The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

ChapterChapter 10, 10,

SectionSection 22

Control of the MississippiControl of the Mississippi

• By 1800, nearly 1,000,000 Americans lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi. Most were farmers.

• With few roads in the area, they relied on the Mississippi River to transport their goods.

Control of the MississippiControl of the Mississippi

• They sent their goods down the Mississippi to the city of New Orleans.

• From there, larger ships carried them up the Atlantic coast to large cities.

• Spain controlled New Orleans, and often threatened to close the port to Americans.

The Pinckney TreatyThe Pinckney Treaty• In 1795, President

Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to find a way to keep the port open to Americans.

• In the Pinckney Treaty, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi and store them in New Orleans.

A French EmpireA French Empire• However, in 1800, Spain

gave Louisiana back to France.

• President Jefferson suspected that Napoleon was building an American empire and decided to make an offer to buy New Orleans.

The Pinckney TreatyThe Pinckney Treaty• Luckily, Napoleon gave up

on an American empire when a revolution in the Caribbean made Haiti independent of the French.

• Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to buy New Orleans and Florida with the offer of $10 million.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase• Napoleon decided to

abandon the Caribbean and sell Louisiana to fund his costly European wars.

• Monroe and Livingston agreed to buy the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million.

Robert Livingston

Was the Purchase Constitutional?Was the Purchase Constitutional?

• Jefferson was cheerful with the deal, but not certain if the president had the constitutional power to buy the land.

• However, the purchase was too good to pass up.

• Congress approved the land deal in 1803, doubling the size of the United States.

Planning an ExpeditionPlanning an Expedition• Jefferson immediately

prepared a team to explore the new lands, choosing Lewis and Clark to lead.

• “The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, and such principal streams of it as by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean…” Thomas Jefferson, 1803

The Purposes of the The Purposes of the ExpeditionExpedition

• Military – Most members were soldiers.• Exploratory – To explore the new borders of US

and discover new wonders in the west.• Trade – Discovering an all-water route across the

continent would provide a more direct trading route with India and China.

• Scientific – To classify new species of plants and wildlife and study western geology.

• Tribal Relations – To meet Native tribes and begin trading relations.

The Journey Begins (1804)The Journey Begins (1804)• The Corps set out from Camp Dubois and up the

Missouri on May 14, 1804. However, the first year of the voyage was a tough one.

• Several of the men had attempted desertion and others had been flogged for inappropriate behavior.

• Sergeant Floyd died of a ruptured appendix in Iowa.• In September, an argument between the expedition

and the Teton Sioux nearly ended in a battle.

A A Bittersweet Bittersweet

WinterWinter

• The winter of 1804-5 was extremely cold.

• Lewis and Clark studied the land to the west from the Hidatsa and explorers in the Mandan villages.

• Here they also hired Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea, who had her child Pomp that winter.

• As a woman with a child, Sacagawea made the expedition look less like a war party to tribes along the way. She was also an interpreter, healer and sometimes a guide.

On the Road Again (1805)On the Road Again (1805)

• That spring many of the men left back home, taking specimens with them. The remaining 33 members moved on up the Missouri.

• In April they entered Montana, passing by the White Cliffs and Decision Point, where the men nearly mutinied.

• They were shocked by all the wildlife, and finally saw a grizzly, or “White Bear” for the first time.

At The Great Falls a Grizzly snuck up on Lewis while his rifle

was unloaded. Lewis ran away into the river and used his espontoon to ward off the bear.

The Corps Moves OnThe Corps Moves On• Once reaching the Great Falls, the Corps spent

a month portaging around the falls. • Clark scouted ahead through the Gates of the

Mountain and found the Three Forks in late July. Sacagawea recognized the country from her youth to the Corps delight.

• They followed the Jefferson river, which soon forked, and the party followed the Beaverhead River.

• After a time Sacagawea recognized another landmark – Beaverhead Rock – they were in the Shoshone’s territory.

More Help from TribesMore Help from Tribes• Lewis finally reached the source of the Missouri at

Lemhi pass, but realized that he would need help crossing the endless mountains.

• Luckily, he established good relations with 3 tribes in the Rocky Mountains:– The Shoshone, Sacagawea’s tribe, shared horses and

guides.– The Salish fed and clothed the Corps for a week before

the expedition crossed Lolo pass.– The Nez Pierce nursed the men back to health after

they had nearly starved and froze to death in the Rocky Mountains.

The Ocean The Ocean at Last!at Last!

• The Corps raced down the Colombia River, finally reaching the ocean just before the winter.

• They quickly built Fort Clatsop, named for the local Indians, in modern-day Astoria.

• In the spring, they returned along the same path, meeting most the same tribes along the way.

• The party split in Lolo and explored new paths in Montana.

The SeparationThe Separation• Clark and the majority of the party headed south

across Bozeman Pass to explore the Yellowstone River.

• Along the way they looked for the Crow tribe, but never saw them. However, all of their horses were taken by the Crow in only two nights!

• Lewis took a shortcut to the Great Falls and roamed into Blackfeet country, where he and his men fought with (and killed) two young Blackfeet men, then raced back to meet Clark.

Near present-day Billings Clark signed his name in a huge rock pillar he named for Sacagawea’s son, Pomp. Pompey’s Pillar is the only physical sign left behind by the expedition that can still be seen today.

ReunitedReunited• Lewis finally caught up to Clark in early August

near the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone.

• The captains dropped off Sacagawea, Pomp and Charbonneau at the Mandan Villages, as well as John Colter, who wished to stay and become a mountain man.

• They were not safe yet though, as Cruzatte proved when he shot Lewis in the butt after mistaking him for an elk!

The Swift Ride Home (1806)The Swift Ride Home (1806)

• Now headed downstream again in August, the party moved about 70 miles a day (instead of 10 to 20 upstream.)

• Finally, on September 23rd – almost three full years after they set out – Lewis and Clark returned to St. Louis.

• One man claimed it was as if they had just returned from the moon!

The Entire JourneyThe Entire Journey

The Legacy of The Legacy of ExplorersExplorers

• Zebulon Pike was another explorer, who journeyed along the Mississippi River and into Colorado and New Mexico.

• He was arrested by the Spanish, however, and sent back to the U.S.

• The Journeys of Pike and Lewis and Clark excited Americans, but pioneers did not immediately settle these western lands.

Threats from Overseas

Chapter 10, Section 3

Setting the Scene

Four American sailors who had been kidnapped by the British navy off the coast of India saw their chance to escape one night.

They jumped into a small boat and rowed as fast as they could. Unfortunately, they were intercepted by another British boat before they could reach the shore.

“The Captain said if we would come up, he would give us some drink… As soon as we got on the quarter deck they surrounded us and the

second mate clapped a pistol to my chest. [He said] ‘If you move an inch, I will blow your brains out.’”

Yankee Traders• After the Revolution,

American trade grew rapidly.

• Ships from New England went on voyages that sometimes lasted years.

• These Yankee traders traded New England ice for the spices and silks of India and China.

Yankee Traders

• More than 10 years before Lewis and Clark, Yankee merchants had already sailed up the pacific coast.

• So many traders had visited the tribes there that the local Indians knew white men as “Boston.”

Robert Gray

explored and traded along the Colombia River for America

http://www.marines.com/main/index/making_marines/culture/traditions/music

• Trade was especially risky on the Mediterranean Sea, where pirates of the Barbary States (along North Africa) demanded a yearly tribute (bribe) to avoid attacks.

• When Jefferson refused to pay this tribute, the Barbary States declared war on the U.S.

• Jefferson responded by blockading the pirate capital of Tripoli. Admiral Stephen Decatur burned pirate ships while the marines launched a surprise attack on Tripoli by land.

• By 1805, the ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty promising not to interfere with American ships.

Yankee Traders

• Unfortunately, Britain and France went to war again in 1803.

• The U.S. tried to remain neutral and profit from trade with both nations.

• Again, both Britain and France disregarded American neutrality by capturing American ships bound for Europe.

American Neutrality is Violated

Impressment Gangs

• The British navy badly needed more sailors, so they stepped up their impressment of Americans (forcing them to become sailors.)

• Impressment gangs had already swept the villages of England and now they were taking our young men.

• Furious Americans demanded a war against Britain.

Jefferson’s Embargo

• Jefferson knew that the American navy was no match for the British, so he avoided war and tried to hurt both France and Britain with a world Embargo (ban on trade.)

• He felt that trade was the most powerful weapon that we could use in our defense.

Many Americans opposed the embargo, saying that it wouldn’t hurt our enemies soon enough.

Jefferson’s Embargo• The Embargo Act kept us

out of a war and did hurt Britain and France, but it hurt American shipping and Agriculture even more.

• Both France and England were vast empires, that could trade with any of their colonies. Americans had far fewer trading partners.

Jefferson’s Embargo• Supplies were cut off from

Americans – we could not buy British molasses, sugar or tea.

• American exports dropped by $80 million in one year. American docks were filled with supplies with nobody to buy them.

• Many merchants protested and even smuggled goods to avoid this unpopular act.

The Embargo Fails

• By 1809, even Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had failed.

• Congress replaced the Embargo act with the Nonintercourse Act, which allowed Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

• This act was also unpopular, but the Republican candidate James Madison still easily won the Presidential election in 1808 when Jefferson decided to leave office.