the key to czech vowel length

Tobias Scheer Formal Description of Slavic Languages 4 Universit de Nice Potsdam, 27-30 November 2001 [email protected]

The key to Czech vowel length Arabic rule in Middle Europe

Appendix to the Handout

Data-Collection 1. Iteratives ...........................................................................................................2

1.1. Basic e-o-a alternations ...................................................................................................2 1.2. Iterative lengthening X>3, X>5.......................................................................................2 1.3. Iterative shortening X>6..................................................................................................4

2. Diminutives.......................................................................................................5

2.1. ek, -ko, -ka, - ................................................................................................................5 2.1.1. masculine -ek, -.......................................................................................................5

2.1.1.1. short roots ..........................................................................................................5 2.1.1.2. prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen ....................................8 2.1.1.3. lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec......................8 2.1.1.4. long roots ...........................................................................................................8

2.1.2. neuter -ko, -...........................................................................................................10 2.1.2.1. short roots ........................................................................................................10 2.1.2.2. morphological identity of alternating vowels..................................................11 2.1.2.3. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening ...........................................................11

2.1.3. feminine -ka, -.......................................................................................................12 2.1.3.1. short roots ........................................................................................................12 2.1.3.2. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening ...........................................................14

2.2. -k...................................................................................................................................18 2.2.1. long roots ................................................................................................................18 2.2.2. short roots ...............................................................................................................18 2.2.3. -/ -a produces odd forms and doublets ...............................................................19 2.2.4. stems in : fake shortening .....................................................................................19 2.2.5. no effect with -k in case it is not a diminutive ......................................................19

3. Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs.....................................................20

3.1. Comparative of adjectives in - ....................................................................................20 3.1.1. existing types ..........................................................................................................20 3.1.2. templatic restriction on .....................................................................................21

3.2. Comparative of adverbs in ........................................................................................21 3.2.1. comp adv is derived from comp adj .......................................................................21 3.2.2. concurrence of short and long comp adv................................................................22 3.2.3. existing types ..........................................................................................................22

3.3. Summary alternating items............................................................................................23 3.4. Total record of comparatives (adj and adv)...................................................................23

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1. Iteratives 1.1. Basic e-o-a alternations (1) iterative double iterative -it -et 1>4>3 e-o-a nst nosit -net vst vodit -vdt, -vzet vzt vozit -vet -o-a hnt honit -hnt 1.2. Iterative lengthening X>3, X>5 (2) X > 3 e, -t

iterative lengthening X > 5 at

iterative lengthening derivation V VV derivation V VV 1>3 i- pt pjet 1>5 e- lzt -lzat vt vjet pci -pkat bt -bjet vlci -vlkat 2>3 i- minout mjet e- mst -mtat 3>3 e- hledt -hlet o- moci -mhat o- vont -vnt - st tat 4>3 a- hasit -het dt -drat kalit klet za-t,

odpoinout -nat

kazit -ket ci kat platit -plcet u-mt -mrat pravit -prvt pt -prat razit ret stt -strat sadit szet tt -trat tratit -trcet vt -vrat svait svet zt -zrat valit vlet moci -mhat vait -vet 2>5 i- vimnout si vmat si tlait -tlet zdvihnout zdvhat e- jezdit jdt mihnout mhat stelit stlet stihnout sthat - dlit -dlet svitnout svtat i- klidit -klzet oivnout o-vat o- honit -hnt y- odplynout od-plvat hodit hzet poskytnout posktat chodit chzet e- lehnout lhat kotit kcet e- zapomenout zapomnat kojit kjet tesknout tskat klonit -klnt vesknout vskat klopit klpt vybednout vy-bdat krojit krjet zeknout se zkat se kroit kret zeehnout zhat moit met e- vyslechnout vy-slchat nosit -net a- chladnout vy-chldat pojit -pjet ukradnout ukrdat robit -rbt o- uhodnout hdat toit -tet se e-ou poslechnout poslouchat topit -tpt - jmout -jmat potopit tpt se pnout -pnat tvoit tvet -dechnout dchat vodit -vzet, -vdt dmout se dmat

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(2) X > 3 e, -t iterative lengthening

X > 5 at iterative lengthening

vozit vet hnout hbat zvonit zvnt zamknout -mkat strojit -strjet schnout -sychat zaclonit zaclnt dotknout -tkat u-ou kulit koulet hasnout -hasnat kusit kouet usnout -snat poruit porouet 3>5 e- leet lhat pustit poutt lett ltat pudit -pouzet vidt vdat poruit -porouet e- hledt hldat suit -souet - bet -bhat budit -bouzet y- slyet slchat y- myslit -mlet 4>5 a- patrit ptrat skoit skkat o- chopit chpat u-ou mluvit -mlouvat 5>5 - -slat -slat rt -rat srt -srat ? (3) X > 3

no shortening of VV X > 5

no shortening of VV VV VV VV VV 2>3 - bdnout -bzet 1>5 ou-ou tlouci -tloukat 4>3 - hlsit ohlet - rst -rstat hjit hjet 2>5 - lznout lzat ou-ou trousit -trouet -dmnout dmat - mvnout mvat vldnout -vldat mldnout -mldat (4) X > 3

but no lengthening X > 5

but no lengthening V V V V 2>3 i-i mihnout se mizet 2>5 a-a padnout padat klapnout klapat 4>3 y-y chybit chybt e-e seknout sekat - vit vet zvednout zvedat a-a stavit stavt blednout -bledat sedt sedat kleknout klekat - bet bhat y-y chytnout chytat i-i plivnout plivat o-o bodnout bodat kopnout kopat u-u puknout pukat (5) X > 3

but shortening X > 5

but shortening VV V VV V 4>3 -a vrtit vracet 2>5 -a shnout sahat -i svtit -svcet -e znout ezat -a lpnout lapat thnout tahat

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1.3. Iterative shortening X>6 (6) X > 6 ovat

iterative shortening shortening no lengthening VV V V V 2>6 -a -phnout -pahovat 1>6 e- mst -movat shnout -sahovat 2>6 i-i inout se -inovat lpnout -lapovat i-i tisknout -tiskovat thnout -tahovat i-i zdvihnout -zdvihovat -i lznout -lizovat e-e dechnout -dechovat znout -ezovat -y hnout -hybovat pchnout -pichovat - trhnout -trhovat -y dchnout -dychovat 2/3> 6 i-i kiknout, kiet -kikovat 2/4> 6 ou-u stoupnout,

-stoupit -stupovat 2/4> 6 y-y chytnout, chytit -chycovat

3>6 -a szet -sazovat 4>6 a-a tlait -tlaovat hzet -hazovat patit -patovat -hjet -hajovat strait -straovat 4>6 -a chvlit -chvalovat -pravit -pravovat shromdit shromad'ovat -plazit -plazovat przdnit -prazdovat zobrazit zobrazovat krlit -kralovat vait -vaovat krtit -kracovat -mrazit -mrazovat hlsit -hlaovat -tarasit -tarasovat chrnit -chraovat adit -ad'ovat, -azovat plit -palovat tratit -tracovat prit -praovat hradit -hrazovat vzit -vaovat chladit -chlazovat vyjdit -vyjadovat sladit -slazovat -i stnit -stiovat mastit -mat'ovat blit -bliovat e-e ernit -erovat nit -niovat lechtit lecht'ovat tit -tovat -mezit -mezovat ctit cit'ovat soustedit -sted'ovat tdit tid'ovat kreslit -kreslovat ntit -ncovat cedit -cezovat zmnit zmiovat stelit -stelovat slit -silovat - mit -movat umstit -mist'ovat tit -tovat - navtvit na-vtvovat -ddit -dd'ovat ou-u -louit -luovat svcet -svcovat souit suovat i-i -init -inovat se koupit kupovat -cizit -cizovat hloubit -hlubovat koistit -koist'ovat kroutit -krucovat klidit -klizovat rmoutit -rmucovat istit ist'ovat soudit -suzovat jistit -jit'ovat slouit -sluhovat o-o -lodit -lod'ovat kouit -kuovat plodit -plozovat dlouit -dluovat vodit -vozovat snoubit se -snubovat prosit -proovat slouit sluovat hrozit -hroovat brousit -bruovat hostit -hot'ovat trousit -truovat prostit -prot'ovat -u it zuovat pozdit se -pod'ovat -y vit vyovat clonit -cloovat chlit -chylovat o-a lomit -lamovat ptlit -ptylovat - drtit -drcovat mtit -mycovat -hltit -hlcovat

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(6) X > 6 ovat iterative shortening

shortening no lengthening VV V V V 5 > 6 -a tzat -tazovat tvrdit -tvrzovat vzat -vazovat u-u -ruit -ruovat kzat -kazovat pudit -puzovat dat -adovat dusit se kn. duovat se skkat -skakovat hustit -hut'ovat y-y chytit -chycovat sytit -sycovat hyzdit -hyd'ovvat myslit -mylovat zast.

2. Diminutives 2.1. ek, -ko, -ka, - 2.1.1. masculine -ek, - 2.1.1.1. short roots (7) short roots + -ek / - lengthening no lengthening comments

alter-nation noun -ek jung individual -ek jung individual

y- jazyk jazek byt bytek dobytek dobyte i- id d pisklav pskle ? holope Vavin(-ec) Vavine blin blin from adj piplat pple piple from verb jedin jedn from adj koich koek vich vek list lstek seit seitek - vtr vtrek e- medvd medvdek medvd zv zve ert rt heb(-ec) hb ved vd jen jen from adj ech ee jezevec jezeve jelen jelen vrabec vrabe zahuben zahubene from adj ptenec ptene zelen zelene from adj zahuben zahubene from adj Vde vdee ves vska beh bek jemen jemnek jelen jelnek ples plsek plech plek

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(7) short roots + -ek / - lengthening no lengthening comments


sklep sklpek ved vdek kmen kamnek pramen pramnek stupe stupnek koen konek list lstek zjev zjevek es esek - dti dt knz kne spch spek smch smek kvt kvtek mch mek e- pakatel pakatlek uitel uitlek ohe ohnek,

ohnek

nehet nehtek e-ej pes pejsek a- cucav cucve from adj mlad mld from adj tvan tvn from adj macek me bratranec bratrne fakan fakn drak dre havran havrn odstavec odstve smrad smrd prak pre prae vrab(-ec) vrb vrabe plan pln, plne plane from adj chlap chlp kyrysarka kyrysre had hdek hd rak rek re beran bernek berne skivan skivnek skivne krkavec krkave brav brav padav padave from adj padal padale from adj padan padane from adj dank dae chlapec chlape capart capart zajc zaje vlak vlek dar drek mrak mrek prach prek plat pltek chlad chldek klas klsek hlas hlsek

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vlas vlsek sak sek sval svalek o- los lse (n-)nos ne nka kozel kzle dochodit nedochde from verb odchov odchve dorodit nedorde from verb jalovec jalv, jalve kantor kantrek kantre doktor doktrek doktre krocan krt hoch he hoe slon sln slon kot lid. kt kot tvernoec tvernoe osel osle norek nore vl volek vole hol hole from adj batolit batole from verb spolu spole from adv krok krek potok potek most mstek roh rek sochor sochrek nos nsek nosk ! lenoch lenek ? pacholek pachole bor borek strom stromek zvon zvonek o-ou bloch blouek ernoch ernouek staroch starouek tlust'och tlust'ouek o- atom atmek telefon telefnek u-ou kluk kloue pupen poup pstruch pstroue vnuk vnouek vnoue holub holoubek holoub holub kur, kura kue kudlit kudle from verb zubr zube pulec pule fuk(al) ? fue dub doubek buk bouek zub zoubek sud soudek suk souek kus kousek kruh krouek

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pruh prouek suh souek duch douek vrub vroubek kadlub kadloubek kadlubek r-? mrnt mrn from verb kvrnt kvrn from verb srna srn srnec srne vlk vle vrch vrek 2.1.1.2. prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen (8) prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen noun lengthening no lengthening comment a-a sval svalek (< valit) e-e zjev zjevek es esek - spch spek smch smek o-o zvon zvonek i-i seit seitek 2.1.1.3. lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec (9) lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive

itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec. suffix noun no shortening shortening comment -ek dobytek dobyte dank dae norek nore -ec myslivec mysliveek staec staeek jezevec jezeve vrabec vrabe ptenec ptene krkavec krkave chlapec chlape tvernoec tvernoe pulec pule odstavec odstve jalovec jalv, jalve 2.1.1.4. long roots (10) long roots + -ek / - no shortening shortening comment

alter-nation

noun -ek jung individual -ek jung individual

mln mlnek sc se bk be - vch vek dl dlek kamzk kamze

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(10) long roots + -ek / - no shortening shortening comment

alter-nation

noun -ek jung individual -ek jung individual

tr trek te podbahnk podbahne slavk slave koroptvk koroptve orlk orle oslk osle prask prase psk pse sokolk sokole tatak tatae nedochcpl nedochcple from adj - chlv chlvek - rz rzek trm trmek sl slek vl vlek plt pltek d'k d'ek d'e p p ba b ptk pte cikn cikn cikn(-ec) cikne dudk dude kozk koze krlk krle mk mek mrzk mrze skivnek skivne Slovk Slove svik svie tulk tule ubok uboe vojk voje k e ebrk ebre krtk krte from adj ou-ou sloup sloupek pouk poukle1 brouk broue oupat oup from verb - bh bek pedchdce pedchde

1 Perhaps from German/ Austrian diminutive -le, cf. cz vimrle < germ wimmern "whimper".

- 10 -

2.1.2. neuter -ko, - 2.1.2.1. short roots (11) short roots + -ko / - lengthening no lengthening

alter-nation noun -ko jung

individual -ko jung

individual

morphological identity of the

alternating vowel y- koryto kortko -yt- kopyto koptko -yt- i- kruidlo krutko -idl- bicho bko rad stipendium,

tipendium stpko, tpko rad

pivo pivko e- () veteno vetnko -en elezo elzko rad devo dvko rad elo lko rad stevo stvko rad koleno kolnko, kolnko -en poleno polnko -en vemeno vemnko, (vemnko) -en poleno polnko, (polnko) -en rameno ramnko, ramnko -en jezero jezrko, (jezrko) rad pole pole case suff - tlo tlko rad kvt kvtko rad, < masc. - bidlo bidlko -l slo slko, slko selko -l divadlo divadlko -adl- dno dnko, (dnko) rad hovno hovnko -n jdro jadrko, jadrko -r jtra jatrka, jatrka -r mslo mslko -l mdlo mdlko, mejdlko -l okno oknko, oknko -n pdlo pdlko, pdlko -l pltno pltnko, pltnko -n povslo povslko -l prdlo prdlko, prdlko -l prkno prknko, prknko -n rdlo rdlko, rdlko -l sdlo sdlko -l sedlo sedlko -l semno semnko, semno -n sdlo sdlko -l slunce slunko, slunko -c srdce srdko, srdko -c sukno suknko, suknko -n dlo dlko, dlko -l vdro vdrko -r vetno vetnko -n vdlo vdlko -l zrcadlo zrcadlko -l ebro ebrko, ebrko -r rdlo rdlko, (rdlko) -l a- zrcadlo zrctko -adl- hovado hovdko hovd -ad sak sko rad, < masc.

- 11 -

(11) short roots + -ko / - lengthening no lengthening

alter-nation noun -ko jung

individual -ko jung

individual

morphological identity of the

alternating vowel house houstko -at- dti dt'tko -at- kue kutko -at- pte pttko -at- vnoue vnoutko -at- o- loe lko rad olovo olvko rad slovo slvko rad oko oko u-ou ucho ouko rad 2.1.2.2. morphological identity of alternating vowels (12) with -ko, the alternating vowel may be suffix simple diminutive nb a. radical bicho bko 15 15 b. suffixal -c-e slunce slunko 2 -e pole pole 1 -yt-o koryto kortko 2 -l-o mslo mslko 15 -n-o prkno prknko, prknko 7 -r-o jdro jadrko, jadrko 4 31 c. thematic -V-d-l-o kruidlo krutko 3 -a-d-o hovado hovdko 1 4 d. -at-a kue kutko 5 11

stem-building (kmenotvorn) -en-o koleno kolnko, kolnko 6

61 2.1.2.3. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening (13) long roots + -ko shortening in __#, __CCV no shortening in __#, __CCV comment

alter-nation noun -ko GENpl -CV -ko GENpl -CV

- dlo dl dlko dln lce lko msto mstko mst mstn sto stko st dt dtko vko vko - () pero, pro per prko, prko - dlto dltko dlt mikdo mikdko mikd stdo stdko std stdn - sta stka st stn (14) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive shortening no shortening comment

alter-nation noun GENpl -CV GENpl -CV

eldordo eldord jmno jmen jmenn kpo kp lto let letn lno ln

- 12 -

(14) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive shortening no shortening comment


lko lk mlto mlt prvo prv rno rann rn slo sl torndo tornd torpdo torpd dlo dol jmno jmen jmenn lto let letn 5 5 10 0 (15) long roots: residual shortening before yers in 3 items shortening no shortening comment

alter-nation noun GENpl -CV GENpl -CV (diminutives, cf. (11))

-a jdro jader jadern jadrko, jadrko jtra jater jatern jatrka, jatrka jhla jahel jaheln jahlka - mdlo mdel mdeln mdlko, mejdlko - slo sel seln jdlo jdel jdeln kdlo kdel kdeln povslo povsel povslko sdlo sdel sdeln sdlko dlo del dlko, dlko stbro stber stbrn tslo tsel tseln vdlo vdel vdeln vdlko ztra zter zdlo zdel zdeln - ltro lter lternk mslo msel mseln mzdra mzder pdlo pdel pdlko, pdlko prdlo prdel prdlko, prdlko rdlo rdel rdeln rdlko, rdlko sdlo sdel sdeln sdra sder rdlo rdel rdeln rdlko, (rdlko) 3 3 21 14 2.1.3. feminine -ka, - 2.1.3.1. short roots (16) short roots + -ka / - lengthening no lengthening comment

alter-nation noun -ka jung individual -ka jung

individual

y-y ryba rybka my myka vydra vyde i- kniha knka nosidla nostka lavice lavika koile koilka lika lie sestino sestn

- 13 -

(16) short roots + -ka / - lengthening no lengthening comment


individual

lvice lve tika te opice opka ope hnida hnd fabrika fabrika fabrie - vtev vtvka jiskra jiskrka jhla jahlka sukn suknka,

suknka

ovce oveka e- klec klcka dvee dvka stecha stka postel postlka eka ka vela velka dcera dcerka kepelka kepele panenka panene veverka vevere kamej(e) kameje - v vka Bta Btka dva dvka dve dve e- konev konvka a- vrata vrtka hlava hlvka pata patka Praha,Praan Pre babka babe durance durane Hanka Hane kachna kachn kavka kave kukaka kukae rajka raje rajsk rajse from adj abka abe vlaka vlae straka stre ka(ka) ke otava otve o- potvora potvrka kost kstka hora hrka komora komrka noha noka sova sv potvora potvre roba rob pastorka pastore sirota sirte sirote sojka soje vlatovka vlatove u-ou duha douka

- 14 -

(16) short roots + -ka / - lengthening no lengthening comment


individual

kuna kun labut' labut ua un ruka ruka stuha stuka Jakub jakoubka

(hruka) jakoube

husa housek house okurka okure sluka slue 2.1.3.2. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening (17) long roots + -ka shortening in #, CCV no shortening in #, CCV comment

alter-nation noun -ka GENpl -CV -ka GENpl -CV

-y dha dka dh dka dka dk kta ktka kt rha rka rh skva skyvka skvka skv -i bza bzka bz chvle chvilka chvil a ika ccha cka cch dra dr drka hlna hlinka hlin hlza hlzka hlz jva jvka jv lcha lka lch lpa lipka lip lsa lska ls lce lika lic mca micka mc mra mr mrka msa miska mis ms plna plnka pln na nka n slva slivka sliv slvka slv pna pinka pn vitrna vitrnka vitrn la ilka il iln, iln -e barira barirka barir cva cvka cv frza frzka frz -a bba babka bab blna blanka blan brcha brka brna branka bran okolda okoldka okold drha drah drka fasda fasdka fasd fasdn jma jamka jam ka kaka k Ka Kaka K kra krka kr katedrla katedrlka katedrl katedrln

- 15 -

(17) long roots + -ka shortening in #, CCV no shortening in #, CCV comment

alter-nation noun -ka GENpl -CV -ka GENpl -CV

klda kladka klad kld Klra Klrka Klr klobsa klobska klobs krva kravka krav limonda limondka limond pka pka pk rna ranka ran rulda ruldka ruld skla skalka skal skaln kra krka kr slma slamka slam slmka spirla spirlka spirl t'ra t'rka t'r vda vdka vd vza vzka vz vrna vranka vran ba abka ab abnk -o sezna seznka sezn seznn ou-u bouda budka bud boudka houba hubka hub hrouda hrudka hrud koule kulka kul kroupa krup krupka louka luk lun louka louk moucha muka much mouka muk mouka mouk pazoura pazourka pazour prouha prouka prouh roura rourka rour mouha mouka mouh strouha struka struh strouka trouba trubka trub -o kra kor krka kr stvra stvrka stvr pda pdka pd pdn mra mrka mr krta krtka krt (18) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive shortening no shortening comment


-y kla kl markza markz pcha pch -i bda bod devza devz dra dr ra r galra galr hlna hln hva hv jcha jch jva jiv jzda jzd kda kd latrna latrn lha lh

- 16 -



mcha mch mle mil milnk mra mor mza mz pka pk plce plic plicn za z sfra sfr sfrn sla sil siln sra sr sirna sirn slda sld mra mr svce svic (svc) svda svd tha th tda td tdn vla vil vilnice,

vilnost

vra vor vrnost -e rva rv tma tm vba vb vna vn -a ra ar arkda arkd armda armd armdn barikda barikd barikdn blokda blokd blokdn brigda brigd brigdn ka k centrla centrl chtra chter chvla chval cikda cikd mra mr dma dam dm dekda dekd dlha dlah drha drah esplanda espland fma fm Jva jva jvsk kaskda kaskd kaskdn kva kv lma lm lva lv marmelda marmeld oza oz ozn olympida olympid olympidn palisda palisd pra par parn pomda pomd rna ran remulda remuld Renta Rent kvra kvr slva slv

- 17 -



spla spl spra spr t'va t'v tra tr trva trav travn vha vah vn vlda vld vldn vlha vlh ha h -o arma arm dza dz fazna fazn rba rb tga tg Trja trojsk Trj zna zn -o blza blz brna brn chva chv drezra drezr drza drz dra dr frizra frizr fra for fr hrza hrz hra hr krta krt kra kr lhta lht medza medz mra mr mza mz odrda odrd prba prubn prb prbn pda pd smla sml ra r stvra stvr sva sv tra tr zrda zrd ou-u boura bour smlouva smluv smluvn mouha mouh coura cour foua fou louda loud slouha slouh touha tuh toun

22 10 102 14

- 18 -

2.2. -k 2.2.1. long roots (19) long roots + -k alter-

nation noun shortening

-k no shortening -k

comment

-i hlna hlink -y kbl kyblk -e chlb chlebk -a rno rank vrna vrank tta tatk kov kovak kovk mlyn mlynak mlynk d'bel diblk d'blk -i -o citrn citronk examples to be verified kndl ?? knedlk knedl is attested, but < germ Kndel [] bl blk, bilk bejlk - ej n'est plus une V longue blna Blank hora v echch - diminutive? brna Brank st Prahy - diminutive? drb drabk p vojk - ? stblo, stblo styblk blade (grass) - ? skla skalnk "div skaln muk", via skaln real counter-examples krl krl-k krlk "krl mal zem" a "rabbit", germ

Knigelhase < lat cuniculus, pol krlik with irregular long , ru krolik

plt' plt-k "coat", "little coat, cover" fake counter-examples roub roubk both "stake, gag (mouth)", not a

diminutive polt poltk - is suspect anyway, does -t'- play a

role? kalend kalendk - is suspect anyway olt oltk - is suspect anyway tlout'

(tlust ?) tlout-k + plt': does -t'- play a role?

pel p-l-k pelk

fake VVCC-k: VVCeC-k

zjem zjmek prefixes are out of scope 2.2.2. short roots (20) short roots + -k alter-

nation noun lengthening

-k no lengthening -k

comment

i-i bi bik y-y pytel pytlk e-e erv ervk vep vepk Petr Petk e- pes psk orel orlk a-a cval cvalk chlap chlapk hadr hadk kapr kapk tank tank o-o nos nosk

- 19 -

(20) short roots + -k alter-

nation noun lengthening

-k no lengthening -k

comment

sokol sokolk hoch hok roh rohlk pokoj pokojk bobr bobk orel orlk u-u mu muk kus *kousk kousek, kousek: -- is the

lengthened -ek, not -k prut proutk proutek r-r prst prstk Slovak = ? 2.2.3. -/ -a produces odd forms and doublets (21) -/ -a alter-


-k no shortening -k

remarks

-a kalend kalend-k olt olt-k polt poltk kov kova-k kov--k -y mlyn mlynak mlynk 2.2.4. stems in : fake shortening (22) stems in : fake shortening, any following V triggers short forms alter-


-k no shortening -k

remarks

-o kn kon-k vz voz-k n no-k kl kolk -e dt' det-k -i vtr vt-k -a mrz mraz-k 2.2.5. no effect with -k in case it is not a diminutive (23) if -k is not a diminutive, no effect is observed alter-

nation noun no effect lengthening shortening

1. -k agentives o-o zvon zvonk a-a strana strank karban karbank ou-ou aloun alounk - bse bsnk pchnout pchnk (zool. brouk) vythnout vythlk e-e celit celk hledt hledk lepit lepk u-u dusit dusk

- 20 -

(23) if -k is not a diminutive, no effect is observed alter-

nation noun no effect lengthening shortening

2. -k attributives a-a mlad mladk e-e ern ernk - st

dial stl stlk (ptk)

thlk brouk - ba vy-b-l-k (ptk) dlek (?) dlk tech. nstroj

3. Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs 3.1. Comparative of adjectives in - 3.1.1. existing types the allomorphy long j- vs. short is unpredictable (24) no effects other than concatenation observed for j- (apart from one single word,

bl, on which cf. below) adjective comparative nb

morae nb

items CVC - - CVC -j - 4 nov novj CVC -C - CVC -C -j - -l 4 tepl teplej -r 4 chytr chytej -n 4 jasn jasnj -n - 4 jarn jarnj -VC - -ov 5 hladov hladovj -iv 5 paliv palivj -av 5 zvdav zvdavj -it 5 dleit dleitj -at 5 bohat bohatj CVVC - - CVVC -j - 5 hloup hloupj 3 -r 5 moudr moudej 1 -n 5 krsn krsnj 1 - CVC -j - 4 bl blej 1

- 21 -

3.1.2. templatic restriction on (25) templatic restriction on : comparatives are invariably CVC-, i.e. weigh exactly 3

morae. adjective comparative nb

morae nb

items CVC - - CVC - - 3 slab slab 24 CVC -C CVC - - -n - - - 3 snadn snaz 1 -n - - - 3 zadn zaz 1 CVC -VC CVC -VC - -at - -VC - 4 bohat bohat 1 -av - -VC - 3 tmav tmav 1 CVC -ok - CVC - - 3 hlubok hlub 4 CVVC -k - CVC - - 3 blzk bli 6 CVVC -n - CVC - - 3 krsn kra 1 CVC -k - CVC - - 3 hebk heb 12 - - 3 tk

tenk t ten

2

-t,d - - 3 sladk slad 5 -t,d - - 3 bitk bit 1 (26) remarks a. complementary distribution between the presence of k- and root-length:

-k- is present if the root is short -k- is absent if the root is long

b. why? Why do we not get /CVC-k-/ > CVC- heb-k- --> heb-, *heb- /CVVC-k-/ > CVC-k- ? blz-k- --> bli-, *bliz-

c. is there an allomorph ? CVC-k- > CVC- or CVC-k- > CVC-- = CVC-t S-S > CVC-t S ?

d. comp. Adj ble (Adj bl) must be the ji- suppletive form of unattested bl, where the shortness would be regular.

3.2. Comparative of adverbs in 3.2.1. comp adv is derived from comp adj (27) the allomorphy long j-i vs. short is predictable: it depends on the comparative of

Adjectives: comp. Adj comp. Adv long -j- > long -j-i absolute short > short - widespread diachronic suppletive mouvement towards j-i: some

items possess both forms, others have completely lost the short allomorph. Generalization: - is found only with adjectives that have in Adj comparative.

- 22 -

3.2.2. concurrence of short and long comp adv (28) items with both comp. Adv ji, - adjective comp. adj adverb comp. adv - -ji tich ti ticho, tie te tieji hust hust hust hout hustji snadn snaz, snadnj snadno, snadn snze snadnji zadn zaz kn, zadnj zadn zze zadnji irok ir iroko, iroce e eji zk u zko e eji chud chud chud st chze chudji mlad mlad mlad st mlze mladji tvrd tvrd tvrd, tvrdo st tvrze tvrdji 3.2.3. existing types (29) no effects other than concatenation observed for ji (apart from one single word, hlubok

hloubji, on which cf. below) adjective comparative adverb nb

adjective comp. Adj comp.

Adv nb it.

CVC - - CVC -j -i 3 slab slab slabji - 3 ciz cizej cizeji CVC -C - CVC -C -j -i 3 -l 3 svtl svtlej svtleji -r 3 chytr chytej chyteji -n 3 jasn jasnj jasnji -sk 3 lidsk lidtj lidtji -ck 4 praktick praktit praktitji -n - 3 jarn jarnj jarnji -VC - -ov 4 hladov hladovj hladovji -iv 4 paliv palivj palivji -av 4 zvdav zvdavj zvdavji -it 4 dleit dleitj dleitji -at 4 bohat bohatj bohatji CVVC - - CVVC -j -i 4 hloup hloupj hloupji 3 -r 4 moudr moudej moudeji 1 -n 4 krsn ksnj krsnji 1 (30) remarks comp. Adv is derived from comp. Adj and not from the Adj itself because only the

comp. Adj allows to predict the allomorphy ji vs. . Thus:

a. comp. Adv krateji, ideji, radji are not shortened forms of Adj krtk, dk, but regular, length-unmodified derivations based on comp. Adj krat, id, rad.

b. comp Adv ble, e, ne are not length-unmodified forms of Adj. blzk, zk, nzk, but lengthened derivatives based on comp. Adj bli, u, ni.

c. comp. Adv hloubji (Adj hlubok, comp. Adj hlub) must be the ji- suppletive form of unattested hloub, where the length would be regular.

- 23 -

3.3. Summary alternating items (31) adjective comp adj adverb comp adv drah dra draho, draze dre dlouh (

- 24 -

(32) adjectives comp. adj adverbs comp. adv schopn schopnj siln silnj vrn vrnj snadn snadnj, kn snaz -l svtl svtlej svtle svtleji tepl teplej teple, teplo tepleji obsahl obsahlej rychl rychlej svtl svtlej vesel veselej vesele veseleji -l mil milej sml smlej vel velej - tup tupj urit uritj urit uritji nov novj zdrav zdravj iv ivj krut krutj zaryt zarytj lut lutj ist itj, ist hrd hrdj pitom pitomj strm strmj uboh uboej uboze uboeji -r bystr bystej chytr chytej chyte chyteji pestr pestej - ciz cizej -n jarn jarnj letn letnj prvn prvnj pedn pednj -ov hladov hladovj -iv paliv palivj -av zvdav zvdavj tmav tmavj, tmav -it dleit dleitj masit masitj -at bohat boatj, bohat CVVC-

not a lot, mostly in ou

CVVC-ej-

hloup- hloupj skoup- skoupj pouh- pouze znm- znmj pm- pmo krs-n- krsnj krsn krsnji moud-r- moudej moude moudeji pt- devt- dest- st-l- stlej

- 25 -

(32) adjectives comp. adj adverbs comp. adv CVVC- CVC-ej-

shortening

bl blej ble CVC- CVC- CVC-o

CVC-

drah dra draho, draze dre length dlouh (

- 26 -

(32) adjectives comp. adj adverbs comp. adv CVC-k- CVC-- CVC-c-e

CVC-k-y CVC-k-o

CVC--eji CVC-e lengthening

tk t tko, tce te lengthening velk vt vce lengthening hebk heb hebce hebeji hezk hez hezky hezeji lehk leh lehce, lehko leheji mkk mk mkce, mkko mkeji mlk ml, mlej vlhk vlh vlhce vlheji tenk ten, ten tence, tenko teneji trpk trp, trpej trpce trpeji hork horej, hor hok hoej, ho sladk slad sladce sladeji ack hladk hlad hladeji prudk prud prudce, prudko prudeji stydk kehk keh kehce kepk kepej sypk sask vratk vrat vratce vrateji bitk bit bitce plytk plytej krotk krot, krotej krotko kroteji vazk slizk mrzk mrzej mrzce mrzeji kluzk kluzko (malouk) CVVC-n- CVC-

shortening CVVC-n- CVVC-n-

krsn kras kn, kra kn, krsnj

krsn krsnji

The key to Czech vowel length1. Iteratives1.1. Basic e-o-a alternationsX > 3 e, -et

2. Diminutives2.1.1. masculine -ek, -e2.1.1.1. short roots2.1.1.2. prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen2.1.1.3. lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec2.1.1.4. long roots

2.1.2. neuter -ko, -e2.1.3. feminine -ka, -e2.1.3.1. short roots2.1.3.2. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening

2.2. -k2.2.1. long roots2.2.2. short roots2.2.3. -r/ -ar produces odd forms and doublets2.2.4. stems in u: fake shortening2.2.5. no effect with -k in case it is not a diminutive

3. Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs3.1. Comparative of adjectives in -3.1.1. existing types3.1.2. templatic restriction on

3.2. Comparative of adverbs in e3.2.1. comp adv is derived from comp adj3.2.2. concurrence of short and long comp adv3.2.3. existing types

3.3. Summary alternating items3.4. Total record of comparatives (adj and adv)

the key to czech vowel length

Documents

long roots

short roots

short prefixes

fake shortening

iterative shortening

closed syllable

masculine ek

iterative lengthening