The Long 19th century (1750-1900)

By: Greyson Pendery, Anna Smith, Mariah Barnes, and Drew Bavard

AP World History Period 5

Demographic Changes

Urbanization- Many people move from rural communities to cities for jobs Industrialization- Led to specialization of jobs in Urban areas and new technology like the steam engine and the cotton gin. Decolonization- Mother countries withdrew from their colonial holdings and became independent New Imperialism- European nations try to create monopolies over African Nations and economies to obtain lots of wealth

Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes

Political- political democracies took place around the world especially in the America’s after the American Revolution Economic- major changes with production and transportation of products and new technologies in this period Social- New freedoms for arose from revolutions and most places abolished slavery in this periodCultural- World becomes more connected culturally like the adoption of Western dress in countries like Japan

Global Reactions To Western DominanceLegal Reforms-

● Self strengthening movement (China) ● Tanizant Reforms

Social Reforms-● Abolished serfdom ( Russia)

Resistance Movements-● Sepoy Mutiny (North independent from

Britain) ● Opium Wars

Rebellions- ● Taiping Rebellion ● Boxer Rebellion

Racist Policies-● White Australia Policy ● Chinese exclusion act (USA) ● European nations pit ethnic groups

against each other and led to genocide in period 6

Nationalist Tendencies-● American Revolution● German unification (1871)● Civil War (North vs. South) ● Italian unification (failed)

Causes of Global Revolutions● USA: Their goal was to gain complete independence from

Britain, not have to pay high taxes to them, not have to get involved in their conflicts (French & Indian War), gain more freedoms, and play a role in their government. Was a big Success and led to many other colonies to claim independence from their mother countries.

● France: The goal was to overthrow the king, establish a republic, and fix the financial and political systems. Failed because the revolution led to the dictatorship of Napoleon in 1815.

● Haiti: Slaves were tired of hard work with poor living conditions and no representation in the government. The slave rebellion was successful in ending slavery and French control in 1803.

Causes of Global Revolutions (Part 2)● Mexico: The goal was to free Mexico from Spain because of the

social tensions between Europeans and indigenous people. This revolution was successful in gaining independence but failed to get rid of social tensions.

● Central and South America: All became independent by 1820’s

● China: Goal was to get rid of European influences and overthrow the Qing Dynasty (Boxer and Taiping Rebellions), and to get rid of the dynastic cycle and create a democratic republic. This revolution didn’t succeed until 1911.

Global Revolutions

U.S.A.- Upper-middle class revolt against high taxes and are tired of being brought into British conflicts.

French- The third estate of the government branched off and formed their own constitution because of the social and political inequality and the people having very little representation

Haiti-Slaves revolt against French rule due to bad treatment and living conditions. The economy wasn’t very good and there was a major taxation problem

Global Revolutions (Part 2)Mexico- Priest Hidalgo rallies lower classes against Spanish rule, racial discrimination, and uneven distribution of land.

Central/South America- Creoles, Mestizos, and Mulattoes, and Natives all fight against their mother countries for independence but each ethnic group wants to rule.

China- The Boxer Rebellion was a fight against European rule, but The Taiping Rebellion was against the Qing Dynasty’s rule and felt they weren’t doing enough against European economic control and knew they weren’t even Chinese.

Causes of Revolutions Worldwide ● The American Revolution happened due to colonialism and sparked

many revolutions around the world.

● Declaration of Independence was written to end Colonialism in the American Colonies of Britain to become Independent and form the United States of America.

● Enlightenment ideas are used in many constitutions of countries that broke off of Western European powers.

● Many Democracies formed especially in the Western Hemisphere after European rule so all men have rights and a say in their government.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Locke: Encouraged the natural rights of Life, Liberty, and Property.

Voltaire: Stated all men should be allowed to Freedom of Speech and Religion.

Rousso: Claimed Freedom of Press.

Montesqui:Wants all governments to have three equal branches of power.

Changes in Global Economy Due To Industrial Revolution

● Created new economic markets and increase in global trade

● Worldwide demands were met by an increase in production

● Raw materials become important but obtain lesser value

● New Technologies and Transportation were developed to meet economic needs

● People became more connected through technological advances

How Industry Transformed the World● Thriving Middle Class rose around the world

● Both World and Local Economies Grew

● More cities developed around the world

● Introduction of Medicines and Vaccines led to higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rate

Forces That Caused Equality● Revolutions-Haitian Revolution

● Enlightenment Ideas- Liberty, Freedom Of Speech, Press, Religion

● Declarations- Declaration of the Rights of Man

Forces of Inequality

● Imperialism- In Asia and Africa

● Genocides in Africa

● White European Supremacy over other ethnicities- White Australian Act

● Social Darwinism

Western Intervention● Berlin Conference- European powers set rules for carving

Africa into Nations

● Building strong trade routes for raw materials

● Colonies were established

● Democracies established most in Latin America due to Western intervention, and elections were held

Industrialization in Western Europe vs. Meiji Japan

CausesJapan: Foreign pressure from Matthew Perry (US Naval Commander) to open up to trade and industrialize.Europe: Competition for resources and power promoted Industrialization.

GoalsJapan: Wanted to become self sufficient and not have to rely on trade or be influenced by other nations.

Europe: Mass production of products, easier modes of transportation, and to become wealthy.

Reactions of Western Influence

India: Mughal Empire took little action against European Influence.

China: Attempted to limit foreigners and trade.

Ottoman Empire: Borrowed money from Britain, wasn’t able to pay it back, so British took control of the Empire.

Japan: Resisted until forced to into an Economic Friendship with U.S by Matthew Perry.

Women’s Roles in Society● Women lacked many legal rights and ran into many unjust

circumstances if they tried to move into the man’s world of employment.

● Most women stay home and tended to the house and children.

● Even some women in England had no legal identity.

● Working women were paid very little compared to men and treated poorly which still can be seen today.

Major Regions

Asia: Rebelling against European dominance of Markets in China. Japan industrializes to become dominant in Asia.

Africa: Is Imperialized, controlled, and economically dominated

by European Nations. Americas: Was used for resources, and most places gained independence from European countries by the 1820’s.

Europe:Economic and Military dominance in the world with many Imperialized holdings in Africa.

Periodization Review ● 1775-1783: American Revolution● 1789-1799: French Revolution● 1791-1804: Haitian Revolution● 1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars● 1839-1850’s: Opium Wars● 1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion● 1853-1856: Crimean War● 1857: Sepoy Rebellion● 1900: Boxer Rebellion● 1898: Spanish-American War ● 1899-1902: Boer War