702831 Development of Western Architecture p

the language of architecturethe language of architecture

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analysing buildingsy g g

are we getting buildings that we like?g g g

who is entitled to decide what we get?

should buildings harmonise with their environment or stand out from it?stand out from it?

can you lay down rules that will create good design?

have we the right to impose design ideas upon other l ?people?

should we be conserving old buildings or trying toshould we be conserving old buildings or trying to create better ones?

architecture as memoryarchitecture as memoryarchitecture as memoryarchitecture as memory

the flat roofthe flat roofthe norm in from ancient times in the Middle East and northern Africa

the pitched (or sloping roof)the norm in the more forested and wetter areas of central and northern Europe

fl t f d h i B l b T kflat-roofed houses in Balaban, TurkeyMiles Lewis

l l fipalm log roofingimitated in stone

Zozer complex,Saqqara, Egypt

House of the South

Entrance Hall

Miles Lewis

the possible wooden origins of the Doric order

the Shrine of RemembranceMelbourne

Jim Harter [ed], Images of World Architecture (New York 1990), p 54

Brian Lewis

hit thit tarchitecture as architecture as material culturematerial culturematerial culturematerial culture

the monolithic archarch

church of the monastery at Sitt-er-Rum Syria AD C6thSitt-er-Rum, Syria, AD C6th

Miles Lewis

San Pedro de la Nave, near Zamora, Spain, late C7th

view from south-west

window in the south side of the sanctuary

X B i Altet [translated Lory Frankel], The Early Middle y yAges from Late Antiquity to A.D. 1000 (Köln 1997), p

105 Miles Lewis

classical principlesclassical principlesclassical principlesclassical principlesclarity

simplicity

structural logicstructural logic

the Parthenon Athens by Iktinos & Kallikrates 447 432

refinementthe Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432

BC: reconstructionAthens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]

Lever House New Yorkthe Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos &

Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction

Lever House, New York,by Gordon Bunshaft

of Skidmore, Owings &Merrill 1952

Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]

Merrill, 1952.

MUAS1,920

architecturalarchitecturalarchitecturalarchitecturalvocabularyvocabularyvocabularyvocabulary

classical vocabulary

columns

capitals

entablature

dipediment&c

the Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction

Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]

the Parthenon, Athens, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, 447-432 BC: reconstruction

Sant' Agnese in Agone, Piazza Navona, Rome, by Francesco Borromini

& ( )Athens [brochure, undated, unpaginated]

& others (1652-66).

MUAS13,504

architectural languagearchitectural languagevocabulary

columns capitals piers pilasterscolumns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment

syntax or grammarsyntax or grammare.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not g p g p ,

beneath it

expressionexpressionexpressionexpressionth lthe plan

the functionthe functionthe servicesthe services

&c

‘expressing’ the pipesBeauborg (Pompidou) Centre, Paris, by Piano & Rogers

George Tibbits

constraints upon the architect

the client requirements, or ‘brief’

cost

l ti d f f th itlocation and form of the site

properties of building materialsp p g

laws and regulations

taste and fashion

Newton Memorial, by Étienne-Louis Boullée, late C18thunsourced, from George Tibbits

the classical languagethe classical languagethe classical languagethe classical language

Parliament House, Spring St, Melbourne Kobe Chartered Bank, IBC Bank, Tianjin, , p g ,west front by Peter Kerr, 1880s

Miles Lewis

,Japan

Office of Kingo Tatsuno, 1920

Hugh O’Neill

, j ,China

Hemmings & Parkin1918-21

Miles Lewis

north side of the main temple court at Baalbek, Lebanon, AD C1st/2nd

l ti b R b t W d d ith d ielevation by Robert Wood compared with a modern view

Robert Wood, The Ruins of Balbec (London 1757), pl xiiMiles Lewis

architectural languagearchitectural languagearchitectural languagearchitectural languageb lvocabulary

columns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment

syntax or grammarsyntax or grammare.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not beneath it

idiom, or phrasingmotifs such as the recessed colonnade, the giant order &c

the transformation of the classical language

window from a traditional house in Suzdal, Russia

Miles LewisMiles Lewis

l i l G k i i ll i l G k i i lsome classical Greek principlessome classical Greek principles

( )trabeation (post and beam construction):they ignored the archy g

cylindrical columns, not square pillars orcylindrical columns, not square pillars or piers

three ‘orders’ – Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

the Doric order in classical Greek architecture

the Parthenon, Athens, from the south-westDoric order from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c 460 BCDoric order from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, c 460 BC

Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History (London 1963), p 48 MUAS 12,545

the Doric order

Temple of Zeus, Olympia,c 460 BC

the frieze is a horizontal band containing blocks andband containing blocks and

panels – triglyphs and metopes

(possibly derived from(possibly derived from timber construction)

Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History (London 1963), p 48

the three classical Greek ordersthe three classical Greek orders

Ionic, from the Temple on the Ilissos, c 450 BCDoric, from the Theseion (Hephaesteion), Athens,

c 449-444c 449 444Corinthian, from the Choragic Monument of

Lysicrates, Athens 334 BC

Trewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated HistoryTrewin Copplestone [ed], World Architecture: an Illustrated History(London 1963), p 48

the frieze in the Ionic and the Corinthian does not have triglyphs and metopes, but

is a continuous band of sculptureis a continuous band of sculpture

the Ionic capital is a linked pair of scrolls or volutesor volutes

the Corinthian capital is made of foliage (of the acanthus plant)(of the acanthus plant)

i G k d R d f hicomparative Greek and Roman orders of architectureBanister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (17th ed, London 1961 [1896]), p 160

h i th W t C l d farch in the West Colonnade of the Agora at Izmir, Turkey,

c AD 178-180

Miles Lewis

arcuation (or arch construction)

the arch is made of wedge-shaped blocks, or voussoirs

the arch is structurally unstable until a wall is built on topthe arch is structurally unstable until a wall is built on top

aesthetically, the arch is regarded as a hole in a wall, and a row of arches is therefore supported on rectangular piers rather than cylindrical columns as in the trabeatedsupported on rectangular piers rather than cylindrical columns as in the trabeated

system

Hadrianic Baths Ephesus C2nd ADHadrianic Baths, Ephesus, C2nd ADMiles Lewis

represented structurerepresented structurerepresented structurerepresented structure

the Coliseum, Rome, c AD 80Isometric diagram and view

Copplestone, World Architecture, p 59 MUAS 12,257

the real structure is arcuated –arches carried on piers

the represented structure is trabeated – beams carried on

colunms

an example of a solecism, or

grammatical error, in a represented structure

C B A Bank, 333 Collins Street,Melbourne,

by Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunnby Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunn,c 1890-1892

Michael Cannon, Land Boom andBust (Melbourne 1972), p 230

represented structure in medieval architectureSt-Étienne, Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen, France, 1067-1081: detail of nave elevation

Lichfield Cathedral, England, after 1250, interior.

Gantner, L'Art Monumental Roman, pl 151.MUAS 4,252

the obsession with ‘orders’

classical architecture was defined by the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders mainly defined by the form ofand Corinthian orders, mainly defined by the form of

column capital used in each

historians tried to define medieval architecture by orders in the same way, and described foliated

(l f ) it l ‘C i thi ’(leafage) capitals as ‘Corinthian’

architects trying to develop radical new styles did so inarchitects trying to develop radical new styles did so in terms of new orders of architecture

‘Gothick entablature and capital of the first order atcapital of the first order at large’ by Batty Langley,

1741

Batty Langley, Gothic Architecture improved by Rules and Proportions, in many Grand

Designs of Columns Doors WindowsDesigns of Columns, Doors, Windows, Chimney-Pieces ... (London 1747 [1741-2)]),

pl II

an invented order

corn cob capital in theCapitol WashingtonCapitol, Washington,

by Benjamin Latrobe, 1809

Hugh Honour, Neo-Classicism(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968), p 109

University MuseumUniversity Museum, Oxford, by Deane & Woodward, 1855-9

view of the internal courtyard, and detail of a

capitalcapital

Miles Lewis

wit, wit, associationismassociationism,,,, ,,and theand theand theand the

classical languageclassical languageclassical languageclassical language

Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, by Borromini, 1637-49, fireplace in the Sala di Recreazione: elevation, and detail of the Doric frieze and tassels

Weinreb, The Architect's Eye, p 16Anthony Blunt, Borromini (London 1979), p 105

architectural languagearchitectural languagea further stagea further stage

b lvocabularycolumns, capitals, piers, pilasters, entablature, pediment

syntax or grammarit l t f l t b th ite.g. a capital goes on top of a column, not beneath it

idiom or phrasingidiom, or phrasingmotifs such as the recessed colonnade, the giant order &c

wit and humourki thi l k lik thi l l i t i kmaking something look like something else, playing tricks

with classical principles, &c

P Gü ll k t h llParque Güell, market halldetail of columns and entablature

Miles Lewis

the Doric order used to effect monumentalitycompetition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower, by Adolf Loos, 1923competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower, by Adolf Loos, 1923

the column and capital abstracted into a futuristic formJohnson Wa Co Racine Wisconsin b Frank Llo d Wright 1936 9Johnson Wax Co, Racine, Wisconsin, by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1936-9

MUAS 13,177, 14,419

a postmodern revival of the ionic

order

Allen Memorial ArtAllen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio,

USA: additions by Venturi & Rouch 1974 7: timber& Rouch, 1974-7: timber sheathed steel column

Progressive Architecture, 1977