the living cell - physics & astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/honors227/227f08chptr21a.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
The Living Cell
Chapter 21
Great Idea:Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry
takes place in cells
![Page 2: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Chapter Outline
• The Nature and Variety of Cells• How Does a Cell Work?• Metabolism: Energy and Life• Cell Division
![Page 3: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
The Nature and Variety of Cells
![Page 4: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
The Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells• The cell is the fundamental unit of
life• All cells arise from previous cells
![Page 5: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Observing Cells: The Microscope
![Page 6: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
![Page 7: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells• Smallest living unit of structure
and function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
![Page 8: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Cell Size
![Page 9: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
iClicker Question
• What is a cell?–A) The largest living units within our
bodies.–B) Enzymes that "eat" bacteria–C) Microscopic fundamental units of all
living things.–D) All of the above.
![Page 10: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
iClicker Question
• All cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye and must be studied with a microscope.
– A True– B False
![Page 11: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
![Page 12: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Characteristics of All Cells• A surrounding membrane• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid• Organelles – structures for cell function• Control center with DNA
![Page 13: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
iClicker Question
• What does an electron microscope use to illuminate objects?
– A light– B protons– C proteins– D electrons
![Page 14: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
![Page 15: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Water: Medium for Metabolism
• Liquid medium for metabolism and its importance
• Role of water (H2O)– Physical properties (e.g., polarity, phases)– Chemical properties (e.g., pH, solution)
• Exquisite and unique properties of H2O
![Page 16: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient–differences in concentration, pressure,
charge
• Move to equalize gradient–High moves toward low
![Page 17: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
![Page 18: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
iClicker Question
• An essential and distinctive feature of all cells is a membrane that isolates and protects the interior from the outer environment.
– A True– B False
![Page 19: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
![Page 20: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water– Into cell–Out of cell
![Page 21: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Solution Differences & Cells• solvent + solute = solution• Hypotonic
–Solutes in cell more than outside–Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic–Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic–Solutes greater outside cell– Fluid will flow out of cell
![Page 22: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane• Channels (are specific) help
molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
• No energy is used
![Page 24: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule• Shape of protein changes• Molecule moves across membrane
![Page 25: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Active Transport
• Molecular movement• Requires energy (against gradient)• Example is sodium-potassium pump
![Page 26: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Endocytosis
• Movement of large material–Particles–Organisms –Large molecules
• Movement is into cells• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)– receptor-mediated (specific)
![Page 27: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Process of Endocytosis• Plasma membrane surrounds
material• Edges of membrane meet• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
![Page 28: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Forms of Endocytosis• Phagocytosis – cell eating• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
![Page 29: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Exocytosis• Reverse of endocytosis• Cell discharges material
![Page 30: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Exocytosis• Vesicle moves to cell surface• Membrane of vesicle fuses • Materials expelled
![Page 31: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
iClicker Question
In which decade were you born?• A 1990s• B 1980s• C 1970s• D 1960s• E 1950s
![Page 32: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
iClicker Question
In which year was Geller’s first peer-reviewed paper published?
• A 1964• B 1974• C 1984• D 1994• E 2004
![Page 33: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
iClicker Question
• In which journal was Geller’s first pee-reviewed paper published?
• A Astrophysical Journal• B Astronomical Journal• C Journal of Chromatography• D Journal of Physics• E The Physics Teacher
![Page 34: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
How Does a Cell Work?
![Page 35: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Cell Membranes
• Cell Membranes– Isolate cell– Separates cell parts
• Transport– Individual molecules– Specific materials
• channels
• Receptors– Bind molecules
• Cell Wall– Plants
![Page 36: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Plant Cell
![Page 37: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
The Nucleus
• Nucleus–Contains genetic material
• Prokaryotes–No nucleus
• Eukaryotes–Nucleus
• Double Membrane
![Page 38: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
• Organelle– Specialized structure in cell
• Chloroplasts– Energy transformation
• chlorophyll– Plant cells only– Double membrane
• Mitochondria– Produces cells energy– Double membrane– Own DNA
![Page 39: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
![Page 40: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Cytoskeleton
• Cytoskeleton–Gives cell shape–Anchors–Allows movement–Transport system
• Within cell
• Structure–Strong filaments–Complex web
![Page 42: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
iClicker Question
• Cells that do not contain a nucleus are called:
– A eukaryotes– B prokaryotes– C likaryotes
![Page 43: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
iClicker Question
• Any specialized structure in the cell is called:
– A an endoplasmic reticulum– B a chromatin– C an organelle
![Page 44: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
iClicker Question
• What is the basic molecular structure of cell membranes?
– A lipid bilayer– B carbohydrate bilayer– C protein bilayer
![Page 45: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
iClicker Question
• The fluid that takes up the spaces between all the complexity of the specialized structures in cells is called:
– A deionized water– B protoplasm– C cytoplasm– D molasses
![Page 46: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
iClicker Question
• The cell structure which divides the inside of the cell from the outside is the:
– A cell membrane– B cell coat– C nuclear membrane
![Page 47: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
iClicker Question
• What structure connects plant cells to each other and often account for about a third of a living plant’s mass?
– A middle lamella– B cell wall– C cell membrane
![Page 48: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
iClicker Question
• In most cells the most prominent and important interior structure is the:
– A nucleus– B chromosome– C endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 49: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
iClicker Question
• Which organelle is the place where molecules react with oxygen to produce the cell’s energy?
– A endoplasmic reticulum– B mitochondria– C chloroplasts
![Page 50: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
iClicker Question
• More advanced single-celled organism that do contain a nuclei are called:
– A eukaryotes– B prokaryotes– C likaryotes
![Page 51: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Metabolism: Energy and Life
![Page 52: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
The Cell’s Energy Currency
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–Provides energy
• Structure–3 phosphate groups–Sugar molecule:
ribose–adenine
• Function–Removal of phosphate group provides
energy
![Page 53: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Photosynthesis• Photosynthesis
–Convert sunlight to energy
• Process–Energy + CO2 + H2O carbohydrate + O2
• Colors
![Page 54: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell
• Respiration– Oxidation of carbohydrate– Retrieves energy in glucose– Aerobic
• Process– Glycolysis
• Split glucose• Result
– Pyruvic acid– 2 ATP– 2 energy carriers
• Convert energy carriers to 2-3 ATP– 1 molecule glucose = 6-8 ATP
![Page 55: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going
• Fermentation–Anaerobic– Inefficient
• Yeast–alcohol
• Animal cells–Lactic acid
![Page 56: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
The Final Stages of Respiration
• Krebs cycle–Glucose broken down–CO2 produced–ATP –Energy-carrying molecules
• Result–36-38 ATP
![Page 57: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
iClicker Question
• The cell’s process of deriving energy form its surroundings is called:
– A photosynthesis– B metabolism– C respiration
![Page 58: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
iClicker Question
• What mechanism do plants use to convert the energy of sunlight into energy stored in carbohydrates?
– A photosynthesis– B metabolism– C glycolysis
![Page 59: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Cell Division
![Page 60: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Mitosis
• Mitosis–Cell division–Not for sexual reproduction
• Chromosomes• Process
–Copy chromosomes–Spindle fibers–Migration of chromosomes–Nuclear membrane reforms
![Page 61: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
![Page 62: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Meiosis
• Meiosis– Sexual reproduction– 1 cell forms 4 gametes
• Gametes are genetically unique
• Process– Copy chromosomes– Crossing over– Segregation– Segregation again
• Result– 4 daughter cells– ½ normal chromosomes
![Page 63: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Meiosis
![Page 64: The Living Cell - Physics & Astronomyphysics.gmu.edu/~hgeller/HONORS227/227f08Chptr21a.pdf · The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022042305/5ed129197682fb3d3d79a9b8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
iClicker Question
• By what process do most cells divide?
– A mitosis– B meiosis– C glycolysis