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TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEY TIPS FOR BEING SUCCESSFUL AT SCHOOLFACTORS ......................................................1

KEY Factors Contributing to School Success .................................................................................. 2How to Find Your Learning Style ................................................................................................... 3Scheduling Study Time .................................................................................................................... 4Creating Study Notes ....................................................................................................................... 5Memorization Techniques ............................................................................................................... 7KEY Strategies for Reviewing ........................................................................................................ 7KEY Strategies for Success: A Checklist ........................................................................................ 8

CLASS FOCUS

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ..................................................................................................................... 9Table of Correlations ....... .................................................................................................................. 10

Variations of Species ..................................................................................................................... 12Variation and Niches ......................................................................................................................12Dependencies Among Species .......................................................................................................13Variation and Species Survival ......................................................................................................13Asexual Reproduction ....................................................................................................................14Sexual Reproduction ......................................................................................................................14Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in One Organism .....................................................................15Discrete versus Continuous Variation ............................................................. 15^rans^"ssio$`'f'C$arc#eristics .....................................................................................................15Heritable and Non-Heritable Characteristics ..... 16Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA ................................................................................................... 16Cell Division ..................................................................................................................................17Comparing Asexual and Sexual Reproduction .............................................................................. I 8Natural and Artificial Selection .....................................................................................................18Genetic Technologies ..................................................................................................................... 19Distribution of Life on Earth ........... ...........................................................................................19Extirpation and Extinction ............................................................................................................. 19Preserving Biological Diversity ..................................................................................................... 20

Practice Questions-Biological Diversity ......................................................................................... 21Answers and Solutions-Practice Questions ................................................................................... 27Unit Test Biological Diversity ......................................................................................................... 31Answers and Solutions-Unit Test ................................................................................................... 35

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MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE ...............................................................................................39

Table of Correlations ......................................................................................................................... 40

Matter ............................................................................................................................................. 42

Classifying Matter .......................................................................................................................... 43Chemical Safety ............................................................................................................................. 44

Chemical Reactions ....................................................................................................................... 44

Scientific Theory ............................................................................................................................ 45

The Periodic Table ......................................................................................................................... 47Atomic Structure and the Properties of Elements ..........................................................................47

Ionic and Molecular Compounds ...................................................................................................48Chemical Formulas ........................................................................................................................ 48

Common Household Chemicals .................................................................................................... 49Predict Combining Ratios for Ionic Compounds ...........................................................................49

Drawing Molecular and Ionic Compounds .................................................................................... 50

Practice Questions-Matter and Chemical Change ........................................................................51

Answers and Solutions-Practice Questions ................................................................................... 58Unit Test Matter and Chemical Change ....................................................................................... 61

Answers and Solutions-Unit Test ................................................................................................... 65

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ....................................................................................................... 67Table of Correlations ......................................................................................................................... 68

Common Organic and Inorganic Substances ................................................................................. 70

Organic Substances Synthesized by Plants and Animals .............................................................. 70

Chemicals Introduced into the Environment ................................................................................. 71Absorption of Nutrients in Plants .................................................................................................. 72Safe Release of Substances into the Environment ......................................................................... 74Substrate and Nutrient Sources ...................................................................................................... 74Biological Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 75The Importance of Monitoring Air Quality ................................................................................... 75Chemical Factors Affecting the Distribution of Living Things ..................................................... 76Measuring in Parts per Million ...................................................................................................... 76Acids, Bases, and Neutral Substances ...........................................................................................77Neutralization ................................................................................................................................. 77Effects of Acids and Bases on Organisms ..................................................................................... 77

Transport of Material through Air, Soil, and Water ...................................................................... 78Biodegradation ............................................................................................................................... 78Impacts of Hazardous Chemicals ................................................................................................... 79Transport, Storage, and Disposal of Hazardous Chemicals ........................................................... 79Environmental Chemistry .............................................................................................................. 80

Practice Questions-Environmental Chemistry .............................................................................. 81Answers and Solutions-Practice Questions ................................................................................... 88Unit Test-Environmental Chemistry ............................................................................................. 92Answers and Solutions-Unit Test ................................................................................................... 96

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ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................99Table of Correlations ....................................................................................................................... 100

Forms of Energy .......................................................................................................................... 102Energy Transfer and Transformation ........................................................................................... 102Electrical Storage Cells .......................................................:........................................................103Transforming Electricity ..............................................................................................................103

Electrical Safety ........................................................................................................................... 104Electric Current ............................................................................................................................104Conductors, Insulators, and Resistors ..........................................................................................105Controlling Electrical Flow .......................................................................................................... 105Current, Resistance, and Voltage .................................................................................................105Electrical Terms ...........................................................................................................................106Circuits .........................................................................................................................................106Comparing Circuits with Microelectronic Circuits ...................................................................... 107Input, Output, and Efficiency .......................................................................................................107

Power and Energy ........................................................................................................................ 108Analyzing Energy Devices .......................................................................................................... 109Conserving Electrical Energy ...................................................................................................... 109

Energy Sources ............................................................................................................................109

Electricity and the Environment .................................................................................................. 110

Electrical Technologies ................................................................................................................ 110Energy Conservation and Sustainability ...................................................................................... 110

Practice Questions-Electrical Principles and Technologies ....................................................... 111Answers and Solutions-Practice Questions .................................................................................119Unit Test-Electrical Principles and Technologies ....................................................................... 122Answers and Solutions-Unit Test .................................................................................................129

SPACE EXPLORATION ....................................................................................................................... 133Table of Correlations .......................................................................................................................134

Culture and Science .....................................................................................................................136Early Theories and Technological Advances ...............................................................................136The Solar System ......................................................................................................................... 137Measuring Distances in Space .....................................................................................................138Motion and Eclipses ..................................................................................................................... 138Space Environment ...................................................................................................................... 139Life-Support Systems in Space ....................................................................................................139

Space Transport ........................................................................................................................... 140

Technology Needs in Space and Their Spinoffs ..........................................................................141Artificial Satellites .......................................................................................................................141

Optical Telescopes .......................................................................................................................141

Radio Telescopes ......................................................................................................................... 142Satellite Technologies .................................................................................................................. 142Risks and Dangers Associated with Space Exploration ............................................................... 143Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration .............................................................................143Space Exploration Issues and Concerns ......................................................................................143

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Practice Questions-Space Exploration .........................................................................................144

Answers and Solutions-Practice Questions .................................................................................149

Unit Test-Space Exploration .........................................................................................................152

Answers and Solutions-Unit Test .......................................................................:.........................157

KEY STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS ON EXAMS .............................................................................161

An Overview of the Test ..............................................................................................................162Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills ......................................................................................163Test Preparation Countdown ........................................................................................................167Summary of How To Be Successful During the Test ..................................................................168

PROVINCIAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST .............................................................................................. 169

2006 Provincial Achievement Test ..................................................................................................170Answers and Solutions-2006 Provincial Achievement Test ....................................................... 183

Credits ..........................................................................................................................................190

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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Table of Correlations

Practice Unit TestSpecific Expectation Questions Questions 2006 PAT

Students will:

A1.

Investigate and interpret diversity among species and within species, and describe how diversity contributes tospecies survival

1.1 observe variations in living things and describe examples 1, 2, 3 3

of variation among species and within species

.1.2 identify examples of niches, and describe the role of 4, 5, 6 1, 2

4, NRI

variation in enabling closely related living things tosurvive in the same ecosystem

1.3 investigate and interpret dependencies among species that 7, 8, 9 10

link the survival ofone species to the survival of others•

identify examples of symbiotic relationships•

classes symbiotic relationships as mutualism,commensalism, parasitism

1.4 identify the role ofvariation in species survival under 10, 11 11

changing environmental conditions

A2.

Investigate the nature oft eproductlmprocoser ai d-their role-in transmitting species characteristics.

.2.1 distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction, and 12, 13 NR1, 5 3

identify and interpret examples ofasexual and sexualreproduction in different species by:•

describing mechanisms of asexual reproductionincluding binaryfusion, budding and theproduction of spores

•

describing mechanisms of sexual reproduction•

describing examples oforganisms that show bothsexual and asexual reproduction

•

describing the formation of zygote and embryo inplant and animal reproduction

2.2 describe examples of variation of characteristics within a 14 4

species, and identify examples of both discrete andcontinuous variation

.2.3 investigate the transmission of characteristics from parents 15, 16

to offspring, and identify examples of characteristics inoffspring that are:•

the same as the characteristics of both parents•

the same as the characteristics of one parent•

intermediate between parent characteristics•

different from both parents

2.4 distinguish those characteristics that are heritablefrom 17, 18 10

those that are not heritable, and identify characteristics forwhich heredity and environment may both play a role

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43.

Describe, in general terms, the role ofgenetic materials in the continuity and variation of species characteristics; and.inves{igate and interpret related technologies.

3.1 describe, in general terms, the relationship of 19, 20

7, 12, 13chromosomes, genes and DNA

3.2 distinguish between cell division that leads to identical 21, 22, 23 8, 9 Idaughter cells, as in binary fission and mitosis, and celldivision that leads to formation of sex cells, as in meiosis;and describe, in general terms, the synthesis ofgeneticmaterials that takes place during fertilization

3.3 compare sexual and asexual reproduction, In terms of the 24, 25 6, NR2 5advantages and disadvantages

4.3.4 distinguish between, and identify examples of natural and 26, 27 WRI 6, 8artificial selection

4.3.5 describe, in simple terms, some genetic technologies; and 28 2identify questions and issues related to their application

44.

Identify impacts ofhuman action on species survival and variation within species, and analyze related issues forpersonal and public decision making.

,4.4.1 describe the relative abundance of species on Earth and in 29,30-31 14different environments

4.2 describe ongoing changes in biological diversity through 32, 33, 34 WR2, WR3 9,21extinction and extirpation of native species, and investigatethe role ofenvironmentalfactors in causing these changes

.4.3 evaluate the success and limitations of various local and 35global strategies for minimizing loss of species diversity

.4.4 investigate and describe the use of biotechnology in 36 15environmental, agricultural or forest management; andidentify potential impacts and issues

.

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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

A.1.1 observe variations in living things anddescribe examples of variation amongspecies and within species

VARIATIONS OF SPECIES

A species can be defined as a group of organismsthat is distinct from any other group of organisms.They share common characteristics and arecapable of reproducing with each other to producefertile offspring. Reproduction involving twoindividuals is called sexual reproduction andresults in genetic variation.

Genetic variation is inherent in any naturalpopulation, and it arises due to spontaneousmutation and genetic recombination of anorganism 's DNA. Genetic variation translates intothe observable variation that exists in thecharacteristics both within a given population oforganisms and between populations of differentorganisms.

Natural selection promotes the adaptation of anorganism to its environment by acting on thesevariations and selecting for the traits that betterenable the organism to compete, survive, and

reproduce. For example, during the IndustrialRevolution, natural selection resulted in a shifttoward the dark-coloured moth of the pepperedmoth population. This was because an increasein pollution in the environment provideddark-coloured moths with a camouflage advantageagainst predators. If the adaptations necessaryfor the organism to survive are fundamentallydifferent from the original organism, a newspecies may develop. This is a process knownas speciation.

Practice Questions: 1, 2, 3

A.1.2 identify examples ofniches, and describethe role ofvariation in enabling closelyrelated living things to survive in thesame ecosystem

VARIATION AND NICHES

Members of a species that are living in the samearea and sharing resources form a population.

Populations of different species in an area form acommunity.

Within a community, animals occupy a specificniche. The term niche refers to an organism'shabits and habitat within the community.It includes things like what the animal eats andwhat effect it has on the habitat and other species.The niches of a population of a species can varydepending on differences in the area it inhabits.This is due to differences in food supply andcompetitors in the area. Niches can also changethroughout an individual organism's lifespan..A larval mosquito lives in an aquatic niche,but adult mosquitoes inhabit a terrestrial niche.

When two species occupy a common habitat,it is possible that they could compete for the sameresources. This is referred to as interspeciescompetition, and it leads to a decrease in eachspecies' share of the resources. This can lead tostarvation and death. Thus, interspeciescompetition limits the size of populations inan area.

In order for similar species to coexist in the samearea, they need to have slightly different niches.This means that they do not directly compete forresources; instead, they divide resources amongthem. This is called resource partitioning.


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A. 1.3 investigate and interpret dependenciesamong species that link the survival of onespecies to the survival of others

• identify examples of symbioticrelationships

• classes symbiotic relationships asmutualism, commensalism, parasitism

DEPENDENCIES AMONG SPECIES

Species of living things interact with each other.Each species depends on many other species in theenvironment. For example, plants use sunlight,carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients duringphotosynthesis to store energy and release oxygen.The oxygen produced by plants is used by animalsfor respiration. Plants also serve as food forherbivores.

Plants also provide shade and a habitat for manyanimals. In turn, the plants depend on insects forpollination. Carnivores depend on herbivores andomnivores as food sources. Decomposers breakdown dead and decaying plants and animals.

Interaction among different species is usually briefsince it is mostly for the purpose of obtainingfood. In some cases, however, interactioncontinues for a longer period of time. These arecalled symbiotic associations. In symbiosis, atleast one member is benefited. The other may be

• relatively unaffected (commensalism)

• also benefited (mutualism)

• harmed (parasitism)

Commensalism is an association in which onlyone organism benefits, but the other is not harmed.For example, one organism may consume theunused food of another as in the case of the remoraand the shark. When the shark feeds, the remorapicks up the scraps. The shark does not prey onthe remora. Another example of commensalism isthe relationship between a robin and a tree.The robin picks up sticks and twigs that it finds onthe ground and builds a nest up in the branches ofthe tree. The robin benefits by having shelter, andthe tree is unaffected by the robin's presence.

Mutualism is an association in which bothorganisms benefit. For example, lichen is made upof both fungus and algae. The fungal cells inlichen benefit because the algal cells produce foodfor them through photosynthesis. The algal cellsalso benefit from this relationship because thefungus prevents their dehydration. Anotherexample of mutualism is the roots of legumeplants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Parasitism is an association in which oneorganism benefits and the other organism isharmed. The organism that benefits is called theparasite, whereas the one-that is harmed is thehost. A parasite lives on or in the body of the hostand obtains nourishment from it. For example,viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, flatworms,nematodes, and some insects can be parasites ondifferent plants and animals.


A.1.4 identify the role of variation inspecies survival under changingenvironmental conditions

VARIATION AND SPECIES SURVIVAL

As the environment changes, species exhibit somevariations that are essential for their survival.Environmental changes do not only mean changesin climate, but also changes in availability of food,spread of new diseases, and the presence of

predators. These all have an effect on the survivalof the species. Variation within a populationthat allows the species to adapt to a newenvironment can lead to the survival of thatspecies. For example, the banded snail lives in avariety of habitats: dark beaches, oak woods, orleafy green meadows. Its shell colour varies fromyellow to pink to brown. It changes colour inthe spring and summer to blend with itsenvironment. Because of such variability, thesnail can protect itself from predation and is betteradapted to survive.

Practice Questions: 10, 11

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A.2.1 distinguish between sexual and asexualreproduction, and identify and interpretexamples of asexual and sexualreproduction in different species by:

• describing mechanisms of asexualreproduction including binary fission,budding and the production of spores

• describing mechanisms of sexualreproduction

• describing examples of organisms thatshow both sexual and asexualreproduction

• describing the formation of zygote and

embryo in plant and animalreproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction results in the production ofoffspring that are genetically identical to theparent. Asexual reproduction does not involvespecific sex cells, but rather it involves all thebody cells. It involves only one parent.The offspring from asexual reproduction inheritsidentical characteristics to the single parent, so it isidentical to its parent. Different forms of asexualreproduction are binary fission, budding,spore formation, and vegetative reproduction.

During binary fission, one cell splits into twocells, resulting in the production of two identicalindividuals. Bacteria and some protists reproducethrough binary fission.

Divides _

To become

During budding, the parent produces a small bud,which detaches from the parent and develops intoan identical individual. Budding takes place inyeast, hydra, and corals.

Some fungi and non-flowering plants, such asferns, produce spores. Each spore develops into anew individual that is identical to the parent.

Vegetative reproduction is a form ofreproduction that does not involve the formationof seeds. For example, cuttings of a coleus plant,runners in strawberries, tubers in potatoes, andbulbs in daffodils are various means by whichvegetative reproduction can occur.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Reproduction that involves two individuals iscalled sexual reproduction. Most species ofanimals and flowering plants undergo sexualreproduction. The offspring of sexualreproduction show characteristics of both parents.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction involves specialized cellsknown as gametes. Male gametes are calledsperm, and the female gametes are known as eggcells. The union of a sperm cell and an egg celloccurs during fertilization. A zygote is formed asa result of fertilization. The zygote dividesrepeatedly to form an embryo. The developmentof an embryo may take place inside the femaleparent (as in mammals) or take place outside thebody in an egg (as in birds and reptiles). The newindividuals may resemble one parent more thanthe other but are not identical to either parent.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Plants that reproduce sexually produce flowers.Some flowers are large and showy, while othersare small and inconspicuous. The flower containsstamens, which produce pollen grains.

Plant Reproductive Organs

Stigma

Stamen(male part;

made upof anther

andfilament)

Pistil(female

part;made upof ovary,

style, andstigma

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The male gametes are produced and contained inpollen grains. Pistils, which contain ovules,are responsible for producing the female gametes.During pollination, pollen grains from the antherare transferred to the stigma of the pistil.

The union of the male and female gametes takesplace through fertilization. The resulting zygotedivides to form an embryo. The embryo becomesthe seed. When the conditions are favourable, theseeds germinate to produce new plants. A processcalled cross-fertilization occurs when the pollenof one plant is able to fertilize the female gametesof another plant. This often happens when thepollen is carried to another plant by wind orother animals.

SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL

REPRODUCTION IN ONE ORGANISM

Some organisms are able to reproduce bothsexually and asexually. In some species of grass,roses, and sunflowers, the embryo develops in theseed without a male gamete. In aphids, the femalecan produce other female aphids withoutfertilization. The young females are born insteadof being hatched from eggs. Sponges also exhibitboth types of reproduction.

Practice Questions: 12,13

A.2.2 describe examples of variation ofcharacteristics within a species, andidentify examples of both discrete andcontinuous variation

DISCRETE VERSUS CONTINUOUS

VARIATION

Discrete variation is the difference incharacteristics that have a defined form.An organism either has a certain characteristic or itdoes not. For example, a person either has greeneyes or he does not. Some people can roll theirtongues, while others cannot. Some people have afree earlobe; others have an attached earlobe.

Continuous variation describes the range of aheritable characteristic. Height is a good example

of this. The normal human height range is wellover one metre, with the petite at one end, the verytall at the other, and most people fallingsomewhere in between.

Practice Question: 14

A.2.3 investigate the transmission ofcharacteristics from parents to offspring,and identify examples of characteristics inoffspring that are:

• the same as the characteristics ofboth parents

• the same as the characteristics ofone parent

• intermediate between parentcharacteristics

• different from both parents

A.2.5 identify examples of dominant andrecessive characteristics and recognizethat dominance and recessiveness provideonly a partial explanation for thevariation of characteristics in offspring

TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS

The transmission of characteristics from parents tooffspring takes place through genes. Genes haveseveral possible forms. These forms are calledalleles. This process of transmission is calledinheritance.

An individual produced by crossing two purebredparents that differ in a trait is known as a hybrid.After crossbreeding, the trait that is able to expressitself is called the dominant trait, and the one thatdoes not express itself is called the recessive trait.

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In this picture, the colour purple is the dominanttrait and white is the recessive trait because- allfour offspring flowers are purple.

Purple Flower

Purple Flowers

Sometimes, the dominant and recessive traits areblended together. For example, when a purebredred-flowered snapdragon plant is crossed with apurebred white-flowered plant, the offspring haveneither red nor white flowers, but pink flowers.This pattern of inheritance is called incompletedominance. Both the red-flower allele and thewhite-flower allele played a role in determiningthe flower colour of the offspring.

The inheritance of characteristics can besummarized as follows:

• If the offspring have the same characteristics asboth parents, it is a result of pure breeding.

• If the offspring have the same characteristics asone of the parents, it is a result of crossbreedingand a dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance.

• If the offspring have intermediate characteristicsof both parents, it is a result of crossbreedingand incomplete dominance.

• If the offspring differ from both parents, it is aresult of a combination of several possiblealleles for each trait.


A.2.4 distinguish those characteristics that areheritable from those that are not heritable,and identify characteristics for whichheredity and environment may both playa role

HERITABLE AND NON-HERITABLECHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics of parents are transmitted to the

next generation by the process of heredity.Some characteristics are inherited, while othercharacteristics are not. Heritable characteristicsare passed on from one generation to another.An example of this is skin colour. Non-heritablecharacteristics, however, are acquired. They arenot transferred by genes to the next generation.A father who is a very good soccer player wouldhave to teach his children how to play the game.The children would have to learn, or acquire, theskills of playing soccer.

Sometimes, variations in individuals are a result ofenvironmental factors. If two identical twins areseparated and live in areas with different climaticconditions, they may develop some variation intheir skin colour. The twin who lives in a warmerclimate may have darker skin. Variations causedby interactions with the environment are notheritable, rather they are acquired.


A.3.1 describe, in general terms, therelationship of chromosomes, genesand DNA

CHROMOSOMES, GENES, AND DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found in thenucleus of cells. Watson and Crick revealed thestructure of DNA and explained that it is thechemical building block that carries a widerange of instructions responsible for the diversityof traits.

White Flower

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A.3.3 compare sexual and asexual reproduction,in terms of the advantages anddisadvantages

COMPARING ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction results in the formation of alarge number of cells very quickly. A singlebacterial cell can reproduce asexually every20 minutes. At this rate of division, it is possibleto have over 1 million bacteria produced in aseven-hour period. This is an advantage ofasexual reproduction: in a short span of time,innumerable new cells are produced. However,asexual reproduction can be disadvantageous.Entire populations of a species may be destroyed ifthe conditions are not suitable for survival.For example, millions of bacteria can be destroyedby administering antibiotics.

Sexual reproduction involves two parents.The offspring receive characteristics from eachparent. A lot of variation can exist as a result ofthe recombination of genes, and these variationsare useful for survival during unfavourable

conditions. The major disadvantage of sexualreproduction is that it takes a lot of time andconsumes a lot of energy. When humansreproduce, the fertilization process must occur,and then the embryo needs nine months to growand develop inside the mother. The amount oftime and energy this takes limits the number ofoffspring that are produced.


A.3.4 distinguish between, and identify examplesof, natural and artificial selection

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

If a species lives in a changing environment, theindividuals often exhibit a great deal of variationamong themselves in order to adapt to thechanges. Survival of a species is affected bycertain changes like the spread of disease, thepresence of predators, or the scarcity of foodresources. The species that exhibits some

variation will be more likely to adapt to the newenvironment and will have a better chance ofsurviving.

Natural selection is a process in which theenvironment helps the species to survive. It is aprocess in nature that results in the fittestorganisms producing offspring. The species that isable to adapt by showing variability in traitsbecomes the fittest. Nature selects this individualto produce new offspring. Other individuals eitherperish or migrate. The Galapagos Island finchesrepresent one of the most well-known examples ofnatural selection. There is an extremely diverserange of 13 different finch species on the island.The primary difference observed among thedifferent finch species is variation in their beakshape. Each species has a beak shape that isuniquely adapted to the particular food resource iteats. After studying the finch population on theisland, Charles Darwin concluded that the beakstructure changed over time by natural selectionas each finch species adapted to its environment.

The Galapagos Islandfnches

Artificial selection is the process in which theindividuals with the most suitable traits areselected artificially (by humans not by nature) andare allowed to produce offspring. For example,certain cows produce only small amounts of milk,whereas others produce large amounts of milk.A farmer who wants cows that produce a lot ofmilk would only allow those cows that producelarge amounts of milk to breed. The result isoffspring that are good milk producers.

In artificial selection, the intervention of humansensures that only individuals with more desirabletraits produce offspring.


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A.3.5 describe, in simple terms, some genetictechnologies; and identify questions andissues related to their application

A.4.4 investigate and describe the use ofbiotechnology in environmental,agricultural or forest management; andidentify potential impacts and issues

GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES

Artificial selection in plants and animals has led tosome new technologies. Some of these

technologies include cloning, artificialreproductive technology, and genetic engineering.

A clone is an exact copy of something. It can be acopy of a single gene, a cell, or an entire organism.Scientists often create plant clones. To do this,the cells from a plant with a particular trait areremoved and are placed in the nutrients andhormones required by those cells for growth.These cells will develop into seedlings and aretransplanted in soil. New plants develop in a shortspan of time.

Artificial reproductive technology refers toartificial methods of fusing male and femalegametes. In artificial insemination, the sperm of amale animal with a desired trait are inserted intomany female animals of the same species.The females give birth to offspring with thedesirable traits. The advantage of this is that thedesirable traits from the male are passed down tomany offspring.

Genetic engineering is the technology ofaltering the DNA of an organism. For example,bacteria can be genetically engineered to producelife-saving insulin to control diabetes. Throughgenetic engineering, pest-resistant crops can becreated, thereby reducing the use of pesticides.This could be beneficial to the environment bypreventing the excessive use of pesticides.

Development of these technologies allowsdesirable traits to be passed on to futuregenerations of offspring. However, thesetechnologies reduce genetic variation. This makesthe population more susceptible to being wipedout by a disease or changes in the environment.


A.4.1 describe the relative abundance of specieson Earth and in different environments

DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH

The existence of life on Earth is made possiblebecause of water and the presence of anatmosphere containing oxygen. Biologists haveidentified around 1.5 million species of plantsand animals.

The species on Earth are not evenly distributed.Tropical rain forests in equatorial regions have thegreatest biological diversity. The Arctic andAntarctic regions contain the least biologicaldiversity. This is because these environmentshave very cold temperatures and little food.This makes the region inhospitable to many plantsand animals.


A.4.2 describe ongoing changes in biologicaldiversity through extinction andextirpation of native species, andinvestigate the role ofenvironmentalfactors in causing these changes

EXTIRPATION AND EXTINCTION

Biological diversity is gradually decreasing as aresult of urbanization, industrialization,agriculture, and forestry. In fact, certain species ofplants and animals are disappearing from theplanet completely. This poses a threat to theseliving resources.

When an animal or plant species becomes so rarethat it is threatened with extinction, it is called anendangered species. Some species that were oncequite common have been hunted until few remain.Harsh environmental conditions, epidemicdiseases, or other natural disasters can lead to theextinction or extirpation of endangered species.An example of an endangered species is thewhooping crane. The whooping crane populationhas been affected by habitat loss.

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Extinction means the disappearance of everyindividual of a species from the entire planet.Often, extinction of a species occurs over a longperiod of time. Catastrophic events, such asclimate change, earthquakes, floods, or volcaniceruptions, are likely to have been the cause ofmass extinctions. Scientists believe that it mayhave been an extreme climate change that resultedin the disappearance of the dinosaur.

Extirpation means local extinction, that is, thedisappearance of a species from a particular area.While that species is not found in that region, thereare still populations of the species elsewhere onthe planet. The swift fox had been extirpated fromthe grasslands of southern Alberta. It is onlythrough conservation practices that the swift foxpopulation is now recovering.

NATURAL CAUSES OF EXTINCTION AND

EXTIRPATION

There are some natural causes of extinction andextirpation. Variation within species is important,but natural selection is a very slow process.A harsh change to the environment may be tooquick for a species to develop variations andadapt. Changes that result from floods,volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes can causespecies extirpation.

HUMAN CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

Human activities have a great impact on biologicaldiversity. Urbanization, overhunting, constructionof dams, roads, and buildings, agriculturaldevelopment, pollution, and excessive use ofpesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers can cause adecrease in biological diversity. Humans havealso put certain animals and plants in danger ofbecoming endangered or extinct by introducingnon-native species that compete for resources withspecies already in the ecosystem.

EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION AND EXTIRPATIONS

Extinction and extirpation of a species have atremendous effect on the biological diversity in anarea. When a species disappears from an area orfrom Earth, many other species are affected.For example, when one species becomes extinct,other animals that have relied upon it as a foodsource decrease in numbers. These animals mustfind another available food source or riskbecoming endangered or extinct themselves.


A.4.3 evaluate the success and limitations ofvarious local and global strategies forminimizing loss of species diversity

PRESERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Biological diversity should be preservedworldwide, and various groups are taking action.The focus is on promoting the sustainable use ofresources and managing human activity.

These are some of the steps the Canadiangovernment has taken to conserve biologicaldiversity:

• Developed protected areas like national parkssuch as Banff and Jasper.

• Monitors and controls the spread of non-native,invasive species

• Implemented restoration programs that aim toprotect endangered species and restore theirdamaged habitats.

• Created policies and laws on the hunting ofendangered species.

• Set up seed banks to preserve genetic material incase of a catastrophe.

Practice Question: 35

Class Focus



PRACTICE QUESTIONS-BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

1. Which of the following statements aboutvariations within species is false?A. Variations help species adapt to changing

environments.

B. Variations better equip species forsurvival.

C. Variations produce new traits in species.

D. Variations make species static.

Use the following information to answerthe next question.

Variation in a species is an important factor thatleads to evolution.

2. Variations within a species are not caused by

A. fertilization

B. mutation

C. meiosis

D. cloning

3. Variations within species are the result ofA. growth

B. nutrition

C. metabolism

D. sexual reproduction

4. The term niche describesA. a group of the same organisms in the same

area

B. the role an organism plays in anecosystem

C. where an organism lives

D. what an organism eats

5. Several species of finches, each with adifferent beak shape, were discovered on theGalapagos Islands. The best explanation ofwhy these finches evolved a variety of beakshapes is that they adapted toA. obtain different types of food

B. defend against different enemies

C. gather different nesting materials

D. perform different courtship rituals


When similar species coexist in an area, theyhave slightly different niches. They do notcompete for resources; instead they divide theresources among them.

6. The type of arrangement described is calledA. specialization

B. natural selection

C. artificial selection

D. resource partitioning

7. Commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism areexamples of a dependence relationship calledA. niches

B. predation

C. symbiosis

D. extirpation

I.

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The suckerfish, Echeneis, has a dorsal finmodified to form a sucker-like organ, whichhelps it attach to the underside of a shark.This interaction provides protection to thesuckerfish, but it does not harm the shark.

8. What type of dependency does the giveninteraction suggest?A. Parasitic

B. Mutualistic

C. Cooperative

D. Commensal


Organism X lives in the body of organism Y.X feeds on nutrients from the body of Y withoutproviding any benefit to Y. The nutrients that Xtakes from Y are needed by Y in order tosurvive.

9. This situation describes a relationship that isA. parasitic

B. mutualistic

C. cooperative

D. commensal


Three Closely Related Species of Foxes

iill^

Fox species have evolved different ear shape

and size to adapt to their environment.These successful characteristics were passeddown to the next generation to ensure survival.

10. The most likely reason a desert fox has largerears than the other two species of foxes is toensure that it canA. regulate its body heat and temperature

B. detect impending danger

C. locate its potential prey

D. find running water


These are some characteristics of differentorganisms:

1. Hydrangea bears blue flowers in acidic soiland pinkish flowers in alkaline soil.

II. Plants growing in hot areas show greatergrowth of root systems.

III. Birds of a same species have slightlydifferent calls.

IV. Adult human beings differ in height.

11. All phenomena listed are examples ofA. selection

B. mutation

C. variation

D. competition

Practice Questions

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rNot for Reproduction


An adult hydra develops a swelling on the sideof its body. Eventually, this swelling growstentacles and starts to feed. The swelling breaksaway from the mother hydra and floats freelyuntil it lands on a surface where it attaches forsupport and starts to live independently.

12. Reproduction of this type is known mostspecifically as

A. budding

B. binary fission

C. sexual reproduction

D. asexual reproduction

13. The union of a male sperm cell with a femaleegg cell is referred to as

A. pollination

B. fertilization

C. parthenogenesis

D. asexual reproduction


The giraffe has adapted with a long neck inorder to eat foliage from tall trees. Certaingiraffes, however, have longer necks and canreach the higher foliage.

14. The difference in neck length among giraffesis referred to as

A. diversification

B. discrete variation

C. artificial selection

D. continuous variation

15. An offspring having the same traits as both ofits parents is a result of

A. crossbreeding

B. pure breeding

C. artificial breeding

D. random breeding

16. A red flower and a white flower are crossed.If the offspring has all red flowers, then it canbe concluded that:

A. red is a recessive trait and white isdominant

B. red is a dominant trait and white isrecessive

C. red and white are both dominant traits

D. red and white are both recessive traits


It is commonly observed that blue-eyed parentsproduce offspring with blue eyes.

17. It can be concluded that eye colour is a

A. heritable characteristic

B. dominant characteristic

C. recessive characteristic

D. non-heritable characteristic


Wolfgang plays the piano very well, but his sonCharles does not.

18. The explanation for Charles's inability to playthe piano is that playing piano is a

A. heritable characteristic

B. recessive characteristic

C. dominant characteristic

D. non-heritable characteristic

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THE KEY - Science 9 23 Biological Diversity

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The chromosome theory of heredity states thatgenes on chromosomes are responsible for theinherited characteristics of organisms.

19. Which of the following statementssummarizes the given information?A. Genes exist in pairs.

B. The human cell contains 46 chromosomes.C. Chromosomes are composed of DNA

and protein.

D. Genes determine hereditary traits.

20. Which of the following statements does notdescribe a major function of genetic material?A. It replicates itself.

B. It stores information.

C. It transfers information.

D. It catalyzes chemical reactions. -

21. Which of the following statements about celldivision is not correct?A. Mitotic division produces eight cells at

one time.

B. Mitosis takes place in somatic body cells.C. The process of meiosis occurs only in

sex cells.

D. The process of meiosis produces a total offour cells, during two divisions.

22; Which of the following functions is notachieved through meiosis?A. Sexual reproduction

B. Production of gametes

C. Growth and cellular repair

D. Recombination of genetic material

23. Mitosis is a type of cell division that isresponsible for all of the followingfunctions exceptA. reducing the number of chromosomes

by half

B. maintaining the number of chromosomesC. helping in growth and cellular repairD. increasing the size of the organism


The jellyfish alternates between sexual andasexual reproduction.

24. An advantage of the jellyfish reproducingsexually is that sexual reproductionA. produces identical offspring

B. allows for less crossing over of geneticmaterial

C. requires less energy to complete

D. provides genetic variation in the offspring

25. In terms of energy consumption and thenumber of offspring that can be produced,asexual reproduction generally requiresA. a lot of energy and produces a lot

of offspring

B. a lot of energy and produces afew offspring

C. little energy and produces a lotof offspring

D. little energy and produces a few offspring

Practice Questions 24 Castle Rock Research




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25

In southern England during the early 1800s,the mottled, light grey pepper moth was verycommon. During the day, it roosted on treebark that was also light grey. As a result, thepepper moth was well camouflaged.Occasionally, a dark grey pepper moth was

seen. By the mid-1800s, the IndustrialRevolution was responsible for a lot of airpollution from coal-burning factories.Everything became covered in black soot,including the trunks of trees.

26. During the Industrial Revolution, naturalselection affected the pepper moth populationin thatA. lighter colouring became more common in

the population

B. darker colouring became more common inthe population

C. different predators consumed thepepper moths

D. the population became extinct


At the end of the 1800s, theaverage sheep in Britain producedfar more wool than did theaverage sheep at the beginning ofthe 1800s. This was most likely due tofarmers choosing only the woolliest sheep asbreeding stock.

27. The scenario is an example ofA. artificial selection


C. evolution

D. cloning

THE KEY - Science 9

The beef industry in Alberta depends onartificial reproductive technologies to producecattle with high-quality meat.

28. Alberta farmers are raising high-quality cattleby using modem reproductive technologiessuch asA. cloning


C. genetic engineering

D. artificial insemination

29. Compared to temperate regions, equatorialregions have

A. a larger number and variety of species

B. a smaller number and variety of species

C. fewer species with more variety

D. roughly the same number and variety ofspecies, but with different characteristicsfrom those in temperate regions

39. Which of the following categories has thehighest species diversity on the planet?A. Birds

B. Plants

C. Insects

D. Mammals

31. How many species of organisms are currentlyknown to scientists?A. 1 to 2 thousand

B. Ito 2 million

C. Ito 2 billion

D. 1 to 2 trillion

Biological Diversity

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In the late 1400s, spice tradersfirst discovered dodo birds on theisland of Mauritius, in the IndianOcean. Ships were soon makingregular stops to kill the largeflightless birds for food. The slaughter of dodoscontinued until 1681, when dodos becameextinct. Mauritius is also home to Calvariatrees. All Calvaria trees are more than300 years old-none have begun to grow sincethe last dodo was killed. Calvaria nuts havebeen found in fossilized remains of dodo birds.

32. A reasonable hypothesis to explain why nonew Calvaria trees began growing is thatA. dodos are required to pollinate the

Calvaria flowers

B. spice traders used Calvaria wood forbuilding and fires

C. pollution made it impossible for youngCalvaria trees to grow

D. the Calvaria nut had to pass through thedigestive system of a dodo before it couldbegin to grow


Grizzly bears used to occupy areas fromthe Rocky Mountains to Manitoba.Human activities have had an impact on therange of grizzly bears. It is now only foundalong the Rocky Mountain Range.

33. A species like the grizzly bear is bestdescribed asA. a biological species

B. an impacted species

C. an extirpated species

D. a bioindicator species

34. Which of the following reasons cannot begiven as a cause of the decrease in worldwidebiodiversity?

A. A greater dependence on wood for fuel

B. An increase in the demand forconsumer goods

C. An increased need to clear landfor agriculture

D. A decrease in human population growth indeveloping countries

35. Canada has designated many areas as nationalparks. According to a wildlife conservationist,the best reason to develop national parks is

A. to save the natural biodiversity of the areaby maintaining the interactions thatnaturally occur there

B. to maintain a pristine region of land to beadmired by all citizens now and into thefuture

C. to bolster local and provincial economiesby providing a setting ideal for tourism

D. to stop the over-hunting of animals fromlegal and illegal hunting

36. Big, healthy corn cobs were developed byearly aboriginal people through theuse of

A. cloning

B. random chance

C. mutating genes

D. artificial selection

11

Practice Questions


Not For Reproduction

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS-PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. D

10. A

2. D

11. C

3. D

12. A

4. B

13. B

5. A

14. D

6.0

15. B

7.C

16.B

8. D

17. A

9. A

18. D

1. D

Because of variations, species do not remain static.Rather, a species slowly modifies, contributing tothe formation of a new species over time.

2. D

Cloning leads to the formation of organisms thathave exactly the same genes as those of theirparents. Therefore, cloning does not causevariations within species.

Fertilization, mutation, and meiosis all causevariations within species.

3. D

Differences in traits or variations within a speciesoccur as a result of the interaction of genes beforeand during sexual reproduction, not because ofmetabolism, nutrition, or growth. Metabolism andgrowth are both examples of variations, not causes,and nutrition is external to a species.

4. B

A habitat is the locality where an organism lives.A niche is the role the organism plays in its habitat.Both the coyote and the owl live on the grasslandregion and eat mice and shrews. Therefore, theyoccupy the same habitat and niche.

19. D

28. D

20.D

29.A

21. A

30. C

22. C

31. B

23. A

32. D

24. D

33. C

25. C

34. D

26. B

35. A

27. A

36. D

5. A

Galapagos finches evolved variations in beakshape. This variation allows the finches to eatdifferent types of foods. Having different foodneeds means less competition for food.This increases the chances of all species offinches surviving.

6. D

When similar species coexist in an area, they haveslightly different niches; therefore, they do notcompete with each other. This is called resourcepartitioning. One species of bird may live in thetop half of a tree. Another similar species may livein the bottom half of the tree.

7. C

Commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism are allexamples of symbiosis. Symbiosis is an interactionbetween species that benefits at least one of theparticipating species.

8. D

The suckerfish benefits from attaching itselfto the shark, but the shark is not harmed.This dependence is called commensalism.

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9. A

A parasitic relationship is an association betweenorganisms where one member lives off theother member.

10. A

The most likely reason for the difference in ear sizebetween members of the fox species is that there isa need to adapt to climate. Since deserts arewarmer than the other locations, the fox wouldneed large ears to keep cool.

11. C

Variation refers to the differences observed amongindividuals of the same species and the offspring ofthe same parents. Variations make someindividuals fitter in the struggle for survival.They help individuals adapt to changes in theenvironment.

12. A

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction used bysome multicellular organisms.

13. B

The union of a male and female gamete is called

fertilization. It is an important process in sexualreproduction. The fusion of gametes results in theformation of a zygote.

14. D

Variations among individuals in a species can bediscrete or continuous. The giraffe's neck length isan example of a continuous variation. In acontinuous variation a series of differences in acharacteristic may occur. For example, giraffescan vary in height and weight.

Discrete variations are "either-or" variations.Either the hair colour is blond or it is black.

15. B

When the offspring resembles both the parents, it isa result of pure breeding. Purebred refers to a plantor animal that has ancestors all with the same formof traits. When two individuals with different traitsare crossed, they are said to be crossbred and theoffspring is called a hybrid. Cross breading is atype of random breeding.

16. B

When two plants with red and white flowers arecrossed and all the offspring have red flowers, it isbecause red is dominant and is able to be expressedin the next generation. White is recessive becauseit fails to be expressed in the second generation.

17. A

Blue-eyed parents produce blue-eyed offspring.Characteristics such as eye colour that pass fromone generation to the next are called heritablecharacteristics. Dominant and recessivecharacteristics are those that express or do notexpress themselves in the next generation.Non-heritable characteristics are not pass to thenext generation.

18. D

The ability to play the piano is a non-heritablecharacteristic. The skill of playing piano is anacquired characteristic, and is not pass directlyfrom the parents to the offspring.

19. D

The chromosome theory of heredity states thatgenes located on chromosomes determinehereditary traits. The traits are passed from parentsto offspring through genes.

III

Answers and Solutions



20. D

Catalyzing chemical reactions is not a majorfunction of genetic material. Genetic material,however, can replicate and contains informationthat it stores and transmits from the parents tothe offspring.

21. A

During the process of mitosis, only two cells areproduced. During meiosis, four cells are produced.Mitosis takes place in somatic cells, whereasmeiosis occurs in sex cells.

22. C

Growth and cellular repair is not achieved throughmeiosis. This is the function of mitosis.Meiotic division produces gametes.

23. A

Mitosis is not responsible for reducing the numberof chromosomes to half. In meiotic division,the chromosomal number is reduced to half.Mitosis is a type of cell division that maintains thenumber of chromosomes in the next generation andhelps in growth and cellular repair.

24. D

An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexualreproduction is that sexual reproduction providesgenetic variation in the offspring. During sexual

reproduction, gametes are formed by meiotic celldivision. During meiosis, the exchange of geneticmaterial takes place through crossing over, whichprovides genetic variation in the offspring.

25. C

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexualreproduction requires very little energy investmentand is capable of producing large numbers ofoffspring. Gametes are not produced, and thereis often no parental involvement or care forthe offspring.

26. B

During the Industrial Revolution, as soot fromfactories darkened tree trunks, the darker-colouredmoth became more common than thelighter-coloured moth. The darker-colouredmoth camouflaged with the trunk and was betteradapted for survival.

27. A

Artificial selection involves selective breeding byfarmers or scientists to produce animals withcertain desirable characteristics. Farmers interbredanimals with the thickest wool.

28. D

High-quality cattle are produced by using modemreproductive technologies such as artificialinsemination. The semen of a prize bull iscollected and inserted in the womb of many cows.The calves produced will show the traits of thebest bull.

29. A

Equatorial regions have the largest number and ,variety of species. These regions have the greatestnumber of plant species because conditions arefavourable for their growth. The diverse plantspecies provide food and shelter to a wide varietyof organisms.

30. C

Insects are the most abundant on Earth becausethey can survive in a variety of habitats. Also, theycan adapt to a variety of climatic conditions.

31. B

Currently, around 1.5 million species of organismsare known to scientists.

A6

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32. D

It has been hypothesized that there must besomething in the fluid of a dodo's digestive systemthat stimulates a Calvaria seed to start to grow.The Calvaria nut must have to be eaten by a dodobefore it can germinate

The grizzly bear is called an extirpated species.Extirpation means local extinction, ordisappearance of a species from a particular area.Because of habitat loss, the range of the grizzlybear has been reduced. They are now found onlyin the Rocky Mountains.

Biodiversity is reduced by human activities.Habitat loss due to human impact is the majorcause of a reduction in biodiversity.

35. A

Designing a national park is an example of in situ

conservation. The species remain in their naturalhabitat. All the interactions in the ecosystems are

natural. Without the establishment of national

parks and rules governing how much commercialdevelopment is allowed in parks, these areas wouldbe subject to development according to supply anddemand and would most likely become highlydeveloped tourist destinations. Species would findit very difficult to survive in a habitat disturbedby humans.

Big, healthy corn cobs were developed by earlyaboriginal people using artificial selection.Corn was bred from the species of grass calledteosinte. Seeds were gathered from the biggest andthe healthiest corn plants and developed into newplants with these desirable traits. By using theseseeds, they developed a more productive strain ofcorn plant.

33. C

34. D

36. D

0

I

Answers and Solutions 30 Castle Rock Research


UNIT TEST BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Use the following information to answerthe next three questions.

While hiking through a meadow, Kerry spotteda small pond filled with activity.

1. The frogs and the mallard ducks that Kerrysaw in the pond feed on small aquatic insects.This type of predator-prey food relationshipis called

A. mutualism

B. parasitism

C. competition

D. resource partitioning

2. The pond is an interaction of living andnon-living things. The term that describes atypical meadow pond is

A. niche

B: population

C. ecosystem

D. community

3. Which of the following statements aboutvariations within species is false?

A. Variations help species adapt to changingenvironments.

B. Variations better equip species forsurvival.

C. Variations produce new traits in species.

D. Variations make species static.


Julie collected data on the structure of thehuman ear from four members of her class.

Name Type of Lobe

Jen Attached lobe

Matt Free lobe

Mia Attached lobe

Thai Free lobe

4. Which of the following two terms describelobe traits?

A. Heritable characteristic andcontinuous variation

B. Heritable characteristic anddiscrete variation

C. Non-heritable characteristic anddiscrete variation

D. Non-heritable characteristic andcontinuous variation

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Use the following information to answer

the next question.

-

A male sperm unites with a female egg toproduce a new individual. Some of the termsthat describe this process are listed.

1. Fertilization

2. Gametes3. Embryo

4. Zygote

Numerical Response

The order in which the numbered stages ofdevelopment occur is

,

,and

. (Record your answer as afour-digit number.)

5. Which flower structure produces themale gamete?A. Ovary

B. Stigma

C. Anther

D. Ovule


Despite belonging to a single species, humansshow great diversity in terms of the biological

and physiological expression of their geneticmakeup. This type of variation within a speciesis seen in many animals but is absent inorganisms such as amoebas.

6. The absence of variation within a species ofamoeba is a result of the fact that amoebasA. are prokaryotic cells

B. do not photosynthesize

C. are unicellular in nature

D. do not reproduce sexually


The following descriptors are aboutreproduction:

W. Results in variations in species

X. Requires specialized reproductive cells

Y. Requires a large amount of energy

Z. Results in individuals that are geneticallyidentical

Numerical Resuonse

0

W X Y Z(Record your answer as a four-digitnumber.)

7. DNA is an important structural component ofA. the cell wall

B. a chloroplast

C. the cytoplasm

D. a chromosome

S. The division of human sex cells is referredto asA. meiosis, which produces 23 chromosomes

B. mitosis, which produces 23 chromosomes

C. meiosis, which produces 46 chromosomes

D. mitosis, which produces 46 chromosomes

9. Which of the following situations is not anexample of asexual reproduction?A. A hydra producing a bud

B. A plant propagating from a root

C. Bacteria dividing by binary fission

D. An embryo developing from a zygote

Write the number 1 in the blank if the letterrefers to sexual reproduction and the number2 if the letter refers to asexual reproduction.

Unit Test




As a bee pollinates clusia flowers, it becomescovered with a sticky resin that contains apowerful antibiotic. This antibiotic killsbacteria in the bee hive.

10. The association of a bee and a clusia flower isan example ofA. parasitism

B. mutualism

C. commensalism

D. heterotrophism

11. Which of the following factors is importantfor the ensured survival of a species in achanging environment?A. Symbiotic associations

B. Interspecies competition

C. Variation within a species

D. Ability to reproduce asexually


If the structure of DNA is compared to aspiralling ladder, then each step would be madeof paired molecules.

13. DNA does not containA. nucleotides

B. cytosine

C. guanine

D. uracil

14. Which of the following biomes has the mostdiverse life forms?A. Deciduous forest

B. Rain forest

C. Grassland

D. Taiga

15. The main drawback in using hybridizedspecies of plants or animals is thatA. the cost of producing them is too high

B. they usually fail to grow or live

C. genetic diversity is decreased

D. they are unable to reproduce

Written Res onse

0 What is the difference between artificialselection and natural selection?

(2 marks)

12. In this comparison, the steps of the DNAladder are composed ofA. phosphates

B. nitrogen bases

C. sugars and phosphates

D. sugars and nitrogen bases

THE KEY -- Science 9

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W WDescribe the difference between anendangered species and an extinct species,and give an example of each.

(2 marks)

Indicate two human factors that havecontributed to the loss of biodiversity in theprairie area of Alberta.

(2 marks)

I

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Unit Test 34

Castle Rock Research


ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS-UNIT TEST

1.C

5.C

2. D

6. D

3. D

NR2. 1112

4. B

7. D

NR1. 2143

8. A

9. D

14. B

10.B

15.C

11. C

WRI. See Solution

12. B

WR2. See Solution

13. D

WR3. 'See Solution

1. C

The frogs and the mallard duck are in competitionfor the same food. Mutualism is a relationshipwhere two species benefit from each other.In parasitism, one species benefits while theother is harmed. Resource partitioning refers toselecting a niche that does not interfere with theother species.

Since the pond represents a limited area, it is acommunity. A population refers to only one typeof species (frogs) in a particular area. A nichedeals more with the role that an organism has in anecosystem. An ecosystem is made up of severalcommunities.

Mutations are permanent changes in DNA orgenes. Ultraviolet rays, nuclear materials, andcertain chemicals can cause these mutations.Mutations can also be caused by improper copyingof genetic information during cell division. Sexualreproduction results in genetic variations throughthe exchange and interaction of genetic material,not through mutations.

Sexual reproduction helps a species to survive.

Sexual reproduction leads to variations within aspecies. Gradually, favourable characteristics areselected, and evolution takes place.

Sexual reproduction involves the exchange andinteraction of genetic material, which gives rise tovariations within a species.

4. B

The lobe characteristic is an inherited genetic trait.The trait acquired is either the dominant free lobetrait or the recessive attached lobe trait. Such atrait is heritable with a distinct or discrete variation.

NR 1 2143

The male sperm and the female egg are gametes (2)that unite in the process of fertilization (1) toproduce a zygote (4). The zygote, through theprocess of cell division, develops into anembryo (3) and eventually into a new individual.

The pollen or male gamete is produced in theanther. The fine grains of pollen drop onto thestigma of the pistil and travel through the style intothe ovary, where fertilization takes place.

Amoebas do not show genetic variation withineach species because there is no exchange ofgenetic information by sexual reproduction.Amoebas only reproduce asexually, which meansthat the daughter cells are exact duplicates of theparent cells.

V.

2. D

3. D

5. C

6. D

THE KEY - Science 9

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11. C

12. B

13. D

NR 2 1112

Various combinations of genes in sexualreproduction produce a wide range of variationwithin a species. Sexual reproduction requiresspecialized cells called gametes. These are themale sperm and the female egg. Fertilization insexual reproduction requires a tremendous amountof energy. In asexual reproduction, the individualtakes on the characteristics of the parent individual.It is an exact clone.

DNA contains the instructional material for anorganism's traits. This genetic material is carriedin the chromosome part of the nucleus.The cytoplasm is the semi-liquid contents of thecell. The cell wall is the protective layer throughwhich water and nutrients pass. Chloroplastsfunction in the process of photosynthesis.

Meiosis is the division of sex cells. Becausemeiosis is a double division, it produces 23chromosomes. Mitosis is the division of body cellsand always produces 46 chromosomes in humans.

Variation within a species is what enables speciesto survive a changing environment. Some of theindividuals will be better suited to the newenvironment, which will allow those members ofthe species to survive. If all members are the same,a change in the environment could result in theextinction or extirpation of that species.

The steps of the DNA ladder are made of nitrogenbases, which are joined together by a hydrogenbond. DNA is a double helical structure composedof a large number of nucleotide molecules.The outer part or upright part consists ofdeoxyribose sugar and phosphate.

Uracil is not present in DNA. Uracil is anitrogen base found in RNA. DNA is a giantmolecule composed of nucleotide molecules.Each nucleotide contains deoxyibose sugar,phosphates, and a pair of nitrogen bases:adenine and thiamine or guanine and cytosine.

7. D

8. A

9. D14. B

10. B

15. C

An embryo developing from a zygote involves thefertilization of male and female gametes. This issexual reproduction.

The association of a bee and a clusia flower is anexample of mutualism. In mutualism, bothpartners in the association are mutually benefitedby each other. The bee carries out pollination, andin turn, it gets the antibiotic that kills the bacteria inits hive. In parasitism, the host is harmed, and incommensalism, the host is unaffected.Heterotrophism means depending on othersfor food.

Tropical rain forests are found in equatorialregions. These regions are some of the oldest,most climatically undisturbed areas on Earth.The organisms within this biome have adapted wellto the hot, humid conditions. Tropical rainforestssupport a large diverse population of living things.

The main drawback to using hybridized species isthat the genetic diversity is decreased. Biodiversityis very important in maintaining healthy and viableecosystems and populations.

Answers and Solutions

36

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0 0

0

What is the difference between artificial selectionand natural selection?

Natural selection is a process by which the

environment selects which individuals willsurvive and reproduce.

Artificial selection is the process by whichhumans select the most desirable traits in order toproduce offspring with these traits.

Describe the difference between an endangeredspecies and an extinct species, and give anexample of each.

An endangered species is on the verge ofextinction; that is, there are very few left.An example is the whooping crane. An extinctspecies has totally disappeared, and there arenone left. An example is the passenger pigeon.

Indicate two human factors that have contributedto the loss of biodiversity in the prairie areaofAlberta.

Any two of the following:

• Loss of habitat as a result of clearing anddraining of land for agricultural purposes.

• Loss of habitat as a result of oil and gasexploration

• Loss of habitat as a result of urban expansion

• Loss of species as a result of excessive useof pesticides

THE KEY - Science 9

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the key biological diversity pdf - weebly

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