the jazz age 1921-1929. a clash of values nativism resurges as immigration picked up after world war...
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The Jazz Age1921-1929
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A Clash of Values• Nativism resurges as immigration picked up after World War I• Many immigrants were accused of being anarchists- people who oppose all
forms of government. • Nativist and racist feelings were reinforced by the Eugenics movement. • Eugenics- a (pseudo-science) or false science that deals with improving
inherited traits.
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Controlling Immigration• At the forefront of the movement to restrict immigration was the KKK- or Ku Klux
Klan; was started by six college students, ex veterans of the Civil War • President Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act- which established a temporary
quota system, limiting immigration. • Ethnic identity and national origin thus determined admission to the United States. • National Origins Act- made immigrant restriction a permanent policy.
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The New Morality • Women began to define the “New
Morality” of American life during the 1920’s.
• Women bobbed and shortened their hair and wore flesh colored silk stockings. Women took on the name of flappers- a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional women.
• Many women also sought social freedoms and financial independence by entering the workforce, many of them as salesclerks.
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Fundamentalist Movement• Modern consumer culture, relaxed
ethics and growing urbanism symbolized the nation’s moral decline.
• A religious movement known as fundamentalism- belief that the Bible was literally true and without error, arose in small rural towns.
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• Fundamentalists rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution- theory human beings had developed from lower forms of life over millions of years.
• Fundamentalists instead believed in creationism- belief that God created the world as described in the Bible.
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• Scopes Trial- Evolutionists and creationists clashed in a historic trial debating whether evolution should be taught in school.
• Evolutionists- believed human beings had developed from lower forms of life over the course of millions of years. John T. Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow
• Creationists- believed that God created the world as described in the bible. Represented by William Jennings Bryan.
The Scopes Monkey Trial
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Prohibition• Prohibition- is the ban of all alcohol.• Volstead Act- enforced prohibition, Americans soon flocked Speakeasies- secret bars
where Americans could consume alcohol and have a good time. • The government struggled to enforce prohibition. More than 540,000 arrests were made
but still Americans persisted in blatantly ignoring the law.
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Cultural Innovations• Ernest Hemmingway- wrote fiction
poems using direct, simple, and concise prose.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald most famous writer of the era, used colorful glamorous characters.
• Babe Ruth- baseball star became a national hero hitting hundreds of home runs.
• Other sports heroes of the day were “Jack ‘Boxer’ Dempsey” and golfer Bobby Jones.
• Mass Media- radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines offered a sense of shared national experience.
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African American Culture• Great Migration- migration of African
Americans to industrial cities in the North to escape the segregation of the South
• Harlem Renaissance- stimulated artistic development, racial pride, a sense of community and political organization in the African American community.
• Important writers of the Harlem Renaissance were Claude McKay and Langston Hughes who wrote about a proud defiance and bitter contempt of racism.
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Jazz, Blues, and Theater• Louis Armstrong- migrant from
New Orleans, introduced early form of Jazz to Chicago.
• Jazz- ragged rhythms and syncopated melodies, mix of Dixieland and ragtime.
• Bessie Smith symbolized soul she sang of unfulfilled love, poverty, and oppression. Her emotional singing style and commanding voice earned her the title “the Empress of the Blues”
• Blues- a soulful style of music that evolved from African American spirituals
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African American Politics• Oscar DePriest- first African American representative in Congress , introduced laws
to provide support to former African American slaves. • NAACP- battled against segregation and discrimination against African Americans
through lobbying public officials and working through court systems.• In 1922 legislation in the House of Representatives passed a anti-lynching bill but
the Senate defeated it and even though lynching's continued the number was far fewer.
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• Marcus Garvey a Jamaican immigrant called for “Negro Nationalism” which glorified the black culture and traditions of the past
• Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and wanted African Americans to create a settlement in Liberia.
• Government officials saw this as a threat and convicted Garvey of mail fraud and sent him to prison, later he was deported by President Coolidge