the journal of bengal geographer - dasson …ssresearcher.com/journals/pdf/64_2.pdf · ·...

www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2319-619X

14 THE JOURNAL OF BENGAL GEOGRAPHER APRIL 2014

THE JOURNAL OF BENGAL GEOGRAPHER VOLUME-III NUMBER-II

FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHER



EDITORIAL

The journal of Bengal geographer aspires to achieve to the world of researcher for explore their talents and leasing them exposes their acumen to exhibit their research pursuit. It would stress on creativity and innovation as the specialty, to forge ahead with the new ideas in the emerging new world.

Today we traversed across countries, across cultures and made the world borderless, collapsing the barriers between countries. In the click of a mouse we have the potential to access the platforms, from one pole to the other. This gospel idea encourages us to publish a journal. The traditional idea of hard copy publication of journals, in the years to come shall be replaced by online publication which shall allow the researchers to easily relate to each other ideas. I especially welcome to all viewers to be a part of our journey and make the journal enrich forever.

DR. DEEPAK KUMAR MANDAL



CONTENT

SL.NO. PAPER & AUTHOR PAGE NO.

1. DYNAMICS OF POPULATION SIZE, DENSITY AND GROWTH IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA (1981-2011) MR.RITESH KUMAR MR.KHYAL CHAND

01-13

2. UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION AND CROPPING INTENSITY IN UTTAR

DINAJPUR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

MS.RESHMI SARKAR

14-29

3. GENDER DISPARITY IN LEVEL OF LITERACY IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, 2011: A SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE SANDEEP KUMAR* And SUJAN SINGH**

30-49

4. DISABLE POPULATION OF MANIPUR: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS MR.SANTOSH KUMAR

50-60

5. LAND USE PATTERN IN HARYANA: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS MR. MONU KUMAR

61-75

6. GROUND WATER RESOURCE OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT WEST BENGAL MR.SUDIPTA RAHA

76-84

7. IMPORTANCE OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR ACCESSIBLE WATER RESOURCES DR.RAKTIM MUNSI

85-93

8. SURFACE WATER RESOURCE OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT WEST BENGAL MR.RAMANUJ SINHA

94-101

9. ABSTRACT

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND ITS HEALTH IMPACTS ON FEMALES AND

CHILDREN BELOW 5YEARS : A CASE STUDY OF MIDNAPORE RURAL-URBAN

FRINGE AREA MR.AMARTYA PANI

102-106



DR. NARENDRA KUMAR RANA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR HIRAPURI COLONY UNIVERSITY DR. RAVI. S. SINGH ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY DR.B.CHANDRASHEKARA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MYSORE UNIVERSITY DR. G. V. NARASIMHA RAO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ANDHRA UNIVERSITY DR. RATNESWAR BARMAN PROFESSOR GAUHATI UNIVERSITY DR.PANNALAL DAS PROFESSOR CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY DR. NARAYAN CHANDRA JANA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR BARDHAMAN UNIVERSITY DR.V.C.JHA PROFESSOR VISWA BHARATI UNIVERSITY DR. (MRS.) ANUSUIYA BAGHEL PROFESSOR PT. RAVISHANKAR SHUKLA UNIVERSITY DR.RAIS AKHTAR PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR DR.PRAKASAM . C RESEARCH ASSOCIATE THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDAWAN DR. D.N. SINGH PROFESSOR BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY DR.K.N. UDAYAKUMAR PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE DR. MD. ISHTIYAQUE PROFESSOR JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA DR.B. C. VAIDYA PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF PUNE DR. S.N. MOHAPATRA PROFESSOR JIWAJI UNIVERSITY DR.DEEPAK KUMAR MANDAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR NORTH BENGAL UNIVERSITY DR.A.H.KIDWAI PROFESSOR JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY DR.H.S.SHARMA PROFESSOR RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY

DR.HIRALAL YADAV PROFESSOR GORAKHPUR UNIVERSITY DR.SANTOSH SHUKLA PROFESSOR HARI SINGH GOUR UNIVERSITY DR. RAMACHANDRA GEETHA PROFESSOR SRI VENKATESWERA UNIVERSITY DR. S.S. DEORA PROFESSOR JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY DR.Y.V.RAMANAIAH PROFESSOR SRI KRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY DR. K.N. UDAYA KUMAR PROFESSOR MYSORE UNIVERSITY DR.ANAND PRASAD MISHRA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY DR.GOPAL KRISHAN EMERITUS PROFESSOR PUNJAB UNIVERSITY DR.ANINDITA DATTA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF DELHI DR.R.B.SINGH ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF DELHI DR. ROBERT BINGHAM.ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN DR.TIMOTHY HERBERT PROFESSOR BROWN UNIVERSITY MR. CHRIS C VLOK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA MR. RUDI W PRETORIUS PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA DR.MENG XIAOCHEN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR PEKING UNIVERSITY DR.GOOD ALEXANDER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY DR.ZAMYATIN NADEZHDA PROFESSOR MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY DR. VOLKER FRANK ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF GIESSEN DR.CLAUDIA ANDREOLI GALVAO ASSISTANT PROFESSOR THE UNIVERSITY OF BRASÍLIA DR.SERGIO SEPÚLVEDA

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

UNIVERSITY OF CHILE DR.JOSÉ FRANCISCO PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF CHILE VELIZORTIZ, JORGE PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF CHILE DR. EUGENE FARRELL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND DR. PATRICK COLLINS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND DR.S.M.ALI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY DR.RONNIE ELLENBLUM ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM DR.HIS VEHICLE (BONNIE) RUBIN PROFESSOR HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM DR. A. M. M. AMANAT ULLAH KHAN PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA DR. FRANCIS L. COLLINS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AUKLAND UNIVERSITY DR. DAVID HAYWARD ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AUKLAND UNIVERSITY DR.J. BRUCE GEMMELL PROFESSOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

DR.TONY CRAWFORD PROFESSOR THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA DR.NATHAN BASILIKO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF TORENTO



UTILIZATION OF IRRIGATION AND CROPPING INTENSITY IN UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT, WEST

BENGAL, INDIA.

MS.RESHMI SARKAR

ASSISTANT TEACHER

MILANPALLI HIGH SCHOOL

ISLAMPUR

UTTAR DINAJPUR

WEST BENGAL

ABSTRACT

Irrigation is practised in those areas where rainfall is seasonal and the amount is not

satisfactory for crop production. The monsoonal land having seasonal rainfall, require irrigation

either from canal, tank or well so as to ensure agricultural production. In India rainfall is seasonal

and the distribution of rainfall is uneven. India has the largest acreage of land under irrigation. In

the high irrigated area the cropping intensity is found high and in the low irrigated area cropping

intensity is found low. This article focussed on the present status of irrigation and cropping

pattern on block basis in the Uttar Dinajpur district, in West Bengal, India. After applying

different methods and technique (Pearson‟s product moment correlation co-efficient, Regression

line etc.). It has been concluded that the districts has a positive relation between two variables.

Though the ground water utilisation is the main source of irrigation but other sources are also

used to increase the cropping intensity in the region. Some blocks gets high irrigation facilities

but the facilities is not well enough.

KEY WORDS: Irrigation, Irrigation by Teesta Canal, Cropping Intensity,

Suggested remedial measures.

INTRODUCTION

Water potential in India is vast. This can be tapped and usefully employed for irrigation. Irrigation

is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist during periods of

inadequate rainfall. Irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production. Cropping intensity is

generally high in the well irrigated area is found low in less rainfall area. The intensity of



cropping refers to raising a number of crops, from the same land during one agricultural year.

Higher the index, greater is the efficiency of land use .

The cropping intensity has direct correlation with assured irrigation which enables farmers

to go for multiple cropping and use higher dose of fertilisers and HYV seeds. As the water

availability is high so the high yielding variety seed can be introduced in the district. High

yielding variety seeds needs to be introduced with organic farming as the cattle population is good

in the district. As the agricultural sector is mainly dependent on good irrigation facility the whole

area needs to be brought under good irrigation facility. Soil amelioration will result in increased

crop yield. The aforesaid area is high potential to in increase cropping intensity to 250. 63% of net

cropped area is irrigated and multiple cropping is practiced, for that reason Uttar Dinajpur stands

first in rate of growth of good grain productivity among all the district of West Bengal.

LOCATION: After bifurcation of West Dinajpur district Uttar Dinajpur was created on 1st April

1992. The district occupies an area of 3142 km2 enclosed by Bangladesh on the east, Bihar on the

west, Darjeeling district and Jalpaiguri district on the north and Malda district and South Dinajpur

district on the south and lies between latitude 25 0 11‟ N to 260 49‟ N and longitude 870 49‟E to

900 00‟E. The district is one of the most backward in the state.

HYDROGEOLOGY: The district is peculiar in shape very much like the blade of a scythe .The flow

of the river shows that the land is flat, sloping gently towards the south .The soil of the district

may be classified as old alluviam, alluvium in the transition phase and new alluvium. Generally

the soil of the district is fertile 46.32% and 22% of the total cropped area are of sandy loam and

loam.

.

Internal drainage of the soil is good .The entire soil group is moderately rich in phosphate and

potash content. The major river systems are Kulik, Nagar and Mahananda. This river network

provides sufficient surface water all over the district. The northern portion of Uttar Dinajpur has

two indentified fault structures running on either side of it, known respectively as the Kishanganj

& Kartoya faults. Underground water supply and management is satisfactory in this region.

Ground water occurs both under unconfined and confined condition within the explored depth

maximum 600 mbgl. Aquifers are fairly thick and regionally extensive with large yield prospect

of about 150 m3/ hr .Ground water can be utilised through heavy tube wells within 120 mbgl and

shallow tubewells within 60 mbgl (Central Ground Water Board, West Bengal



(Not to Scale)

FIG 1 : LOCATIONAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

MATERIALS AND METHODS :The entire work mainly based on secondary data i.e, collected from

District Statistical Hand book of Uttar Dinajpur (2008), District Census Handbook of Uttar

Dinajpur (2011), Central Ground Water Board ,West Bengal (CGWB),Comprehensive District

Agriculture Plan for Uttar Dinajpur District and many others research papers .

After collecting the data of net sown area (NSA) and Gross Cropped area (GCA) cropping

intensity has been calculated by following formula:

(GCA/NSA) x 100

Data for block level irrigated area of Uttar Dinajpur district has been calculated from

comprehensive district agriculture plan for Uttar Dinajpur district. Considering these two

variables, product moment correlation coefficient (Karl Pearson‟s method), Regression analysis

have been done with the Microsoft Excel - 2007 software. Finally different thematic maps also

have been prepared.



RESULT &DISCUSSION

IRRIGATION: Irrigation potential upto 2000-01 reveals that GW has been the main source of

irrigation in Uttar Dinajpur. Shallow GW table, high rainfall and occurrence of alluvial soil have

created opportunities for easy access to GW by the local farming community. On an average

about 56% of total potential is utilised by the farmers for irrigation from GW sources. As such, it

is desirable to tap the potential to a further extent and to bring more cropped area under irrigation

leading to higher cropping intensity and production. Hemtabad block leads the table in irrigation

coverage whereas Goalpokher I has irrigation the lowest irrigation coverage.

The normal rainfall of the district is 1971.00 mm. The climatic condition is characterized

by hot summer abundant rainfall and humidity. About 63% of net cropped area is irrigated .There

is large water area is the district which can be used as sources of irrigation.

The rivers are either rain fed or perennial with the source from the normal snow melt from the

Himalayas. Presence of Kulik, Mahanada, Dauk Nagar and a number of others streams provide

sufficient surface water all over the districts. High irrigation potential already created in this

region through tube wells, deep tube well and other water bodies. Approx 151631 ha. area is

under irrigation coverage. Soil type is predominantly sandy loam to loam which great prospect of

GW recharge only 54.08% of total irrigation potential is utilised only 30% of TIPC by surface

water is used.

The district on an average has good rainfall and it is spread over the months. The ground

water recharge is also good because of the good rainfall. It is surprising that even then irrigation

potential is less.

With the help of irrigation department, it is necessary to increase the irrigation potential in

the district. As the individual farmers are not having enough money, are largely depends upon

monsoon for water needs.

TABLE NO – 1

YEAR WISE AVERAGE RAINFALL IN MM

Year Rainfall (mm)

2003 2117.1

2004 1766.8



2005 2014.7

2006 1613.0

2007 1726.3

Source :Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd .Kolkata

In this district the gross irrigated area = 310.892(ha), net irrigation area = 272.58 and

rainfed area is 194.908 ha. Ground water is main source of irrigation on but there are other

sources of irrigation also present. There are many sources of irrigation which are used in the

district .Below the following tables are show about the sources of irrigation.

TABLE NO – 2

YEAR WISE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF IRRIGATION

Year Govt.

canal

Tank HDTW MDTW LDTW STW RLI

2001-02 7413 7413 186 7 18 40837 16

2002-03 7413 7413 191 7 - 40940 11

2003-04 10417 10417 196 7 47 35785 11

2004-05 10456 10456 169 7 18 51344 13

2005-06 10494 10494 178 17 52 55312 17

Source :- Agri Marketing Board ,West Bengal .

TABLE NO – 3

AREA IRRIGATED BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT

Sources of

irrigation

Area (in%)

Govt.canal 2.59

Tank 6.00

HDTW 8.12

MDTW 0.68

LDTW 1.08

RLI 6.92 SOURCE :- AGRIMARKETING BOARD ,WEST BENGAL .



AREA IRRIGATED BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN UTTAR DINAJPUR (2005-06)

On the basis of irrigation (in percentage) utilisation in area, there are three categories

would be identified.

IRRIGATION UTILISATION AREA

i) Low irrigated area: Uttar Dinajpur district has nine blocks, among them only blocks falling in

this category i.e., Islampur and Goalpokher –I, where irrigation utilization is below 60%.

ii) Medium irrigated area: Six blocks – Chopra, Goalpokher - II, Karandighi, Raiganj,

Kaliaganj and Itahar are included with the percentage values ranging between 60 - 80.

iii) High irrigation area: Only Hemtabad block falling in this category with a percentage value

exceeds 80.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Govt. Canal Tank HDTW MDTW LDTW RLI



TABLE NO – 4

BLOCK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATED AREA &CROPPING INTENSITY, UTTAR DINAJPUR

DISTRICT, 2009.

Sl.

No.

Name of the Block Irrigated Area

(%)

Net sown

Area (hec)

Total

cropped

Area (hec)

Cropping

intensity

1 Chopra 60 22260 37840 169.99

2 Islampur 58 26000 36010 138.5

3 Goalpokher-I 55 29500 35840 121.49

4 Goalpokher -II 61 29076 32208 110.77

5 Karandighi 68 29061 38584 132.77

6 Raiganj 63 35200 47421 134.72

7 Hemtabad 81 16653 19160 115.05

8 Kaliaganj 67 23360 31160 133.39

9 Itahar 60 30182 34856 115.49

SOURCE :- (C-DAP, UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT,WEST BENGAL )

Only in Hemtabad block, the highest percentage of irrigated area is found. So it may be

considered that the ground water utilisation in irrigation and surface irrigation is very high here.

In this district less percentage irrigated area is Goalpokher - I. Here surface irrigation utilised

sufficiently. Though the district has abundant source of ground water and also has good annual

rainfall but the farmers are less dependent on surface water than the ground water. Non optimum

use of ground water through proper irrigation methods, presence of acidic soils and non

availability of water during non monsoon periods has of led to low crop production. Inadequate

irrigation and drainage system is the basic cause for water stagnation. Since drainage in this

district tends to be inefficient, a portion of the monsoon runoff regularly gets impounded between

the months of August & February, reducing the extent of land available for crop agriculture in the

affected blocks. Elsewhere within the district where the topography is more regular and drainage

is unobstructed, prime conditions usually exist for irrigated agriculture. Rainfall patterns vary



quite widely within Uttar Dinajpur with sharp divergence in annual precipitation between the five

southern blocks of Karandighi, Raiganj, Hemtabad, Kaliaganj and Itahar and the four Terai blocks

of Chopra, Islampur, Goalpokher- I, Goalpokher – II. Thus while southern most Itahar receives

around 1400-1500 mm of rain annually, northern most Chopra receives much higher

precipitation ranging between 240-2700 mm per annal. This is the main cause for uneven

distribution of irrigation over the district. The irrigation facility is much higher in that block

which have not sufficient supply of water for cultivation.

IRRIGATION BY TEESTA CANAL: Teesta Barrage Project is envisaged to provide annual irrigation

to an area of 5,27,000 ha in the six district of north Bengal, Uttar Dinajpur is among of them. One

pick up barrage across river Dauk at Chopra in Uttar Dinajpur district is found. Mahananda main

canal and Nagar – Tangon main canal passing through a little bit portion of the district. Dauk

Nagar Main Canal (DNMC) of 80.20 km length to provide annual irrigation of 14,590 ha over a

CCA of 94750 ha. Total no. of distributaries =18.

FIG-3: BLOCK WISE IRRIGATION AREA (IN %) IN UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT, 2009.

CROPPING INTENSITY REGIONS

Not to Scale

PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATED AREA, UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT (2009)

>

Irrigated Area (%)

80

6080

60



This district is predominantly agro based and agriculture is the main stay. Majority of the rural

population is engaged in agriculture and multiple cropping is practiced. The cropping intensity is

not same in all the districts. The percentage of irrigated area is high in Hemtabad district, here the

percentage of gross cropped area records low. compared to the other blocks shows a positive

relationship between the irrigated area and cropping intensity. Overall this in the general scenario

of the district.

FIG-4 : BLOCK LEVEL CROPPING INTENSITY IN UTTAR DINAJPUR DISTRICT, 2009.

Cropping

Intensity

Value in

percentage

Number of

blocks

Name of the Blocks

Low <120 3 Goalpokher – II, Hemtabad , Itahar

Moderate 120 - 160 5 Islampur, Goalpokher – I, Karandighi

,Raiganj, Kaliaganj

High >160 1 Chopra

SOURCE :- C-DAP UTTAR DINAJPUR

CROPPING INTENSITY, UTTAR DINAJPUR (2009)

Not to Scale

Cropping Intensity

160

120160

120

>

<



The annual rainfall amount is not same all over the district. Hemtabad gets minimum rainfall, so

the percentage irrigated area is high in Hemtabad but the cropping intensity shows low. But in

Chopra block the annual rainfall is very high, percentage of irrigated area are moderate but

cropping intensity shows very high here.

REGRESSION LINE OF TWO VARIABLES AND THEIR ANALYSIS In this part of analysis percentage irrigated area and cropping intensity have been assessed as

independent (x) and dependent variables (y) respectively (Fig no. 5). From the arrangement of

dots and orientation of best fit line (Yc = a + bx ), it is clear that both the variables are correlated

positively. After getting the calculated value by using Pearson‟s product moment correlation

coefficient (0.15) for the district and block, it indicate that the relation between two variables is

insignificant .Though the districts received good annual rainfall and the ground water table is so

good here but the irrigation facilities sufficiently used by different blocks. In this district the

sources of irrigation are govt. canals, tank , HDTW , MDTW , RLI etc. It is important to improve

the irrigation facilities all over the districts so that the cropping intensity in the various blocks

improves. The increase in cropping intensity will increase the agriculture production also.

SUGGESTED REMEDIAL MEASURES

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 20 40 60 80 100

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRRIGATED AREA & CROPPING INTENSITY IN UTTAR DINAJPUR, 2009

CR

OPP

ING

I

NT

EN

SITY

IRRIGATED AREA

FIG. – 5

Yc = -0.21+2.05x, r = 0.15



It is important to improve the land utilization of the various crops so that the cropping area in the

various blocks improve. The cropping intensity is not same in all the districts so first step is to

have a uniform cropping intensity in all the area. The increase in cropping intensity will increase

the agriculture production also. With proper water harvesting measures cropping intensity can be

increased. By effective water management practices & with the use of suitable agricultural inputs

gross cropped area can be increased. Little effort has been made so far towards surface water

irrigation through harvesting of rainwater, so the farmers should utilised that irrigation system

widely.

CONCLUSION

Improvement in agriculture of a country mainly depends on ground water utilization and

cropping pattern of that region. Irrigation is needed in those area where ground water facilities are

lacking. Irrigation potential ranges from 25 to 40 percent in different blocks of the district so there

should be given special attention to the use of ground water. But today increasing occupation

avenues and lack of interest among young farmers in the agricultural and allied activities is found.

Little knowledge about surface water conservation and management, low irrigation efficiency

(57.49%) are responsible for reducing ground water potential. So, therefore in this district, there

needs a efficient and scientific, modern technique of irrigation system and other surface water

irrigation facilities for increase in the ground water table for future use as well as increase in

agriculture productivity.

REFERENCES

1. Hussain . M. (2009) – Geography of India, Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

2. Guha J.L. & Chattoraj. P.R. – A new approach to Economic Geography – A study

of resources. The World Press Private Limite, Kolkata (2009)

3. District Statistical Handbook, 2008, Uttar Dinajpur. Published from Bureau of

Applied Economics & Statistics, Govt. of West Bengal, India.

4. UDDHR (2010):- Uttar Dinajpur District Human Development Report, HRDCC,

Development & Planning Department, Govt. of West Bengal

5. India – WRIS Wiki (Water Resources Information System of India) – Teesta

Barrage, St. L, St. L, Ph. LJL02921



6. Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan for Uttar Dinajpur District – Agriculture

Finance Corporation Ltd., Eastern Regional Office, Kolkata.

the journal of bengal geographer - dasson …ssresearcher.com/journals/pdf/64_2.pdf · ·...

Documents