the macrostructure of the brain aug. 28, 2015 – day 3 brain & language ling...

THE MACROSTRUCTURE OF THE BRAINAUG. 28, 2015 – DAY 3

Brain & Language

LING 4110-4890-5110-7960

NSCI 4110-4891-6110

Fall 2015

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Course organization• http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/• Fun with https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

8/26/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/

https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

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THE FIELDS OF LINGUISTICSReview


Summary of the fields of linguistics

Field Observations

graphemics the study of writing systems; a little with visual language

auditory phonetics yes

articulatory phonetics yes

phonology yes

prosody the study of stress and intonation; yes

morphology yes

syntax yes

semantics yes

pragmatics a little

lexicography the study of words; implicit in some of the others

language development the study of how children learn language; maybe

bi- or multilingualism the study of people who speak more than one language; a little

sociolinguistics the study of how language varies by social group; no

dialectology the study of the language of specific (usually geographically defined) social groups; no

historical linguistics the study of how languages change; no, neuroscience can’t study dead people, but …

evolution of language the study of how humans acquired language; maybe – what fun! almost pure speculation

anthropological linguistics

the study of how language varies by social group, usually pre-industrial or non-Western; no


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THE MACROSTRUCTURE OF THE BRAINReview


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Functions


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Up and down in the brain


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The two hemispheres


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Some speculation


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NAMING CONVENTIONS


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Gyri & sulci


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Gyri & sulci, lateral view


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Gyri & sulci, medial view


Gyrii

• AnG - angular gyrus• FP - frontal pole• IFG - inferior frontal gyrus• IOG - inferior occipital gyrus• ITG - inferior temporal gyrus• LOG - lateral occipital gyrus• MFG - middle frontal gyrus• MTG - middle temporal gyrus• OG - orbital gyrus• oper - pars opercularis (IFG)• orb - pars orbitalis (IFG)• tri - pars triangularis (IFG)• poCG - postcentral gyrus• preCG - precentral gyrus• SFG - superior frontal gyrus• SOG - superior occipital gyrus• SPL - superior parietal lobe• STG - superior temporal gyrus• SmG - supramarginal gyrus• TP - temporal pole

8/26/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane

University 14

Sulcii

• cs - central sulcus (Rolandic)• hr - horizontal ramus• ifs - inferior frontal sulcus• ios - inferior occipital sulcus• ips - intraparietal sulcus• syl - lateral fissure (Sylvian)• los - lateral occipital sulcus• ls - lunate sulcus• pof - parieto-occipital fissure• pocs - postcentral sulcus• precs - precentral sulcus• sfs - superior frontal sulcus• tos - transoccipital sulcus• vr - vertical ramus

8/26/15Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane

University 15

Brodmann's areas

8/26/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 16

Brodmann's areas, functions


Stereotaxic (Talairach) coordinates• MRI scans vary greatly between

individuals due to differences in slice orientation and brain features (i.e. brain size and shape varies across individuals).

• Therefore, it is generally useful to ‘normalize’ scans to a standard template.

• Normalization is the process of translating, rotating, scaling, and maybe warping a brain to roughly match a standard template image.

• After normalization, it is possible to report locations using stereotaxic (“Talairach”) coordinates, which are three numbers (X,Y,Z) that describe the distance from the anterior commissure (the 'origin' of Talairach space).

• The X,Y,Z dimensions refer to left-right, posterior-anterior, and ventral-dorsal respectively. So 38x-64x58mm refers to a point in right posterior dorsal region of the brain.


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NEUROLINGUISTICS


Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 208/26/15

Language areas of the brain


The Broca-Wernicke-Lichtheim model (of the LH)

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The two main aphasiasIngram p. 49

Broca’s

• C: What brought you to the hospital?

• P: yes … ah … Monday … ah … Dad … Peter Hogan, and Dad … ah … hospital … and ah … Wednesday … Wednesday … nine o’clock and ah Thursday … ten o’clock … doctors two … two … an doctors and … ah … teeth … yah … and a doctor an girl … and gums, an I.

Wernicke’s

• C: What brings you to the hospital?

• Boy, I’m sweating, I’m awful nervous, you know, once in a while I get caught up, I can’t mention the tarripote, a month ago, quite a little, I’ve done a lot well, I impose a lot, while on the other hand, you know what I mean, I have to run around, look it over, trebbin and all that sort of stuff.



Hickok & Poeppel (2004)’s model superimposed on the brain

Ventral

Dorsal

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Old vs. new


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One of the crucial challenges of contemporary neuroscience• If there is feedback in the brain how 'high' does it go?


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Echoes of the Spoken Past: Why real-world speech perception is not all that auditory to the brain Jeremy Skipper, University College London, UK

• What do we hear when someone speaks? What does auditory cortex (AC) do with that information? I present neuroimaging data suggesting that the impression that we simply hear “sounds” and that AC is the bottom of feedforward processing hierarchy are the wrong answers to these questions. Rather, when engaged by naturalistic language stimuli, AC is the afferent recipient of multimodal information extracted from preceding discourse content, observable mouth movements, speech-associated gestures, emotional facial displays, written text, and more. Such contextual information seems to be the starting point for the formation of hypotheses that are used to derive predictions about the nature of the information that might arrive in AC. Strong predictions result in a large conservation of metabolic resources in AC, presumably because no further evidence from the auditory world is required to confirm hypotheses. Thus, results suggest that a great deal of what we hear is not sound but, rather, an echo of internal knowledge that shapes and constrains interpretation of the impoverished information reaching AC. That is, hearing speech and AC functioning is a constructive process that relies on multimodal information available during real-world communication.


NEXT TIMEBrain microstructure


the macrostructure of the brain aug. 28, 2015 – day 3 brain & language ling...

Documents

language of specific

language maybebi

brain languageling

study dead people

evolution of languagethe

lateral view

medial view

course organizationhttp