the introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical ne argentina
TRANSCRIPT
The introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical
Northeast Argentina
Ariel Zajdband
Province of Misiones29,5% population below poverty line (poorest province in Argentina)
206 children died from malnutrition and 6,000 were malnourished in 2010
87% of farms are small-scale family farms
European settlement in 1900s(“colonos”= settlers)
Cash crops: yerba mate, tea, and tobacco (vertically integrated)
State regulatory agencies dissolution
Fall in prices of traditional crops
Intensification of vertical integration
Crisis of the family farm model
1990s: neoliberal policies
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 20000
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Yerba mate leaf price (1990-2001) in US$.kg-1
The return of the state intervention
Diversification strategy: aquaculture development as a way of increasing farmers’ income
~2,000 farmers involved in aquaculture
Different public-funded programs to support aquaculture development (e.g. pond construction, fingerling supply)
2000s: recovering from the crisis
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms?
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption?
Understanding the role of aquaculture
Visits to farms
Interviews with farmers
Farmers meetings
Statistical analysis
Methodology
Cluster analysis (18 variables; n=68)
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
Family and labour-related
Land use area-related Animal production-related
Welfare level-related
Household head’s age Industrial perennial crops area (has.)
# cattle Tractor
# of years of farm occupation by family?
Afforested area (has.) # poultry Tea harvester
# household members Tobacco area (has.) # swine Housing conditions (made of wood and
tin / brick)
# contracted temporal workers
Domestic crops area (has.)
Vehicle (no, car, pick-up)
# off-farm family workers
Foraging area (has.)
Woodland area (has.)
Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farmsStrong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers)
Total surface ~ 25 ha
Based on perennial crop production; mostly yerba mate and tea: 8,5 ha/farm
61% have a tea harvester
100% Brick-made houses
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farmsLess on family labour (92% contract temporal workers)
Total surface ~ 40 ha
Based on cattle production (mean: 20 heads/farm) and afforestation (mostly pine; mean: 11,67 ha/farm)
33% have a tractor
100% Brick-made houses
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farmsStrong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers)
Total surface ~ 20 ha
Based on tobacco (labour intensive)
Higher woodland area (untapped)
Only 17% have a car
94% of houses made of wood and tin
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms
Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms
Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms
WEA
LTH
+
-
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
Total Pond Area (m2)
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Pond area x farm cluster
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced?
High correlation between pond area
and # ponds(r2=0,8954)
Carp polyculturegrass carp (main species)common carpsilver carpbighead carp
Native speciespacú (P. mesopotamicus)jundiá (R. quelen)sábalo (P. lineatus)
Raised species
Self-Recruited-speciesLambarí (Astyanax spp.)
OtherTilapia
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms?
Semi-intensive systems
Husbandry techniques
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms?
Fertilization
100% use animal manure100% cattle16% poultry5% swine
6% add inorganic fertilizers2% 15-15-154% urea
Supplementary feeding
100% on-farm by-products100% cassava93% corn78% sugarcane62% avocado
11% add artificial feed7% poultry feed4% fish feed
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms?
Fish production (kg) x pond area
0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
f(x) = 0.259710727891249 x − 18.7971154325266R² = 0.953688399204752
Cluster 1
Linear (Cluster 1)
Cluster 2
Linear (Cluster 2)
Cluster 3
Linear (Cluster 3)
cluster 1
cluster 2
cluster 3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
self-consumption (kg)gift (kg)sold (kg)
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption?
Destination of fish production (kg) x cluster
self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg)mean sd mean sd mean sd
cluster 1 93,10 17,43 11,19 8,05 67,62 76,35cluster 2 77,00 15,85 22,00 10,85 82,50 104,86cluster 3 72,14 16,84 8,57 7,70 31,61 106,85
Significative differences
1
2
3
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
self-consumption (kg)gift (kg)sold (kg)
n harvested ponds self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) farms ponds
mean SD mean SD Mean SD1 84,87 19,12 12,10 8,67 37,24 47,04 38 382 73 19,23 9 7,42 208 24,90 5 103 72,5 17,68 35 14,14 337,5 53,03 2 6
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption?
Destination of fish production (kg) x # ponds
Significative differences
The role of aquaculture as a source of income generation is determined by the pond area (or the # of ponds).
The amount of ponds per farm is directly related to the type of program from which the farmer got help to introduce aquaculture.
Only in 3 farms (4%) ponds were built without the financial help of a publicly-funded program.
Discussion
n = 65 Proyecto Piscícola (n = 34)
Manos a la obra (n = 18)
Municipio (n=2)
APTM (n=11)
Funding source
National Ministry of Social Development
Province of Misiones
Cigarette sales tax
Pond construction
1 3 1-2 1
Fingerling supply
Yes Yes No No
Payment conditions
US$ 400 in 12 installments
With harvested fish
US$500 Discounted at tobacco harvest
DiscussionPublic-funded programs
Who is benefiting the most from aquaculture development?
State-supported aquaculture programs: segmented or not?
How can we distribute fish so it can be accessed by the poor?
Some questions and challenges…
The role of aquaculture as an income generation activity depends on the kind of support from the state
The main effect of aquaculture is the supply of fish for farm households
Fish is not available for the poorest of the poor (landless)
Conclusions
