the keeling curve: top of mauna loa co 2 increase > annual variation
TRANSCRIPT
The Keeling Curve: top of Mauna Loa
CO2 Increase > annual variation
Keeling-like curves for atmospheric Greenhouse
Gases:Gases come out of solution
Metabolic rate increasesIndustrial production
AgricultureDeforestation
The Pioneer Effectalso
coincides with
European expansion,Empires, not just USA
pioneers!
Methane sources:
Swamp gas
Ruminants
Thawing Permafrost
Dissociating Gas
Hydrates
N2Othis
GHG is also a
combustion product of dirty diesel
& coal
Normalizing to the 30 years around 1975, > Hotter!
Heat changes are felt
preferentially in polar regions.Canada finally has a Summer
Northwest Passage
Maybe ice-free in 50 years
Hurricanes are the big Fans that
really move the heat around
Ocean Warming: K. Immanuel (2005)
• Double the frequency of Category 4-5 Hurricanes. P.Webster (2005)
Most oceans warmed by > 0.4°C in 30 years
Small storm #’s unchanged, but big x2
Chloro-fluorocarbons & Ozone destruction
• Refrigerants, propellants and burning chlorinated plastics vent to atmosphere
• High energy upper atmosphere reactions
• CHCl2 F, CCl2 F2 + O2 2ClO + other gases
• O2 + O O3
• Ozone formation is inhibited by Cl2, ClO
Antarctica and the Ozone Hole
Map of Antarctica: Ice Cap, Ice Shelves,S. Magnetic Pole & Halley Bay
Ozone at Halley Bay in October
1 Dobson Unit = 0.001 cm O3 equivalent
Aircraft Sept 16, 1987
Spacecraft measurements:
Sept 1991 & 1992
O3 decreases as ClO increases
Spacecraft measurements: Sept 1991 & 1992 (Oops!)
Ground measurements 1985 J. Farman
Satellite Photos of the Amazon Basin
1975 & 2001
Deforestation: produces CO2 & reduces absorption
Young forests = carbon sinks, old ones are neutral
Healthy Rainforest
Cover
25 years of Logging & Swidden
Agriculture
The Geologic Time Scale
A Vast Sequence of different climates, environments and
ecosystems as written in the rock
record.
Dome C Ice Core RecordsH/D Temperature proxy, CO2 bubbles
K-T Boundary Layer Clay at Gubbio
The Cosmic Ir Clock Failed here, too much Ir
per clay:
Inference a massive 10km diameter
meteorite
Change in Solar Luminosity
for the Sun (main sequence)