the interior of earth

7/24/2019 The Interior of Earth

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CAPSULE7

The Interior ofthe Earth


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Direction for Computer Assisted lesson

Follow the Instruction given below

This lesson is about the topic-THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

This capsule contain suitable slides related to the concept.

Necessary Pictures are provided in each slide.

se !ouse "sin#le clic$% to !ove to the ne&t slide.

'lic$ on the te&tbo& to #et the response.

Please note the direction #iven by the co!puter.

(rain Teasers are provided for developin# concepts

(rain rela&ers are provided for self chec$in# )ith necessary

e&planation.

After co!pletin# the lesson the learners can recapitulate the lesson

throu#h Test *our $no)led#e session.


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Earth's interior is made up of a series of layers thatsit below the surface crust. In order of depth, these

layers include the solid, but flowing mantle, the

liquid outer core and the solid iron outer core,

which helps create Earth's protective magneticfield. The layers can also be categorized into the

rigid outer lithosphere (which includes the crust

and top portion of the mantle and maes up Earth's

tectonic plates! and the athenosphere, the portionof the mantle that is solid, but made up of hot,

wea, flowing


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Pictures of Interior of the Earth

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The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg/m3. Since the averagedensity of surface material is only around 3,000 kg/m3, e mustconclude that denser materials e!ist ithin Earth"s core. Seismicmeasurements sho that the core is divided into to #arts, a$solid$ inner core ith a radius of %1,&&0 km and a li'uid outer

core e!tending (eyond it to a radius of %3,)00 km. The densitiesare (eteen *,*00 and 1&,&00 kg/m3 in the outer core and1&,+0013,000 kg/m3in the inner core.


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The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed

to be composed of iron mi"ed with nicel and trace amounts oflighter elements

The inner core as discovered in 1*3+ (y nge 7ehmann and isgenerally (elieved to (e com#osed #rimarily of iron and some nickel.t is not necessarily a solid, (ut, (ecause it is a(le to de8ect seismicaves, it must (ehave as a solid in some fashion. E!#erimental

evidence has at times (een critical of crystal models of the core.ther e!#erimental studies sho a discre#ancy under high #ressure9diamond anvil :static; studies at core #ressures yield meltingtem#eratures that are a##ro!imately &000 < (elo those from shocklaser :dynamic; studies. The laser studies create #lasma, and theresults are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions illde#end on hether the inner core is a solid or is a #lasma ith thedensity of a solid. This is an area of active research.

D!


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=rain Teaser &.1#t the center of the Earth lies the super$dense core.

o >es

efer =rain ela!er&.1 %lic here


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The interior structure of the Earthis layered in spherical shells, lie an

onion. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their

rheological properties. Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly

viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the

mantle, and a solid inner core. &cientific understanding of the internal

structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography andbathymetry, observations of roc in outcrop, samples brought to the

surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of

the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the

gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth, and e"periments with

crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the

Earth's deep interior


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ind out the di?erent #icturesof the interior of Earth2ere are some #ictures of

interior of Earth. (serve the#icture and identify the inneronder of Earth


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2ere are some #ictures of interior of Earth. (serve the #ictureand identify the inner onder of Earth

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Into the E"rth E#pl"n"tions

Crust The story of #late tectonics really starts dee# ithin the Earth,

so lets take a look inside @rst. 6lthough the Earth a##ears to(e made u# of solid rock to us surfaceAdelling humans, it"sactually made u# of three distinct layers9 the crust$ m"ntle$"nd core. Each layer has its on uni'ue #ro#erties andchemical com#osition.

%"ntle The layer (elo the crust is the m"ntle. The mantle has moreiron and magnesium than the crust, making it more dense.

The u##ermost #art of the mantle is solid and, along ith thecrust, forms the lithosphere. The rocky lithos#here is (rittleand can fracture. This is the Bone here earth'uakes occur.t"s the lithos#here that (reaks into the thick, moving sla(s ofrock that geologist"s call tectonic pl"tes.

Core 6t the center of the Earth lies the su#erAdense core. Cith adiameter of 3)D+ kilometers, the core is larger than the #lanet

4ars The core of the Earth is made u# of to distinct layers9 ali'uid outer layer and a solid inner core. Fnlike the Earth"souter layers ith rocky com#ositions, the core is made u# ofmetallic ironAnickel alloy. t"s hard to imagine, (ut the core isa(out 5 times as dense as the rock e alk on at the surface


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E&LA'(I&( )*E DEFI&I)I+&

#lthough the Earth appears to be made up of solid roc to us surface$dwelling humans, it's actually made up of three distinct layers the crust1

!antle1 and core. Each layer has its own unique properties and

chemical composition

Earth"s interior is made u# of a series of layers that sit (elo thesurface crust. n order of de#th, these layers include the solid, (ut8oing mantle, the li'uid outer core and the solid iron outer core,hich hel#s create Earth"s #rotective magnetic @eld. The layers

can also (e categoriBed into the rigid outer lithos#here :hichincludes the crust and to# #ortion of the mantle and makes u#Earth"s tectonic #lates; and the athenos#here, the #ortion of themantle that is solid, (ut made u# of hot, eak, 8oing rock.

D,


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=rain Teaser &.&

The interior structure of the Earth is layered in

spherical shells, lie an onion

o >es

efer =rain ela!er&.&

%lic here


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The liquid outer core surrounds the inner

core and is believed to be composed of iron

mi"ed with nicel and trace amounts oflighter elements.


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DEFI&I)I+&

The inner core as discovered in 1*3+ (y nge 7ehmann andis generally (elieved to (e com#osed #rimarily of iron and

some nickel. t is not necessarily a solid, (ut, (ecause it isa(le to de8ect seismic aves, it must (ehave as a solid insome fashion. E!#erimental evidence has at times (eencritical of crystal models of the core. ther e!#erimentalstudies sho a discre#ancy under high #ressure9 diamondanvil :static; studies at core #ressures yield meltingtem#eratures that are a##ro!imately &000 < (elo those

from shock laser :dynamic; studies. The laser studies create#lasma, and the results are suggestive that constraining innercore conditions ill de#end on hether the inner core is asolid or is a #lasma ith the density of a solid.

D-


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GGEHT46T

n early stages of Earth"s formation a(out four and a half(illion :).5I10*; years ago, melting ould have caused

denser su(stances to sink toard the center in a #rocesscalled #lanetary di?erentiation :see also the ironcatastro#he;, hile lessAdense materials ould havemigrated to the crust. The core is thus (elieved to largely(e com#osed of iron :D0J;, along ith nickel and one ormore light elements, hereas other dense elements, suchas lead and uranium, either are too rare to (e signi@cant

or tend to (ind to lighter elements and thus remain in thecrust :see felsic materials;. Some have argued that theinner core may (e in the form of a single iron crystal.


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FT &

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T2


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=rain ela!er &.1

ecent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth mayrotate slightly faster than the rest of the #lanetK hoever, morerecent studies in &011 found this hy#othesis to (e inconclusive.#tions remain for the core hich may (e oscillatory in nature ora chaotic system. n 6ugust &005 a team of geo#hysicists

announced in the Lournal Science that, according to theirestimates, Earth"s inner core rotates a##ro!imately 0.3 to0.5 degrees #er year faster relative to the rotation of the surface


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The interior structure of the E"rth is layered ins#herical shells, like an onion. These layers can (ede@ned (y either their chemical or their rheological#ro#erties. Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, ahighly viscous mantle, a li'uid outer core that is

much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid innercore. Scienti@c understanding of the internalstructure of the Earth is (ased on o(servations ofto#ogra#hy and (athymetry, o(servations of rock inoutcro#, sam#les (rought to the surface from greaterde#ths (y volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of

the seismic aves that #ass through the Earth,measurements of the gravitational and magnetic@elds of the Earth, and e!#eriments ith crystallinesolids at #ressures and tem#eratures characteristicof the Earth"s dee# interior.


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=rain ela!er &.&

2oo$ at the Fi#.

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)est .our /nowledge

S". )rue or F"lse

1AThe crust is the thin, solid, outermost layer of the Earth

&AThe li'uid outer core surrounds the inner core and is (elieved to (ecom#osed of iron mi!ed ith nickel and trace amounts of lighterelements

F"lse )rue

F"lse )rue


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the interior of earth

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