the isolation of russia compared to western europe backward (blend of cultures) less politically...
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The Isolation of Russia
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Compared to Western Europe• Backward (blend of cultures)
• Less politically developed
• Not influenced by Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
• No exploration (no sea routes)
• No trade (No Crusade)
• Serfdom continues
• 30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)
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Early Russian Society• 1480 Ivan III frees Russia from the
Mongol Yoke • Became the first czar
• Claimed descent from Caesar
• Society dominated by landowning nobility (boyars), serfs tied to land• Serfdom lasted until mid 1800’s (ended
in 1300/1400’s in Western Europe
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Effects of Mongol Culture• Asian culture
• Mongols took money (tribute)• Princes controlled land and collected
money
• Mongols used strength of military/force
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More Isolation• Don’t know much of W.
Europe
• Middle Age leadership- Constantinople not Rome
• Mongols cut Russia off from W. Europe during Renaissance
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Legitimacy…• Tie back to Romans and Byzantium
• 2 headed eagle
• Absolute monarch “Caesar”
• Religion of Byzantium• Break from Catholicism
• Leads to religious conflict with W. Europe
• Art = icons
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Further Isolation• Geographically cut-off
• Ural Mountains cut off from East
• Only seaport- Archangel (frozen)
• Religion widens gap West• Eastern/Russian Orthodox v. Catholic/
Protestant
• Only Germans traveled to Russia
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Ivan
the
Terrible
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Time of Troubles
•No clear successor to Throne
•Michael Romanov
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Rule of Peter the Great
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Peter
the
Great
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Early Rule
• Crown at Ten• Strelsky Kills Family• Made Co with brother Ivan• Plays solider• Sister Sophia Tries to Take over• Imprisons her in Convent• Gets rid of Brother• Louie XIV
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Peter the Great• 1682 (full power 1696)• Interested in foreign things, ships,
seas• Saw need for warm water port
• Necessary for competition with modern powers
• Came to power w/ help of streltsy (Moscow guards)
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Desire to Modernize • 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to learn
customs• 1st czar to travel to W. Europe (heretics)
• Incognito (wanted real look)
• Worked in shipyard in Netherlands
• Later traveled to England• Toured in London
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. European
• Status of Women• Until 1700 followed Byzantine custom-
women stay at home
• Noblewoman invited to social gatherings (without veils)
• No arranged marriages (unless children consented)
• No beards for men (look European)
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. European
• Russian Calendar• Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1• Year based on birth of Jesus
• 7208 became 1700
• Newspapers• 1st newspaper reported on non-Russian
events• Western ideas develop• Reading taught
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. European
• Agriculture• Staple crop= potato
• Factories and Mines-• Exports encourage• Imports discouraged• Factories subsidized (centralized
workshops)• Iron industry developed
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Absolute Rule • Peter increased power
• People become discontented (forced changes)
• Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as head- replaced Patriarch• Similar to Church of England
• Boyars lose power (new social status)• Land and positions given to lower-
ranking (ensured loyalty)
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Russian Military• European officers hired to modernize
• Army –Prussia, Navy -Britain
• Only had part-time cavalry
• Army of 200,000 paid for by taxes
• Army used to crush peasant revolt and gain warm water port• Lead to need for warships
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Russian Military• Close Russia to possible European
invasion
• Great Northern War- v. Swedes who invade Ukraine (defeated by winter)• Russia gains land on Baltic Sea
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A New Capital
• 1712 St. Petersburg made capital
• Built on swamp
• Land gained from Sweden
• Located on Neva River, near coast
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Catherine the Great
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The Beginning...• German sent to Russia to marry Peter
(heir to throne)
• Peter was mentally unstable
• Catherine made friends with army officers
• 1762 husband came to power
• she had him confined (died/murder)
• 1762 Catherine crowned
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Her 34 Year Rule• Dedicated to Russia• 1767 Convention of nobles, free
peasants, townspeople• Created constitution• Suggested reform: stop capital
punishment, end use of torture,abolish serfdom
• In end group accomplished nothing
• Religious tolerance, except Jews
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Little Help for Peasants
• 1773 massive rebellion of serfs, soldiers, escaped prisoners• Leader Pugachev (claimed to be
dead husband) promises to end serfdom
• Serfs burned manors, murdered landowners
• Rebellion grows
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Reaction & Results• Reaction: Army used to crush
rebellion
• Villages destroyed
• Results: Catherine realized she needed nobles help to keep throne
• Nobles given absolute control over serfs
• 95% of population was serfs
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War?• Ignores philosophes warning against
war• War with Ottoman Turks
• Access to Black Sea• Threatened balance of power in E.
Europe- Frederick II, Maria Theresa threatened
• Led to compromise (Aust, Prussia, Russia)- divided weak Poland (1795 Poland gone
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Expansion
• Russia grew by 200,000 square miles
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Russia• Weaknesses:
• little industry
• inefficient agriculture
•serfs (80%) tied to land- uneducated, poor, no incentive to work
• stern rule of czar
• political tension between nationalities
• 1800’s attempt to expand Pan-Slavism
• gain access to Mediterranean
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Alexander I
• Coup• Defeats Napoleon• Scorched Earth• Peter Used in Great Northern Wars• Presence felt at Congress of
Vienna
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Decembrist Revolt • Alexander I dies- army officers
revolt• Officers had contact with West
(Napoleonic Wars)
• Goal: written constitution (Western-style rights)
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Repression and Nicholas I• 1825 Decembrist Revolt crushed• Russification- force Russian
language, culture and subject nations• Destroy nationalism and revolts
• Serfdom not abolished- needed support of the wealthy• 500 peasant revolts crushed• Westernization hampered
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Repression and Nicholas I• “Fight revolutionary spirit”
• Limited education • Books and newspapers censored
• Secret police
• Crimean Wars lost- Russia behind
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Reforms and Alexander II• Reform needed for Westernization
• 1861 Serfdom abolished• 1/2 land remained for nobles
• 1/2 mirs (village commumities)- SOLD money for govt.
• Peasants still tied to land (not allowed to leave, others would have to pay more)
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More Reforms• Zemstvos- people gain some control over
affairs• local councils- nobles, townspeople,
peasants• More schools• Court system modernized• Army reformed• Economic development encouraged with
building of railroads and factories
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1863 Polish Revolt• ***Reform ended***
• Russification pushed in Poland• led to more Polish
nationalism
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1870 Will of the People
• Russian nationalists•officials murdered
•bomb kills Czar Alexander in 1881
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Reading
• Group 5 minutes• Pass in Video Notes• 2nd Empire• Third Republic• Paris Commune• Dryfus Affair
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Repression and Alexander III• Russia becomes a police state to end
revolutionary activity• power of zemstvos reduced• persecution of Jews- pogroms• Russification- Autocracy,
Orthodoxy, Nationalism • Nationalism still grows
• Industrialization continues• Russia still behind rest of world
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Russia under Nicholas II
•Nicholas II- Romanov family•Czar in 1894 at age 26
•Did NOT want to become czar
•Ruled as autocrat
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Attempts at Modernization• Russia was weak and undeveloped
• Sergei Witte- czar’s minister• 1900 worked for industrialization
• Foreign experts brought in
• Trans-Siberian RR completed
• Increased taxes
• Borrowed money from foreigners
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Unrest Develops from Urbanization
• Peasants left farms for factories
• Workers unhappy with low standard of living and little political power
• Upper-class resented power of foreign companies
• Critics look to a new form of government
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Russian Revolution
LeninStalin
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin- studied
Marx• Brother was executed for plot against
the czar• 1895 Lenin was arrested and sent to
Siberia for political activities then left Russia for 17 years
• In Europe Lenin continued his anti-czarist activities
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Russian Marxists Split• Both groups agreed Russia was not
industrialized or capitalist• Mensheviks – “minority”
• Socialist revolution needed to wait until proletariat grows
• Bolsheviks – “majority”• Form secret group to help workers revolt• Secret group would rule until proletariat
ready
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Revolution of 1905• 1905- Russia defeated in Russo-
Japanese War• 1905- Workers in St. Petersburg revolt
• Soviets formed- representative council for the people
• October Manifesto- Czar gives constitution• Duma- first parliament, czar had veto
power
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Read and Take Notes
•Kagan 837- 840
•New Industries
•Economic Difficulties
•Social Distinctions
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WWI• Russia interested in Balkans brings her
into war• 1915- Nicholas goes to front to rally
troops• Alexandra left to rule with Rasputin
• “Holy man” who could control Alexis’ hemophilia
• 1916 Nobles kill Rasputin- felt their power threatened
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The March Revolution• Causes:
• Defeats of war
• Discontent (food, fuel shortage)
• Weaknesses of autocracy
• Strike led by women textile workers in Petrograd
• Soldiers turn on officers, not people
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Results of March Revolution• Nicholas II abdicates
• Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky est.•Russia stays in WWI
•Western-style parliamentary govt.
• People unhappy
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Petrograd Soviet• Competes with Provisional Govt.
for control
• Favored withdrawal from WWI
• Favored radical social reform for workers and peasants
• Actually held more power than Provisional Govt.
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Three Government Choices • Russia lost faith in govt, Lenin is
returned by Germans
• 1. Parliamentary Govt- order through Democratic reform (Provisional)
• 2. Military Dictatorship- restore order by armed force
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Three Govt. Choices cont…• 3. Rule by workers’ and soldiers’
soviets• Petrograd Soviet controlled by
Lenin and Bolsheviks
• Offered: land, food, and self-determination to non-Russians
• People wanted real change: Who would they favor and why?
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Fall 1917…• “All power to the soviets”
• Bolshevik Revolution• Nov. 7- Leon Trotsky, leading
Lenin’s supporters, seized government
• Provisional Govt. officials arrested
• Communists come to power
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State-building under Lenin
• Chaos worsened under Bolsheviks• No effective govt. or army
• No food, commerce, or industry
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
• Bolsheviks/Communists decide to eliminate ALL opposition
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk•Signed with Germany
•Lost Finland, possessions in Poland, Baltic States, Ukraine
•Treaty cancelled when Germany lost war
•Finland, Baltic States gained independence
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Civil War Breaks Out• “Whites”- opponents of Bolsheviks,
aided by West• Parliamentary Govt. supporters• Czarist defenders• Moderate Socialists
• “Reds”- Communists• “Greens”- Ukrainian peasants
• Want independence
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Communist Dictatorship• Terror Tactics
• Economic Policy
• Kronstadt Rebellion
• Centralized Govt.
• Soviet Union
• Religious persecution
• Propaganda
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Terror Tactics• “Dictatorship of the
Proletariat”
• Secret police used to kill and suspected opponents of govt.
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Economics= War Communism
• Nationalization of industry, banks, foreign trade
• Draft used for labor and army
• Strikes forbidden
• Food taken from peasants and given to cities and armies
• ***Russia continues to decline***
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Kronstadt Rebellion• March 1921
• Sailors rebel
• Results: Lenin switches to NEP• New Economic Policy
• Only important industries under state control
• Some free enterprise
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Centralized Government• Govt. moved to Kremlin- Moscow• Politburo led new govt.
• unity stressed (thrown out)• political parties banned• only 1% of population was
Communist (500,000)• Decisions made at top (like czar)• Party ran unions
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State and Party Linked• Soviets elected locally but led by
Party
• Soviets• district, regional, republic level
• Supreme Soviet- highest govt. authority• Council of Ministers- Party members
who made up executive branch
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The Soviet Union• Formed in 1922 by Communists• 15 Republics based on
nationalities• Identical constitutions• Controlled by Party• Limited self-rule• Self-determination in writing only
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Religious Persecution
• Religion was threat
• State schools taught God did NOT exist
• Church seen as possible tool of control• Land and property seized
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Propaganda• Govt. controlled and censored
information
• Lenin tried to isolate USSR from West
• Party ideology enforced• Marxism-Leninism
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Read and Take Notes
• Kagan 848-855
• New Employment
• Working Class Woman
• Middle Class Women
• Political Feminism
• Finish at home
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Lenin’s Hopes for Communism• Govt. was responsible for
workers’ problems• 1919 Comintern- Communist
Third International• bring Communists together and
help Soviet foreign policy• Goal: strengthen Soviets not world
revolution
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Stalin v. Trotsky• Lenin wanted Trotsky to be
successor
• Stalin uses position of Secretary General to gain power
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Stalin’s 5 Year Plans• Plans set quotas for production of
industrial goods• All economic activity under state
management• First Five Year Plan 1928-
• Industrial output up 250%• Less consumer goods• State forced labor (bad conditions)• Literature used to rally people
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Collectivization of Agriculture
• High demand for farm output•Food exported for
industrialization
•Workers refused quotas
• Collective farms - combining small farms into larger farms
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Reaction to Collectivization• Stalin was at war with people
• Peasants’ views- equated it with serfdom and loss of freedom
• Refused to give up land
• killed animals, burned crops
• Famine and reduced output resulted
• Kulaks- prosperous farmers liquidated
• Gulags- forced labor camps
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Political Terror• Millions died in collectivization
and industrialization
• Congress of 1934- Stalin criticized• same favored Kirov as replacement
• Kirov killed= Great Purge
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Great Purge 1935• Stalin called Kirov’s murder plot
against Soviet leadership• Important Communists put on trial
and forced to make false confessions in public• Executed• Kirov’s supporters eliminated• Trotsky murdered while in exile in
Mexico
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Terror • Stalin intimidated people
• Secret police given quotas of people to kill
• Totalitarian State- govt. controls every aspect of its citizens lives
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