanra. - Should probably be corrected to Zuilanda (i). - Zelanda, L.; Solanda, Ben.; Sallanda, G.K.;

Salanda, Pin. - Zeeland. 35. Iflanda (v) Flanders. 36. Bruy'as (i,c). - Bruces, L.; Bruzes, G.Bi.; Brozes, Pin.; Bruges, Vesc. K. Ben. - = Bruges. 37. Yanqatuya (v). - Santa Catarina, L. G.; Sta. Catalina, Vesc. Ben.; San Chatarina, V 38.; Santa

Chatarina, Rz 28. -

D) France 38. Qalis (i,c). - Cales, P 1. Ma. Vesc. Pin. Bi.; Chalse, P 1.; Calles, Dal. K.; Chales, Ma. V 38, Ben.;

Calexe, L.; Callex, G.; Challes, Rz 29. - = Calais. 39. Bululba (v). - Bologna, P 9. Ben. Rz 29.; Bollogna, Dal.; Bellogna, G. K.; Bolonia, Pin. Benlonga,

L.; Bolena, Bi.; Bilognia, Ma.; Belogna, Vesc. - = Boulogne. 40. Yawn al-anhar (a) = Gulf of the rivers which Fischer identifies with the mouths of the Somme. 41. Diyaba (i,c). - Diepa, L. Vesc. K. Dal. P 1, Ma. G. Pin. Rz 30. V 35.; Depa, Ben. - Dieppe. 42. Qab Ruwam = Cape of Rouen. 43. Ruwam (i,c). - Roam, L. G. K. Rz 31.; Roan, Pin.; Ruam, Dal. - = Rouen. 44. Barns (i,c). - Pariss, K.Bi.; Parixi, L.; Parixius, Dal.; Parigius, Ben.; Parissius, Vesc.; Paris, Rz 30.

Pin. - = Paris. 45. Marsa (a) Barls (i,c). - Port of Paris. 46. Yawn (a) Kam (i,c). - = Gulf of Caen. 47. Kam (i,c). - Cam, Vesc. Dal. K. G. Pin.; Cham, Ben, Rz 31.; Can, Bi. - = Caen. 48. Araf iffit (v). - Barafret, P 1.; Uoraflet, P 224; Barafrette, V 34; Barrafiet, Ma.; Baiaflet, L.; Baiafret,

Ben. - The reading of the first word with a b, i.e. Barai, proposed by Fischer, is very probable. It might also be substituted, perhaps with better reason, by a w. - Point of Barfleur.

49. Karb burt (i,c). - Cheriborg, Dal. K. Ben.; Ciriburg, L.; Chiriburg, G.; Ceriborg, Vesc.; Ciriborg, Pin.; Zeriborg, Rz 31; Ziraborg, Rz 32. - = Cherbourg.

50. Qalawuh (v). - Cauo dellagha, P 11; Cur de Laga, K.; C. de Laga, Ben.; Codelaga, L.G.; Cor de Laga, Vesc.; Chauo de la grua, V 33; Porto Laaga, V 34; Ch. de Gordlaga, Rz 32. - = Cape of the Hague.

51. Yawn (a). - Cf. No. 52. 52. Samalfi (i,c). - Golfo de Sa Malo, K. Ben.; G. de Samallo, L.; G. de san Maio, Pin.; Gulfo d'san

Mallo, Vesc. - Although written on different lines, Nos. 51 and 52 should be read together. - = Gulf of St. Malo.

53. Satr yaltis (v). - Fischer proposes to correct the first word to Sat-i which would change the meaning to Santo. = St. Cast?

54. San brI... (v). - Rasanbriach, K.; Raxenbriach, Dal.; Rasembriach, Ben.; Rasinbria, Vesc.; Rassain- briaco, G.; Rasanbriac, Pin.; S. Briat, Bi. - = Raz St. Brieuc.

55. Qdb Milyadn (i,c,v). - Meliana, L.K.Dal.Pin.; Mirouna, P 233; Meruana, V 43; Melliana, G. - Reef of Meloine.

56. Samiya (i). - San Mae, Vesc. K. Dal.; Samaer, L.; Samael, G. Rz 35; Samaet, Pin.; Samaello P, 14; Samae, Ben. - = Point of St. Mathieu.

57. Yawn (a) Britdniya (v) = Gulf of Brittany. 58. Ra's Britdniya (v) - Cape of Brittany. - Fischer believes that the writing of the second word has

been altered and that it should be Funtdniya, in which case the identification with the Point of Raz (la Pointe du Raz) would be certain (Cauo de Fontanao, Dal. K. P 15. Ma.; Rais de Fontaneo, Rz 35; Fontana, Ben.; Fontaneo, L.G. V. 29. Pin.).

59. Lfidiyarn (v). - Odierna, Dal. K. Bi. Ben. Pin.; Odemira, L.G.; = Audierne. 60. Iqlaman (v). - Fischer identifies it with the Point of Penmarch (la Pointe de Penmarche). 61. Yawn (a) Nantis (i,c) = Gulf of Nantes. 62. Nantis (i,c). - Nantes, L. Vesc. Dal. K. G. Bi. Ben. Pin. Rz 39. - = Nantes. 63. Wad wabdil (v). - Fischer discusses this name and presumes it should be Narmtstil, which he identifies

with Noirmoutier. 64. San Sabastiyan (v). - Fischer believes that there is a copyist's error in the location of this name. He

suggests Bali SankIli, which he identifies with St. Gilles. 65. Liyuint (v). - Fischer thinks that this name should be identified with Pointe le Plomb. It is quite pro-

bable that it may be so. 66. Qab Rukila = Cape of La Rochelle. 67. Rukila (i,c). - Rocella, L. Vesc. Dal. K. Ben.; Rocela, Bi.; Loricela, Pin.; Orizella, G. - = La Ro-

chelle. 68. Yawn (a) Rukila (i,c) = Gulf of La Rochelle. 69. Qabua lanar (v). - Fischer thinks that it should be corrected to Mamulsan and identifies it with Pertuis

de Maumusson. 70. Burkui (i,c). - Bargo. K.; Burgo, Dal.; Burg, L.G.; Borgo, Pin. - = Bourg sur Gironde. 71. Yawn (a) Burdil (i). 72. Burdil (i). - Bordella, L. Vesc.; Bordeus, Dal. K. Ben.; Bordela, Pin.; Bordel, V 28; Bordeho, G.;

Buxdell, Bi.; Bordeos, Rz 43.; Bordeo, P 18. - The initial b is clearly separated from the r which follows it. Perhaps a w has got lost and then it should be read Bdrdil. - = Bordeaux.

73. Y aluinda (i,c). - Garona, K.; Gironda, Dal.; Zironda, Bi. - -Garonne. 74. Arkuin (i,c). - Arcaxo, L.; Archixon, Dal. K.; Archassion, V 28; Arcassom, G.; Archaxon, Bi.;

Archaxom, Ben.; Archaxona, Rz. 43; Charchascion, P 19; Charchasion, Ma. - Probably it should be read as proposed by Fischer, Arkavsun. - = Arcachon.

75. Yuna de Qaskfiniya (v) = Bayonne. (The initial b was possibly omitted by the copyist.) 76. Bayuina (i,v). - Baona de Gascogna, K.; Baiona de Gascogna, Dal.; Uascogna, L. G.; Guasscogna,

Pin. Ben.; Baiona, Bi.; Bayona, V 27; Bocha di Baiona, P 19. - =Bayonne.

8

E) Iberian Peninsula

77. San gibastiyan (v). - San Sebastiam, L. Ben.; S. Sebastia, K.; S. Sebastian, Bi. G. Rz 44; S. Sebastiano, P. 21; Sanbastiano, Ma. - = San Sebastia'n.

78. Qatarl (v). - Cataria, K.G.; Cutaria, L.; Chitaria, P 21; Chataria, Rz 44; Gattaria, Ben. - = Guetaria. 79. Birb-ard (v). - Bermeo, L. Rz 44; Bremeo, K. Ben.; Bermeho, G.; Uermes, Bi. - = Bermeo, which is

the identification proposed by Fischer. Notwithstanding, we believe that it might refer to Bilbao (Bilbao, Ben. Rz 45; Birbao, K.; Uiluaho, G.; Bilbau, Bi.).

80. Qastra (v). - Cf. No. 81. 81. Urdiyalis (v). - Castro, L.K.G. Ben. Rz 45. - Forms one single name with the preceding number, in

spite of these two being written in the Magreb chart on two different lines. - = Castro Urdiales. 82. Larld (v). - Laredo, K.; Loredo, L.G.Rz 46; Lareto, P 23; Laredo, Bi. - = Laredo. 83. Sds... driya (v). - Santander, L. P 24; Santo Ander, K. Bi.; Chauo san ander, V 27; Sancto Ander,

Vesc. Rz 46. G. - As the reading is incomplete, it might as easily refer to Santander as to the river Sindriya cited by Dubler: "Los caminos a Compostela en la obra de IdrisI," Al-Andalus, 14 (1949), 110.

84. Yawn (a) al-Awdiya (a). - Gulf of the rivers. - Fischer suggests the identification with the estuary of the Tina-Mayor (which constitutes a combination of three valleys) or with the estuary of the San Martin.

85. Galasiya (v). - Fischer proposes to identify it with Portugalete, although it is encountered far from its correct place.

86. Burt de labindir (v). - Lanes, Vesc. Bi.; Lesanes, V 31; Lapnes, L.; Lanpnes, K.; Laynes, G.; Lagnes, Ben.; Blans, Rz 47. - = Llanes.

87. Ribadawfi (v). - Ripadeo, P 25; Ripatoua, L.; Ribadeho, G.; Ribadeo, V 29; Rz 49; Bi.; Ripadoua, Vesc. - = Rivadeo.

88. Al-wadd (a). - Fischer proposes the identification of this place-name with the Basma of Italian and Catalan sea-charts, and thus is would be the Mouth of the Foz.

89. Al-baladdu (a, v?). - Fischer suggests the identification of this name with San Cipridn. 90. Fifarfi (v). - Uiuero, L.G.Ma.; Viuero, P 25, Rz 51, Vesc. Ben. - = Vivero. 91. Qaluniya (v). - Corogna, Vesc. K.; Crugna, L. Ben.; Collogna, G.; Cholognie, Ma.; Collogne, P 27;

Choranje, V 26; Chrugne, Rz 53; Chrugna, Bi. - = La Corunia. Corunna. 92. Finistala (v). - Finistera, L.K.G. Pin.; Finisterre, Rz 56; Finistere, V 25; Finisterna, P 29. - Uncertain

reading. Cf. D. Cabanelas: "Finisterre en el "Rawd mi'tar" of HimyarI," Al-Andalus, 16 (1951), 218-20.

93. Munz.. .a (v?). - Fischer suggests identification with Mugia. 94. Baha (v) Fischer suggests, hesitatingly, identification with Noya. 95. Lanqarida (v). - Ponta uechia, L.; Pontauedre, K.; Pontavedra, Bi. Ben. Rz 57. - Fischer proposes

the following reading correcting the MS.: Buntifadra. - Pontevedra. 96. Burt de Muir (v). - Baiona, G. Bi.; Baiona de Mior, L.; Baona de mignol, Vesc.; Baona de minor, K.;

Baiona de mignor, Ben.; isole de Baiona, P 32, Ma. Rz 58; lixola de bayona, V 25; Baiona de mar, Pin. - = Bayona del Minho.

97. Gaskuiniya (v). - Fischer identifies it with Villa do Conde. 98. Fuya (i,c). - Boga, L.K.G.Bi.Ben.Pin. - = Vouga. 99. Talfiya? Taluwiya? (v). - Fischer does not find any place-name corresponding to this one and is in-

clined, hesitatingly, to read, together with no. 98, mawya zuluma = dangerous waves. 100. Burtugdl (i). - Porto de Portogallo, Ben. V 24; Portogallo, L. Rz 59, G.; Porto giallo, P 33; Porto de

Portogalo, Vesc. Pin.; Portoghallo, Ma.; Porto de Portogal, Bi. = Oporto. 101. Yawn (a) Burtugal. 102. Tuwa (v). - May be Tuy? Cf. Dubler, "Los caminos.. .", p. 113; in this case it would be far from

its real place. Fischer proposes to correct the text to Bulga and identify the name withe the river Vouga.

9

103. Muintiqui (i,c). - Mondego, L. K. G. Bi.; Montiego, V 24; Mondegio (-agio), P 33; Mondegho, Ma.; Montedegon, Pin.; Mondego, Rz 60. - Idrisi, ed. Dozy p. 183: Mundlq. - = Mondego.

104. Qarflbira (v). - Carboner, L.K.G.Ben. Pin.; Cauo di Carbonara, P. 33; Carbonera, Bi.; Charboner, V 24, Rz 60. - Fischer proposes some emendation of the ductus. - = Cape Carvoeiro.

105. Barllng-d (v). - Berlinga, K.V. 24; Bi. Ben.; Barlinga, Pin.; Berlinghe, P 33, Ma.; Berlenghe, Rz 60. - = Island of Berlenga.

106. Yawaniya (v). - Fischer corrects it to Takulna and identifies it with Althougia (Tiguna, L.G.; Tuguia, G.; Tugia, Vesc.; Tuzia, Bi.; Tagina, Ben.)

107. L'sbfina (a). - Lisbona, L.K.G.Bi.Ben.Pin.Rz 61, P 34; Lessibone, Vesc. - = Lisbon. 108. gdqit (a,v). - Fischer identifies it, hesitatingly, with Setubal (Satuuol, K.; Sotual, G.; Satuel, Ben.;

Setune, P 35; Sostoual, V 23; Situbuol, Rz 62). 109. Tarf al-garb (a). - Fischer identifies it with the Cape of San Vicente. All the place-names picked up

by Kretschmer derive from Romanic speed. 110. Laqus (a,v). - Lacos, Ben.; Laco, G. K. Bi.Pin.; Lacus, J.; Laghus, P 36; Lagus, Ma.; Lachus, Rz

64. -= Lagos. 1 1 .9antamariya (v) de Faruin (a,v). - Faraum, K.; Faraom, Vesc. G.; Faraun, J.; Faraon, L. Pin. - = Faro. 112. Ta.. bIra (?). - Fischer proposes to read Tanblra and identifies it with Tavira (Tauila, L. Pin.; Tauira,

J.; Tauilla, K. G. Vesc. Rz 64; Tavila, Bi.). 113. Wadd yana (a). - Goadiana, K.Bi.; Gadiana, J.; Guardiana, L. Pin.; Godiana, G. Ben.Rz 64; Gadeana,

Vesc. - Guadiana. 114. Arqa de yun (i). - Fischer proposes to read the second word bun. - Arca de bom, L.; Arcadebu, J.;

Arca de bo, K.G.Ben. Pin. - = San Miguel Arga de buey. 115. Salt-is (i,c,a). - Saltes, K.G.J.Pin.; Sates, Bin.; Saltexe, Vesc. = Saltes. 116. Rimal (a) Gardafi ' (V). - Aranes, L.G.; Arenas, Bi.; Arenagorde, J.; Allene Guardie, Vesc. -

Arenas Gordas. 117. Barr (a) al-Ma'ida (a). - San Luca Baramida, L. Vesc. K. Ben.; San Lucha Borabneda, Bi.; Barameda,

J.; San Luchar de Barameda, Rz 65.; San Lucha Borimida, P 37. - = San Lucar de Barrameda. 118. Isbiliya (a). - Sibillia, L. K.; Sibbillia, G.; Siuillia, Bi.; Sibilia, Vesc. Ben. Pin. Rz 65. - = Sevilla. 119. Qadis (a). - Cades, L.G.; Cadis, K. J.; Chades, Bi. Rz 65, Ma.; Calici, P 36. - = Cadiz. 120. TarIf (a). - Tarifa, L.K.Vesc. Bi.Pin.J.; Tariffa, J. G. Ben.; Tariffe, P 38; ixola Tarifa, Rz 66. -

Tarifa. 121. al-Yazir al-hadra' (a). - Zizera, K.G.Pin.; Zicera, Rz 68; J. - A name of very uncertain reading, but

which corresponds in any case the Arab form. - = Algeciras. 122. Yabal al-fath (a). - Cf. No. 123. 123. al-Muman (?). - Doubtful reading. Fischer proposes to read al-muyamman which would then mean,

together with no. 122: = Mount of the happy conquest = Gibraltar (Monte Zuibeltar, L.; Mon iubeltar, Vesc.; Mont Gibeltar, K.J.; Zubeltar, G.; Monte de Zibeltar, Rz 68; Bi. Pin.; Giubilterra, Gibilterra, P 39; Ma.).

124. Marbala (a,i,c). - Marbella, P 40; Vesc. L. J.; Marbela, K.G.; Marueglia, Rz 69. - = Marbella. 125. Hay'ar al-milh (a). - Molina P 40; Molini, Rz 69, Bi.; Molins, L.K.; Molinj, G.; Molin, Ben. Par.

J.; Muline, Ma.; Molline, Vesc. - = Torremolinos? 126. Malaqa (a). - Malicha, P 40. Rz 69. K.; Malica, J.L.Ben.; Mallaca, Vesc.; Malcha, Bi.; Mallicha,

G.; Malaca, Par. - Mallaga. 127. Bazilyana (a) = Las Ventas de Mesmiliana. 128. Marya Belis (a). - Malia de bis, L.; Mallia de bis, G.Ben.; Malca de bis, Bi.; Maliabelis, K.; Mallia

bedis, Vesc.; MaIjabelli, J. - = Velez Malaga. 129. Tarf Turru's (a). - Punta de Tor, K.P.; de Toro, J.; Ponta de Tore, L.G.Bi.Vesc.; Torre, Bi. --

Punta de Torrox. 130. Narya (a). - Negreli, L.Vesc. J.; Negrels, K.; Nigrello, P 41; Negrelli, Ben.; Negrellis, G.; Megreli,

Bi.; Negrella, Par.--Nerja.

10

131. al-Munakab (a). - = Muleca, K.Par.J.; Mulleca, Vesc.; Milleca, L.; Milecha, Ben.; Meleca, G.; Melecha, Bi.Rz 70; Malicha, P 41, Ma. - = Almuniecar.

132. Tarf al-qisis (a). - Tarfocases, K.J.; Tarfocaros, L.G.Bi.; chao de Trafilcasis, Rz 70; Tarifocasix, Vesc.; Tarffocases, Par. - = Cabo de Sacratif (Fischer), Trefalcazis (Kretschmer).

133. 'Adra (a). - Tadra, K.G.Vesc.Ben.Bi. = Adra. 134. al-Daffa (a). - Cf. No. 135. 135. al-Amiriya (a). - Lena dal can(bra), K; Lena da Canbre, J.; Alcambra, L.; Arcanbra, Bi.; Arconbra,

G.; Lena de alcanbla, Vesc.; Lena de larcambra, Ben. - = Llanos de Alcanbra; Lena darmeria, L.G.Bi.Ben.; Lena Delmeria, K.; Lena darmaria, J.; Lena dalmeria, P 42, Pin.; Lena almaria, Vesc. - = Llanos de Almeria. - I do not know to which of the two place-names cited by the Italian and Catalan maps in the environs of Almeria this Arab place-name, doubtless composed of Nos. 134 and 135, corresponds.

136. al-Mariya (a). - Almeria, L.K.G.P. 42, Ma. Rz 70; Almaria, Vesc.; Elmarja, J.; Armeria, Ben. Bi. Par. = Almeria.

137. Tarf al-qabta (a) Cauo Gatto, P 42; Gatta, Ma. Rz 71; Ben; Gata, L.G.Bi.Par.Pin.; C.S. Gata, J.; C. de Capta, K.; GapLa, Vesc. Cf. Idris! p. 194. - C. de Gata.

138. al-Rahib (a). - Rait, ..G.Vesc. Bi.; Raut, Pin. - = 139. BIra (a). - Vera, Ben. Par.; Vera veia, Bi.; Bera, L.K.G.J. Vesc.Pin.Rz 70 = Vera. 140. Iqila (a). - Aguila, Pin.; Aquile, P 44, Ma.J.Ben.Bi.; Aquilla, Rz 72, Vesc.; Aquille, L.G.Par.;

Aguilles, K. - Port of Aguila. 141. Suyana (a). - Suanas, L.G.Bi.; Suana, Vesc. Par. Pin.; Susaya, K. - Fischer identifies it with Cala

Negro. 142. Qarminhiyar (a). - Carminzar, L.; Carmenya, K.; Carmingar, G.; Charmanzar, Rz 72.; Carmenzar,

P 44; Charminar, Ma.; Carmaniar, Vesc.; Carmoniar, Ben. Par.; Carmiricar, Bi.; Carmanzar, Pin. - -Cabo Tinoso (Fischer); The Bay of Mazarron (Kretschmer).

143. Qartayina (a). - Chartagenia, K.P. 45; Rz 73; Chartagenia, Rz 73; Cartazenia, Pin.; Cartaienia, L. Vesc. J.; Cartaienea, G.; Cartagienia, Ben.; Chartaienia, Bi.; Chartagienia, Ma.; Cartagena, Par. - Idrisi p. 194: Qartayina. - = Cartagena.

144. al Huluiq (a) Idrisi, p. 194 cites Huluiq Balis = Palos Bay. 145. al-Mudawwar (a). - Guardamar, L.G.Bi.Ben.Rz 76; Gardamar, Vesc. Pin.; Gardemar, J.; Guardmar,

K.; Goardamar, Par. - Kretschmer identifies it with the Arabic place-name which he gives in the tran- scription al-Madur. Fischer presumes that the place-names 144 and 145 should be read together.

146. Laqant (a). - Lacantera, L. Ben. Bi.; Allacant, K.; Cantera, Vesc.; Chantera, P 49; Cantara, Rz 76, J.; La cantara, G.; Cantira, Pin.; Ghalicante, Ma.; Galicante, P 49. - Alicante.

147. Qab Martin (v). - C. de Marti, K.; Martin, G. Vesc. Pin.; Martim, Ben. Rz 76; C. de Martj, J.; Martino, P 50. - = Cape of St. Martin.

148. Daniya (a). - Denia, K.G.Vesc.J.Ben.P 51, Rz 77. - = Denia. 149. Qandiya ( ). - Gandia, L.K.G.Vesc.Bi.J.Ben.Pin.Rz 78. - = Gandia. 150. Qulblra (v). - Cugliera, L.; Culiera, Pin.Rz 78.; Chuliera, Rz 78; Cuiera, G.; Culera, J.; Cugera,

K.Ben.; Chuchiera, Bi. - Idris! p. 192: Qulyayra. - = Cullera. 151. Balansiya (a). - Valenza, Rz 78, P 52, Pin.; Valenga, Bi. Ben.; Vallenga, G.; Vallencia, K. Vesc.;

Valencia, J.; Ualenza, L. Ma. - = Valencia. 152. Mfirbitr (a). - Monuedra, L.Vesc.Ben.; Monte uedro, G.; Montuedre, K.; Moruedro, J.; Monueder,

Bi.; Moruedo, Pin. - Idris! p. 191: Murbatr. - = Murviedro. 153. Buryana (a). - Boriana, L.G.K.Bi.Vesc.Ben.J.Pin. - Burriana. 154. Urbiya (v). - Auropexa, L.G.Bi.; Aurpeza, J.; Aurpessa, K. Ben.; Auropessa, Vesc.; Alarpeso, Pin. -

Idris! p. 191: 'Uqbat Ubiga. - = Cape of Oropesa. 155. Banfiukula (a). - Paniscola, L.G.Bi.Pin.; Panischola, Rz 79; Panisscola, Vesc. Panischoli, P 51, Ma.;

Peniscola, J.; Peniscula, K.; Paniscula, Ben. - Idr!s1 p. 191: Baniskula. - = Penfiscola. 156. Liyana (v). - IdrisI p. 191: Yana. - = La Zana.

11

157. Turta'sa (a). - Tortosa, P 52; Tortoxa, L.Bi.Ben.J.Pin.Rz 79; Ma 52.; Tortossa, Vesc. K.; Tortoza, J.; Tolloxa, G. - = Tortosa.

158. Burt Fangus (c). - Porto Fangoso, Vesc. Ben.Pin.Rz 79; Port Fangos, K.J.; P. Fangoxo, L.G.Bi. - = Puerto del Fangal.

159. Sant AYury (i). - San Giorgio, Ben.; Sco. Zorzi, Pin.; S. Jordi, J. - Golfo de San Jorge. 160. gal-at (v). - Salo, P 53, Ma. Mb 52, Bi.; Sallo, L.K.G.P 53; Sallou, Ben.; Salou, J.; Salon, Rz 79. -

Salou. 161. Tarakuna (a). - Taragona, G. Pin. Rz 80; Terragona, P 52; Taraona, Ma.; Taregona, J.; Taragogna,

L.; Tarragogna, Bi. Idris! Tarrakina. - = Tarragona. 162. ...rit (c). - Tamarit, K. Bi. Ben. J.; Camarit, L.G. - = Tamarit. 163. Lubriqat (c). - Lombregat, L.; Lonbregat, K.G.; Lobergat, Ben.; Lonbrigat, Pin.; Lobraguat, J. -

The river Llobregat. 164. Barsiluna (a). - Barcellona, K.; Barzellona, G.; Bazalona, L.; Barzalona, Bi.P 52; Barcelona, Ben;

Barcelona, Rz 80; J.; Barzelona, Pin. - = Barcelona. 165. Ra's (a). al-Mabarim (a). Neither Fischer nor Kretschmer have been able to provide any identifi-

cation. Might it be L'agulla, north of Blanes? 166. Anbuliya (i,c). - Ampulles, Ben.; Ampurie, L.; Anpulie, Pin.; Anpories, J.; colfo de ampuresche,

Rz 80. - = Gulf of Rosas. 167. Lanzam (i). - Lanza, K.J.; Anxam, L.; Lanqam, G.Ben.; lena de Lanzan, Rz 81; Lena, P 58; Lansa,

J.; Lanzano, Vesc.; Langan, Pin. - = Llansa. 168. Wast 'azirat al-Andalus Centre of the Peninsula al-Andalus.

F) France: coast of the Mediterranean 169. Qutlura (v). - Copliura, K.; Colluuro, L.; Coliuro, G.; Coliuri, P 58, Rz 81; Coliueri, Ma.; Copliuro.

Ben.; Colibro, Bi. - = Collioure. 170. Qanmt (v). - Fiume de Canont, Rz 81. - = Mouth of the Tech. 171. Narbuna (a). - Narbona, L. Bi.; Nerbona, Vesc. K. Ben. J. - Narbe, G.; grado di Nerbona, P 59;

grauo de Nerbona, Rz 82. - = Narbonne. 172. Aqda (i,c). - Agde, L.K.Vesc.J.; Acde, G.Bi.; Agda, Ben.; Adda, Rz 82. - = Agde. 173. Qab de Kuwanka (v). - Cauo di chonches P 59; Conches, Ma; Concha, Rz 82. - = La Conque. 174. Qab de Sit (v). - Cauo de septa, L.Bi.Ma.; Seta, K.; Setta, P 59.; chauo de septe, Rz 82, Vesc. -

Cette. 175. Manbiglir (i,c,v). - Monpollier, G.; Mompolier, Ben.; Monpolier, Bi.; Monpesler, K.Vesc.J. -

Montpellier. 176. al-Fam al-Mayt (a). - Aygues mortes, K. J.; Aigue morta, Ma.; Aqua morta, P 60; Aque morte,

L.Rz 83. - - Aigues-mortes. 177. Ir...'arut (?, v). -L= Ile de la Camargue? 178. Binaya (?). - Idris! ed. Jaubert, II, 239 Afinin - Avignon according to Fischer. 179. . .rul! (?). - Correcting it to Arlisy, Fischer identifies it with Arles. 180. Duru (v). - This place-name overlaps the preceding one. - Odor, L.K.G.Vesc.Ben.J.; Oder, Rz 83;

Hodo, Rz 146. - = Roque de Dour? 181. Qatar! (v). - Boccolli, L.; Bocollj, G.; Bocoli, Vesc.; Boch, J.; Bocholi, P 66, Rz 146. - Bouc,

according to Fischer, who suggests the correction of this name to Bakurl. 182. Quliqi (v). - Collone, L. Vesc. K. G.; Colone, Bi. Rz 146, J.; C. de Colonda, Ben.; C. delle collogne,

P 61; Chologne, Ma. - = Couronne. 183. Marslliya (v). - Marseia, L. Rz 147, Bi.; Marsseia, G.; Masela, K. Marcella, J.; Marsela, Ben.; Mars-

silia, Vesc.; Marsilia, P 61. - Marseilles. 184. Aqil (v). - Aquille, L.G.Vesc.; Aquile, J.; Aquilles, K.; Aquile, Ben., Bi.; Aquila, Mb.; Aquilad,

Rz 148; Aguilo, Pin. - = C. Bec de l'Aigle.

12

185. Tulfin (i). - Tolom, L. Rz 150; Telom, K.G.; Tolon, Vesc. Pin. Tolona, Ni.; Tolone, P 63. - Toulott. 186. Awyd (v). - Eres, K. Ben., Pin.; Ixole deres, Rz 151; Ere, J. Vesc.; Erens, L. G.; Ere, Vesc.; Iris,

Mb.; leris, P 65 f. - Idrisi, ed. Jaubert II, 249: Iris. - = Hyeres. 187. Ifrayuin (a). - Frezur, K.; Frazur, G.; C. de Frazur, J.; Fraiur, Vesc.; Fragur, L. Bi.; Fraur, Ben.;

Fregur, Pin. - Frejus. 188. Margarita (i,). - Santa Margarita, L.G.Vesc. Rz 153; Sca. Margallita, K.; St. Malgarita, Bi. Pin.;

S. Marguarita, J.; Isole di sancta margherita, P 67. Ma. - = Ile de Ste. Marguerite. 189. Antlwari (i, c). - Antiueri, K.; Antiuari, Ben. J.; Tiboli, P 67; Antiuoli ,Mb.; Antipol, Rz 154. - =

Antibes. 190. Qaluina (v). - Chauo de Galopa, Rz 154, G. J. Bi. Pin.; Ghualoppa, Ma.; C. della Galoppa, P 68;

Gallopa, L. K. Vesc. - In the Magreb map the order is changed: it should precede number 189. - C. de la Garoupe.

191. Anisa (v, a). - Niza, L. Vesc. Rz 154; Pin.; Nisa, K.J.; Niqa, Bi.; Nizza, Mb. 69.- Nice. 192. Muinaqui (i, c). - Monago, L. K. J. Rz 155; Monego, Bi. Ben. Rz 155; Munego, G.; Monaco, Vesc.

P 70. - = Monaco.

G) Italy 193. Bintimiliya (i, c). - Ventimilla, K.; Ventimillia, Ben.; XX milia, L.; XX milla, Pin. J.; Ventimiglia,

Rz 155; XX mia. G. - = Ventimiglia. 194. Bury (c) al-Binquan (v). - Albengena, L.; Albengana, K.; Arbenga, G. Ben. Rz 156; Arlenga, Pin.;

Albengua, J.; Albingano, Vesc.; Isole d'erbringhe, P. 70. - = Albenga. 195. Fan (v). - Uai, L. G. Bi.; Vai, Ben. P 71, Rz 157; Vay. Vesc. K. - Fischer believes that this ductus

derives from Fay Vado. 196. Safina (v). - Sauona, L. Vesc. G. Ben. P 71. Bi. Pin.; Saona, K. J.; Savona, Rz 157. - Idris!

(ed. Jaubert) II, 249, Saguina. - Savona. 197. Arisiyan (v). - Arenzano, Vesc.; Arenza, K. L.; Arenxam, L. Bi.; Aronsan, G.; Arestan, Pin. - =

Arenzano. 198. Bali (i). - Pegi, L. K. G. J.; Pezi, Bi.; Pelli, Vesc. - = Pegli. 199. Yanuwa (i, c). - Zenoua, L. Rz 158; Zenoa, G. Pin.; Janua, K. J. Vesc. Ben.; Gienoua, P 71. - =

Genoa. 200. Rabal (v). - Rapallo, L. G. Ben. Vesc.; Rapalo, K. Pin.; Golfo de Repalo, Rz 158; Repallo, J. - -

Rapallo. 201. 1s'trl (v). - Sestri, K. L. G. Vesc. P 73; Cestri, J.; Sistri, Rz 159; Sestro, Pin. - = Sestri. 202. Burt (c) Fanuiri (i). - Porto uenere, L. G. Pin.; Porto venere, Ben. Rz 159; Porto uener, K. Vesc.;

Porto veneri, J. P 73. - Portovenere. 203. Qu5r (?). - Cauo coruo, L. Vesc. J. Ben. K. Pin.; C. Corbo, G.; C. Chorbo, Rz 159. - = C. Corvo. 204. Magira (?). - Magra, L. G. Vesc. K. Ben. Pin.; Magre, J.; Fuxa de la Magra, Rz 159. - Very doubtful

reading. Idris! (ed. Jaubert) II, 249: Faqra. - Magra. 205. Matfiwun (v). - Motron, L. K. G. J. Pin.; Motrom, Ben.; Mutron, Vesc.; Montron, Rz 159. -

Motrone. 206. Biya (i). - Pisa, K.; Pin. J.; Pixia, L.; Pissa, Vesc. G.; Pixa, Ben. Rz 160. - = Pisa. 207. Burt Bisal (v). - Porto Pixano, L.; Port Pissam, K. G.; P. Pissano, Vesc.; P. Pisanj, J.; Porto Pixam,

Rz 160.; Porto Pisano, P 74. - = Porto Pisano. 208. Fada (i). - Vadi, G.; Uada, L.; Vada, Ben. Vesc. P 83, Rz 161; Vaida, J.; Vayda, K. - = Vada. 209. Blubin (v). - Plonbino, L. G. Pin.; Plunbi, K.; Plonbj, J.; Pionbin, Rz 161; Pionbino, Vesc.; Piom-

bino, Ben. P 83. - Piombino. 210. Qab (c) da Tuwiya (v). - Cauo de Troia, L. Vesc. G. J. Pin. Troya, K.; C. de la Troia, Ben. -

C. de Troia. 211. Baskira (i). - Pescera, L. G. Vesc.; Pescayra, K. J.; Castillioni, Ben.; Castrion, Pin.; Chastion de la

Peschara, Rz 164. - =Castiglione della Pescaja.

13

H. Isles of the Mediterranean

212. Yazlrat Qursiqa. - This name also appears on the eastern coast of the island. - Idrds! (ed. Jaubert) II, 68: Qursa.

213. Yazlrat Sardaniya. - This name also appears on the eastern coast of the island. 214. Yalita (i). - Isla Galita. 215. Yazlrat Mayurqa (a). - This name also appears on the eastern coast of the island. 216. Minuarqa (a). - Minorica, L. Ben.; Minorcha, Vesc.; Minoricha, Mb 211; Minoricha, Rz 93. -

Minorca. 217. Yabisa (a). - Eviza, L. G. Pin.; Eviqa, K. Ben.; Jeuiqa; Bi; Jeuiza, Rz 84; Castello deviza, Mb 207;

Euenza, Vesc. - = Ibiza. 218. al-Buram (a). - Albolam, L.; Elboram, K.; Anbollam, G.; Boran, Rz 68; Alborame, Vesc. Pin. P 48;

Ma. Mb.; Abolan, Bi; Alboram, Ben. - = Alboran.

I) Africa 219. Mdzigdn (a). - Messagram, Vesc.; Mesegam, Med.; Mesegan, Pin.; Magaqem, Ben.; Masagan, Bi.;

Mazacchi, Montozache, P 202. - = Mazagan. 220. Azamuir (a). - Zamor, Vesc. J. P 201; Azamor, Bi.; Aqamor, Ben. - Azamor. 221. Abui Ufayr (a). - Niffe, Vesc. Ben.; Nife, J. Pin.; Nia, Bi.; Anafe, Ben.; Niffa, P 201. - = Anafa. -

Doubtful identification. 222. Yawn Sursur (a). - Scossor, Vesc.; Esossor, Ben.; Scosor, Bi. Pin. - = Gulf of Sarsar in the mouth of

the Umm al-Rab!'. 223. Marafiqa, Maqifa?. - Very doubtful reading. 224. Fudala (a). - Fadalla, Vesc.; Fedalla, J.; Fedala, Med.; Fedela, Pin.; Ysola Fadala, Bi.; Isola di

Fidalo, P 201. - Idris! p. 73: Fidala. - = Fedala. 225. Yuzr al-hamam (a). - Rotima, Med. Ben. Pin.; .. . ma, '; Romea, Bi. - Very doubtful identification. 226. Sala (a). - Salle, L. Vesc. J. Ben.; Sale, Bi. Pin. P 201. - Idris! p. 72. - = Sale. 227. Sabf. - Idirlsi p. 170. - = The river Sebu. 228. Abuj Tawil (a). 229. al-Muzamat (a). - Mamora, Vesc. L. Med. Bi. J. Ben. Pin. - = Mehedia (?). 230. al-'Ara'i's (a). - Laraxi, Vesc.; Laraci, J.; Lara9, Ben.; Laras, Pin.; Cauo della iasa, P 201. - = La-

rache. 231. Tanya (a). - Tancer, L. Pin.; Tania, Vesc.; Tanjer, K.; Tanze, G.; Tanger, J. Ben.; Tangero, Mb 201.

- Tangiers. 232. Sibta (a). - Septa, L. Vesc. K. G. Bi. Ben. Pin.; Cepta, J. Rz 68; Secta, Ma 200. 233. Wadi Mayiksa (a). - = The river of Tetuan. 234. al-'Uqayli. - Tarfoneli, L.; Tariffanoli, Vesc.; Tarfonoli, K. Pin.; Tarfonolli, G.; Tarfonli, Bi. -

Doubtful identification. 235. Targa (a). - Terga, K.; Targua, J.; Targho, Ma 200.; Targa, G. Ben. - Targai. 236. Karkl (a). - Cricer, L.; Chercher, Vesc.; Chucer Bi.; Crizer, Pin. - Idris! p. 171. - Doubtful

identification. 237. Yalis (a). - Ellis, L. Vesc. K. G. Ben.; Elis, Bi. J. Pin. - Mouth of the Iris. 238. Badis (a). - Bedis, L. K. Vesc. G. J. Ben. Pin. Ma 200; Bettis, Bi. - Idris! p. 171. - = Badis. 239. Taqarqira (a). - Tarfocirat, L. G.; Tarfoquirat, K. J. Ben.; Tarfozirat, Bi. - = Cape Quilates. 240. al-Muzama (a). - Molcemar, L.; Motzema, K. J.; Motqema, G.; Mozema, Vesc.; Molzemar, Bi.

Pin.; Moncemar, Ben.; Isola MOgema, Ma. 199. - Idris! p. 171. - = Alhucemas. 241. Aftis (a). - Fetis, L. G. Ben.; Fetix, K. J.; Feti, Pin. - = Fetis. 242. Jusasa (a). - = Bu Asar? 243. Tarf Fark (a). - C. de tre Force, L. G.; C. de III Forche, Vesc. K. J. Pin.; C. di Biforche, Ma 199.;

C. de tre Forche, Bi. Ben. - =C. Tres Forcas.

14

244. Malila (a). - Millella, L.; Millela, Vesc. K.; Melila, J.; Milela, Bi.; Melilla, Ben.; Milela, Pin.; Memila, Ma 199; Melina, Mb. - = Melilla.

245. al-Sal-f (a). - = Muley Ali Cherif? 246. Dalasanil (a). - Zafarins, L.; Jaffarini, K. Ben.; qaffarinj, G.; Zafarini, Bi. Pin.; Jafains, J.; Isole di

Jafarini, Ma 198; Jaffarime, Mb. - Doubtful identification = Jafarinas Islands. 247. Maluiya (a). - Miluina, L. Bi.; Millunia, Vesc.; Miluya, K. J.; Milluhina, G.; Millonia, Ben.; Malonia,

Pin. - Idris! p. 172. - The river Muluya. 248. 'Ayrat (a). - Fischcr suggests, hesitatingly, identification with Cape Milonia. 249. Hunayn (a). - Omne, L. Bi.; Vne, J.; One, K. G. Ben. Pin. Ma 198; Onem, Vesc. - = C. Noe. 250. al-Raykul (a). - Limacs, L. G.; Limachs, K. J.; Y. de Limaes, Pin. Issolle de Limace, Vesc.; Limace,

Bi.; Y. de Limacia, Ben. - Idris! p. 172 Aryakuan y Arisqat = Limacos. 251. al-Wadd al-Malih (a). - =? 252. Ban! Wanzar (a). - Idris! p. 172, Bani Wazzar. -According to Idrisi's data it seems to refer to a pro-

montory in the environs of Cape Blanco. 253. Tarf al-harsa (a). - C. Falcon, L. G.; C. de Falco, K.; C. d'Farchon, Vesc.; Falconi, Ben.; Falcon,

Bi. Pin.; C. di Falchone, Ma 198. - Idris! p. 173 al-harsa. - = C. Falcon. 254. Wahran (a). - Oram, L. Vesc. K. G. Bi. Ben.; Hora, Ma 197; Ora, J.; Oran, Pin.; Choram, Mb. - =

Oran (Wahran). 255. Asabi' Fir'awn (a). - C. Feraton, L. Vesc. Bi. Pin.; Cauo Ferat, K.; C. Ferao, J.; Ferrao, Ben.;

C. Ferrato, Ma 197; C. Feraton, G. - = C. Ferrato. 257. Salif (a). - Silefo, L. K. Bi. G.; Cilef, J.; Sileffo, Ben. - = Mouth of the Chelif. 256. Tamzagran (a). - Marzagrani, Bi.; Marssagrani, Vesc.; Masagrani, J.; Marzacroni, Pin. - = Mazagran. 258. Hawd Faruj (a). - Cf. Idris! (ed. Dozy) p. 117, footnote. - Probably in the mouth of the Macta. 259. QuluI al-qarnayn (a). - Cf. Idrisi pp. 369, 101 and Dozy, Supplement, s.v. - = Yebel Tabellain? 260. Tanis (a). - Tenexe, L. G. Bi. Pin.; Tenexi, Vesc.; Tenes, K. J.; Tenese, Ben.; Tenesi, Mb 196. -

Tenes. 261. al-Naquar (a). - Aucor, L. G. Bi. Pin.; Aocor, Vesc. J.; Aochor, K. Ben. - = C. Kef el Hauci. 262. Yabal al-Jayl (a). - = ? 263. Brisk (a). - Bresca, L. Bi.; Brisch, K. J.; Bressca, G.; Brissca, Vesc.; Brischa, Ben. Pin.; Brischo,

Ma 196. - Idrisi, pp. 88 and 101. - = Si Brahim. 264. girsal (a). - Sorcelli, L.; Cercel, K.; Sorgelly, G.; Cercelli, Vesc.; Cercei, J.; Sorzeli, Bi. Pin.; Circelli,

Ben. - Idrisi pp. 89 and 101. - = Cherchel. 265. al-Bital (a). - C. Batar, Bi. J. Ben. Pin.; C. de Lalbatal, K.; C. de Batar, G. Ma 195; C. d'Batrar,

Vesc.; - Idrisi p. 101. - = Fischer identifies it with Pointe Berinshel and Kretschmer with Ras el Amoach.

266. Huir (a). - Idrisi p. 101. - = A small fishery village between Ras el Amoach and Sidi Ferruch. 267. al-Yaza'ir (a). - Alguer, L. Bi.; Alger, K. J. Ben.; Lalguer, G.; Algier, Ma 195; Zizera, Vesc. Pin. - =

Argel. 268. Tamadfur (a). - Mitifue, L.; Montefoxo, Vesc.; Metifux, K.; Mitifus, G.; Metifus, J. Ben.; Mietifus,

Bi.; Murfus, Pin. - Fischer identifies it with el Tamadfus which is indicated in Idris! p. 102 and I, 89. - = Cape Matifu.

269. Marsa al-dayay (a). - Marssa d'Gige, Vesc. - Idrisi pp. 89, 90 and 102. - = Port-aux-Poules or Hadjer Makhluf.

270. Ta... .lis (a). - Titellis, L. Vesc. G. J.; Tedelis, K. Ma 195; Titelis, Bi. Pin.; Tidellis, Ben.. - Idrisi p. 102: Tadlis. Fischer reads: Tadlis. - C. de Tedles.

271. Azafun (a). - Jafo, L. J.; Zaffon, Vesc.; Zafon, K. Pin.; laffo; G. Bi.; Caffoni, Ben.; Chauo de Cafom, Ma 195; Zaffen, Mb. - Idrisi p. 102. - = Azeffun.

272. Buyaya (a). - Buzia, L. Bi. Pin.; Bogia, J.; Bugia, K.; Bugia, G.; Bugea, Vesc. Ma 195. - = Bugia. 273. al-Mansu-riyya (a). - Manxolia, L.; Manssolia, Vesc.; Mansoria, K.; Manssollia, G.; Mansora, J. Pin.

Mosolia, Bi.; Mansuria, Ben.; Isola di Monsuri, Ma 194. - Idrisi p. 102. --=Mansuria.

15

274. Yazlrat al-'afiya (a). - Balafia, L. K. Bi. J. Pin. Ma 194; Balaffia, Vesc. Ben.; Ballafia, G. - IdrIsI p. 98, 4 . - = Ras Afia, Pointe Rouge, Red Point.

275. Mazgltdn. - (a). - Idrisi pp. 98, 102 MazgItan. = A promontory between Ras Afia and Dschidschelli. 276. YIlhal (a). - Giger, L. J.; Gigeri, Ben.; Zizari, Vesc. Pin. G. Bi. - Idrisi pp. 98 and 102. - = Djidjelli. 277. al-Astar (a). - Marzaron, L.; Marza Saydo, K.; Marsaito, J.; Magaron, G.; Marssasaito, Vesc.;

Porto Marsaitton, Ben.; Marza aroni, Pin. - = Mersa Zeitun, according to Fischer. 278. al-Qull (a). - Ancol, K. J.; Ancoli, Bi.; Alchol, G.; Ancolle, Vesc.; G. de Ancoli, Pin.; Collo, Ben.

Ma 194. - Idrisi pp. 98 and 102. - = Collo. 279. Ustura (a). - Stora, L. Vesc. K. G. Bi. J. Ben. Pin.; Storra, Ma 193. - IdrIsI p. 103. - = Stora. 280. Marsa al-saman (a). - Fischer identifies it with Cape Akcine. 281. Ra's marsa al-rum (a). - Fischer identifies it, hesitatingly, with Cape Tukush. 282. Qulu' al-nusur (a). - Fischer identifies it, hesitatingly, with Cape de Garde. 283. Buna (a). - Bona, L. Vesc. K. G. Bi. J. Ben. Ma 192, Pin. - = Bona. 284. al-FRg (a). - Foca de Bona, L. G. Bi.; G. d'Bona, J.; Golfo de Bona, K. Ben. Pin. - = Mouth of the

river Seybouse. 285. Anf al-'aris (a). - Fischer identifies it with Cape Rosa (Cauo de Ruoxa, L. G. Pin.; Cauo de Rosso,

Vesc.; Cap de la Rossa, K.; Ch. di Rossa, Ma 192; C. d'Roza, J.; C. de Rosa, Ben.; C. de Raoxa, Bi.). 286. Marsa' al-jaraz (a). - Marzacaris, L. Vesc. K. Bi. J. Pin.; Margagarj, G.; Margaquares, Ben. - Idrisi

pp. 103, 116, 123. - = La Calle. 287. Tabarqa (a). - Tabarca, L. G. J. Ben. Pin.; Tabarcha, Vesc. K. Bi. Ma 191. - Idrisi p. 123. - = Ta-

barca. 288. Ra's al-minsar (a). - Rasamixar, L.; Rassamissar, Vesc.; Rasalmixar, J.; Raxamixar, Bi.; Ras al-

minxar, K.; Rasa missar, G.; Rasamisar, Ben. Pin.; Chauo di Ramisa, Ma 191. - Idrisi p. 123. - Cabo Serrat.

289. Ra's al-gira (a) - Doubtful reading. Fischer reads al-girar. - Doubtful identification. 290. Binzart (a). - Bixerti, L. Bi. Pin.; Bezert, J. K.; Bisserti, Vesc. G.; Biserti, Ben. - = Bizerta. 291. Ra's al-yabal (a). - Rasalgibir, K. J.; Rassagibel, Vesc.; Rasagibel, Ben. Pin.; Rasargilbel, Mb.;

Chauo Rasascibel, Ma 190. - Idris! p. 123. - = Fischer identifies it with Ras Sidi Ali el Mekki and Kretschmer with Ras Zebib.

292. Tunus (a). - Tunis, L. K. Bi.; Tonis, J. G.; Tunese, Ben. Pin.; Tunexi, Vesc.; Tunigi, Ma 189. - Tunis.

293. Qarbus (a). - Idris! p. 124. - Fischer identifies it with Kurbes or Gurbes, to the south of Cape Zafran

16

Article Contentsp. 1p. [xvi]p. 2p. 3p. 4p. 5p. 6p. 7p. 8p. 9p. 10p. 11p. 12p. 13p. 14p. 15p. 16

Issue Table of ContentsImago Mundi, Vol. 16 (1962), pp. i-xvi+1-166Front Matter [pp. i-ix]Foreword of the Management Committee [p. xi]Roberto Almagi. 1884-1962 [p. xiii]The Maghreb Chart in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana [pp. xvi+1-16]The Fra Mauro Portolan Chart in the Vatican [pp. 17-28]The Oldest Maps of The Netherlands; Dutch Map Fragments of about 1524 [pp. 29-32]At the Sources of the Cartography of Russia [pp. 33-48]The Buddhist World Map in Japan and Its Contact with European Maps [pp. 49-69]The Mythical "First Voyage" of the "Soderini Letter" [pp. 70-75]The Cartographer Diogo Ribeiro [pp. 76-83]A Survey of the Double-Page Maps in Thirty-Five Editions of the "Comographia Universalis" 1544-1628 of Sebastian Mnster and in His Editions of Ptolemy's "Geographia" 1540-1552 [pp. 84-97]Addendum: Sebastian Mnster's Map of Prussia and the Variants of It [p. 97]The Ortelius Maps of New Spain, 1579, and Related Contemporary Materials, 1560-1610 [pp. 98-115]Ignacio Moreira of Lisbon, Cartographer in Japan 1590-1592 [pp. 116-128]Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo [pp. 129-148]A Tokugawa Map of Japan on Porcelain [pp. 149-151]The Aitken Map of Virginia [pp. 152-156]Shorter ArticlesFour British Manuscripts of Scientific Works by Pierre d'Ailly [pp. 157-160]A Note from the Tall Tree Library. A Sixteenth-Century Airway Map [pp. 160]Unrecorded Maps in Danish Collections [pp. 161-162]The Rare and Enigmatic 1615 Second Title-Page Accompanying Sebastian Mnster's 1614 "Cosmographey" [p. 161]

ReviewsReview: untitled [p. 163]Review: untitled [p. 163]Review: untitled [p. 164]

Bibliography (Books Only) [pp. 165-166]Back Matter