The InstitutionsThe Institutions

The PresidencyThe Presidency

The White HouseThe White House

Constitutional Constitutional QualificationsQualifications

Be at least 35 years oldBe at least 35 years old A natural-born citizen of the United A natural-born citizen of the United

StatesStates Lived in the U.S. for 14 yearsLived in the U.S. for 14 years Twelfth Amendment requires Vice Twelfth Amendment requires Vice

President to fulfill qualificationsPresident to fulfill qualifications

““Typical” QualificationsTypical” Qualifications Political experiencePolitical experience

Vice presidents, state governors, U.S. senators, U.S. Vice presidents, state governors, U.S. senators, U.S. representativesrepresentatives

Presidents with no prior elected office: Presidents with no prior elected office: Zachary Taylor (W), Ulysses S. Grant (R), William H. Taft (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Zachary Taylor (W), Ulysses S. Grant (R), William H. Taft (R), Herbert Hoover (R),

Dwight Eisenhower (R)Dwight Eisenhower (R)

Military serviceMilitary service 12 Presidents with no prior military service: 12 Presidents with no prior military service:

John Adams (F), John Quincy Adams (D-R, NR), Martin van Buren (D), Grover John Adams (F), John Quincy Adams (D-R, NR), Martin van Buren (D), Grover Cleveland (D), William Howard Taft (R), Woodrow Wilson (D), Warren Harding (R), Cleveland (D), William Howard Taft (R), Woodrow Wilson (D), Warren Harding (R), Calvin Coolidge (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Franklin Roosevelt (D), Bill Clinton (D), Calvin Coolidge (R), Herbert Hoover (R), Franklin Roosevelt (D), Bill Clinton (D), Barack Obama (D)Barack Obama (D)

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) John F. Kennedy (D) was first Catholic president (1961-1963)John F. Kennedy (D) was first Catholic president (1961-1963) Barack Obama (D) was first black president (2009-Present)Barack Obama (D) was first black president (2009-Present)

CharismaticCharismatic OutsiderOutsider

Not involved in the “mess in Washington”Not involved in the “mess in Washington” Only two female vice-presidential major party candidatesOnly two female vice-presidential major party candidates

Geraldine Ferraro (D) (1984), Sarah Palin (R) (2008)Geraldine Ferraro (D) (1984), Sarah Palin (R) (2008) James Buchanan (R) was only president not married (1857-1861)James Buchanan (R) was only president not married (1857-1861)

John Tyler (W) (1841-1845) and Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) married during their John Tyler (W) (1841-1845) and Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) married during their termsterms

InaugurationInauguration ““I do solemnly swear (or I do solemnly swear (or

affirm) that I will faithfully affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of execute the Office of President of the United President of the United States, and will to the best States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the protect and defend the Constitution of the United Constitution of the United States.” – Oath of OfficeStates.” – Oath of Office

Twentieth Amendment Twentieth Amendment (1933) established January (1933) established January 2020thth as inauguration date as inauguration date Used to be on March 4Used to be on March 4thth

Since John Adams, the Chief Since John Adams, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Justice of the Supreme Court has administered the Court has administered the oathoath

Presidential Terms of Presidential Terms of OfficeOffice

Four-year termsFour-year terms Originally, no limit to number of terms Originally, no limit to number of terms

servedserved George Washington set George Washington set

precedent/tradition of two termsprecedent/tradition of two terms Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

Elected to 4 terms (1932, 1936, 1940, 1944)Elected to 4 terms (1932, 1936, 1940, 1944) 22nd Amendment (1951)22nd Amendment (1951)

Limited president to two termsLimited president to two terms

Presidential BenefitsPresidential Benefits $400,000 annual salary$400,000 annual salary $50,000 annual tax-free expense account$50,000 annual tax-free expense account $100,000 annual tax-free travel allowance$100,000 annual tax-free travel allowance Taxable pension planTaxable pension plan Secret Service protectionSecret Service protection Support staffSupport staff White House staff of 400-500 peopleWhite House staff of 400-500 people Camp David, a countryside getawayCamp David, a countryside getaway Air Force One (plane) and Marine One Air Force One (plane) and Marine One

(helicopter)(helicopter) Considered the most powerful person in the Considered the most powerful person in the

worldworld Leader of the Free WorldLeader of the Free World

The Many Hats of the The Many Hats of the PresidentPresident

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive Execute laws, appoint executive officialsExecute laws, appoint executive officials

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator Propose legislation, veto power, State of the UnionPropose legislation, veto power, State of the Union

Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief In charge of armed forcesIn charge of armed forces

Head of StateHead of State Ceremonies, receive foreign leaders, official dinnersCeremonies, receive foreign leaders, official dinners

Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat Negotiate treaties/alliances, develop foreign policies, Negotiate treaties/alliances, develop foreign policies,

appoint ambassadorsappoint ambassadors Head of Political PartyHead of Political Party

Agenda setting, coattails, patronageAgenda setting, coattails, patronage

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

Presidential Appointments Presidential Appointments (FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER)

* - * - The president cannot remove from officeThe president cannot remove from office

Executive department heads Executive department heads (i.e. Secretary of State)(i.e. Secretary of State)

Heads of independent regulatory Heads of independent regulatory agencies agencies

(i.e. Federal Reserve (i.e. Federal Reserve Chairperson)*Chairperson)*

Federal judiciary Federal judiciary (including U.S. Supreme Court)*(including U.S. Supreme Court)*

U.S. marshals and attorneysU.S. marshals and attorneys AmbassadorsAmbassadors Requires U.S. Senate approval Requires U.S. Senate approval

(simple majority)(simple majority) Recess appointments (FORMAL Recess appointments (FORMAL

POWER)POWER) Executive AppointmentsExecutive Appointments

* Informal powers* Informal powers White House StaffWhite House Staff Executive Office of President Executive Office of President

(EOP)(EOP) Some positions need U.S. Senate Some positions need U.S. Senate

approvalapproval

“…“…take care that the laws be faithfully take care that the laws be faithfully executed”executed”

EXECUTIVE ORDERS (INFORMAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)

A presidential directive to an executive A presidential directive to an executive agency to implement or interpret a agency to implement or interpret a federal statute or constitutional federal statute or constitutional provisionprovision

Specie CircularSpecie Circular Ex parte MerrymanEx parte Merryman Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Korematsu v. United States Korematsu v. United States (E.O. 9066)(E.O. 9066) Desegregation of U.S. military (E.O. 9981)Desegregation of U.S. military (E.O. 9981) Little Rock Nine (E.O. 10730)Little Rock Nine (E.O. 10730)

EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE (INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER)

Power to refuse appearing before or refusing to provide information to Congress or the Supreme Court

Presidents argue for it based on separation of powers

Washington and the House on treaties United States v. Nixon (1974)

Evidence may not be withheld in criminal proceedings

Clinton v. Jones (1997) Presidency cannot protect from civil

litigation on actions before becoming president

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator Veto PowerVeto Power

Sign bills into law Sign bills into law (FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER)

Signing Statements Signing Statements (INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER)

Veto bills (FORMAL Veto bills (FORMAL POWER)POWER)

Congressional override Congressional override (2/3 majority of both (2/3 majority of both houses)houses)

Less than 10% of vetoes Less than 10% of vetoes ever overridden ever overridden

POCKET VETO POCKET VETO (FORMAL POWER)(FORMAL POWER)

LINE-ITEM VETOLINE-ITEM VETO Clinton v. City of New Clinton v. City of New

YorkYork State of the Union State of the Union

Address (FORMAL Address (FORMAL POWER)POWER)

Special Sessions of Special Sessions of Congress (FORMAL Congress (FORMAL POWER)POWER)

Prepare and propose federal budget to Congress (INFORMAL POWER) Per the Budget and Accounting Per the Budget and Accounting

Act of 1921Act of 1921 Congressional Budget and Congressional Budget and

Impoundment Control Act Impoundment Control Act (1974)(1974)

Denied president right to Denied president right to refuse spending appropriated refuse spending appropriated fundsfunds

Office of Management and Office of Management and Budget (OMB)Budget (OMB)

Agenda Setting and Power Agenda Setting and Power of Persuasionof Persuasion National leader and National leader and

representative (INFORMAL representative (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)

Head of the party (INFORMAL Head of the party (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)

Bully pulpit (INFORMAL Bully pulpit (INFORMAL POWER)POWER)

Presidential approval ratings Presidential approval ratings (INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER)

Veto threat (FORMAL POWER)Veto threat (FORMAL POWER)

Formal Judicial Powers of the Formal Judicial Powers of the PresidentPresident

Appoint justices to the U.S. Appoint justices to the U.S. Supreme Court and lower Supreme Court and lower federal courtsfederal courts Litmus testLitmus test Requires U.S. Senate Requires U.S. Senate

approval (simple majority)approval (simple majority) Senatorial courtesy*Senatorial courtesy*

Grants reprieves, pardons, Grants reprieves, pardons, amnestyamnesty Pardons forgive a crime and Pardons forgive a crime and

cancel the punishmentcancel the punishment Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon

of Nixon for Watergate of Nixon for Watergate Reprieves postpone a Reprieves postpone a

sentence allowing for appealssentence allowing for appeals Amnesty is to forget the crime Amnesty is to forget the crime

in lieu of testimony or supportin lieu of testimony or support

Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat Congress delegates diplomatic powers Congress delegates diplomatic powers

to Presidentto President Appoints ambassadors (FORMAL Appoints ambassadors (FORMAL

POWER)POWER) U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)U.S. Senate approval (simple majority)

Receives foreign dignitaries (FORMAL Receives foreign dignitaries (FORMAL POWER)POWER)

Recognize nations (FORMAL POWER)Recognize nations (FORMAL POWER) Treaties and PactsTreaties and Pacts

Negotiates Treaties (FORMAL POWER)Negotiates Treaties (FORMAL POWER) Legally bindingLegally binding Requires advice and consent of 2/3 majority Requires advice and consent of 2/3 majority

of U.S. Senateof U.S. Senate Woodrow Wilson and Treaty of Woodrow Wilson and Treaty of

Versailles/League of Nations DenialVersailles/League of Nations Denial EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS

(INFORMAL POWER)(INFORMAL POWER) An agreement between heads of An agreement between heads of

governmentgovernment Politically bindingPolitically binding Does not require Senate approvalDoes not require Senate approval Must be re-consented by each new Must be re-consented by each new

presidentpresident North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA)(NAFTA)

Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief

Over all armed forcesOver all armed forces Appoints Joint Chiefs of Staff Appoints Joint Chiefs of Staff

(military advisors)(military advisors) Wages warWages war Troop deploymentTroop deployment

Provides for domestic orderProvides for domestic order Call up the National Guard in Call up the National Guard in

affected state/localityaffected state/locality Crisis Manager (INFORMAL Crisis Manager (INFORMAL

POWER)POWER) War Powers Resolution War Powers Resolution

(1973)(1973) President notifies Congress 48 President notifies Congress 48

hours in advance of combathours in advance of combat Armed forces for 60 days and Armed forces for 60 days and

30-day withdrawal period30-day withdrawal period Congress may extend military Congress may extend military

use, declare war, or authorize use, declare war, or authorize use of militaryuse of military

Impeachment May be charged with treason, bribery,

high crimes and misdemeanors House of Representatives impeaches

(indicts/charges/accuses) Simple majority required (218 votes)

Senate tries (acquit or convict) Presided over by Chief Justice of the

U.S. Supreme Court 2/3 majority required for conviction (67

Senators) Historical Events

Andrew Johnson Democrat president dealing with Radical

Republicans during Reconstruction Acquitted by 1 vote on 2 charges

Bill Clinton Democrat president involved in affair and

impeached by GOP-dominated House for perjury and obstruction of justice

Charged with perjury and obstruction of justice

Overwhelmingly acquitted by GOP Senate Richard Nixon*

House Judiciary Committee was in process of drafting impeachment articles before Nixon resigned

Vice PresidentVice President Selection of a Vice PresidentSelection of a Vice President

Balance the ticketBalance the ticket More widespread appeal for the ticketMore widespread appeal for the ticket Selected based on different party faction, Selected based on different party faction,

geographical region, political experiencegeographical region, political experience John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson (1960 John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson (1960

Election)Election) Constitutional ResponsibilitiesConstitutional Responsibilities

Preside over the Senate as President of Preside over the Senate as President of the Senatethe Senate

Break voting ties in the SenateBreak voting ties in the Senate Preside and present counting of Preside and present counting of

Electoral College votesElectoral College votes Assume presidency upon death, Assume presidency upon death,

infirmity, disability, removal from office infirmity, disability, removal from office of presidentof president

Duties of a Vice PresidentDuties of a Vice President Attend Cabinet meetings alongside the Attend Cabinet meetings alongside the

presidentpresident Serve on National Security CouncilServe on National Security Council Delegated presidential dutiesDelegated presidential duties

Vice President VacancyVice President Vacancy 2525thth Amendment requires majority vote Amendment requires majority vote

from both houses of Congress to from both houses of Congress to approve a VP appointmentapprove a VP appointment

Only five Vice Presidents have been Only five Vice Presidents have been elected Presidentelected President

John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin van John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin van Buren, Richard Nixon, George H.W. BushBuren, Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush

“My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.” – John Adams

Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession Vice president succeeds Vice president succeeds

president upon death, president upon death, removal from office, removal from office, disability, infirmitydisability, infirmity Article IIArticle II Twentieth AmendmentTwentieth Amendment Twenty-Fifth AmendmentTwenty-Fifth Amendment

Presidential Succession Presidential Succession Act of 1947Act of 1947 Vice PresidentVice President Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House President Pro TemporePresident Pro Tempore Secretary of StateSecretary of State Secretary of TreasurySecretary of Treasury Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense Attorney GeneralAttorney General

Presidential Succession Presidential Succession (cont.)(cont.) Based on chronological order Based on chronological order

of executive departmentof executive department Secretary of InteriorSecretary of Interior Secretary of AgricultureSecretary of Agriculture Secretary of CommerceSecretary of Commerce Secretary of LaborSecretary of Labor Secretary of Health and Secretary of Health and

Human ServicesHuman Services Secretary of Housing and Secretary of Housing and

Urban DevelopmentUrban Development Secretary of TransportationSecretary of Transportation Secretary of EnergySecretary of Energy Secretary of EducationSecretary of Education Secretary of Veterans’ Secretary of Veterans’

AffairsAffairs Secretary of Homeland Secretary of Homeland

SecuritySecurity

White House Office StaffWhite House Office Staff May be hired and fired at will; no U.S. Senate May be hired and fired at will; no U.S. Senate

approval necessaryapproval necessary Part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP)Part of the Executive Office of the President (EOP) Chief of StaffChief of Staff

Administers the White House staffAdministers the White House staff Usually a personal or close friend/allyUsually a personal or close friend/ally May possess a certain policy expertise or political May possess a certain policy expertise or political

connectionsconnections Press Secretary – “Voice of the President”Press Secretary – “Voice of the President”

Disseminate and provide information to the president, Disseminate and provide information to the president, the White House staff, and the mass mediathe White House staff, and the mass media

Facilitates news briefings and news conferences with Facilitates news briefings and news conferences with the White House Press Corpthe White House Press Corp

CommunicationsCommunications Develop and promote the president’s agenda; speech-Develop and promote the president’s agenda; speech-

writingwriting White House CounselWhite House Counsel Organizational StructuresOrganizational Structures

PyramidPyramid Hierarchal structure reports to the Chief of StaffHierarchal structure reports to the Chief of Staff

CircularCircular Members and aides all directly report to the presidentMembers and aides all directly report to the president

Ad-hocAd-hoc Task forces, committees, informal groups of advisors and Task forces, committees, informal groups of advisors and

friends report to the presidentfriends report to the president

Executive Office of the Executive Office of the PresidentPresident

Policy advisors and Policy advisors and experts who directly experts who directly report to and serve report to and serve at the pleasure of at the pleasure of the Presidentthe President

Some officials Some officials require Senate require Senate approvalapproval

White House OfficeWhite House Office

Office of Management and Office of Management and Budget (OMB)Budget (OMB) Assist in developing federal Assist in developing federal

budget proposalbudget proposal Monitor supervision of Monitor supervision of

executive agenciesexecutive agencies Council of Economic Council of Economic

AdvisersAdvisers National Security CouncilNational Security Council

National Security AdvisorNational Security Advisor Office of the U.S. Trade Office of the U.S. Trade

RepresentativeRepresentative Office of National Drug Office of National Drug

Control PolicyControl Policy Office of Science and Office of Science and

Technology PolicyTechnology Policy

The Cabinet Administrators, or

secretaries, of the executive departments

Appointed by president and approval from Senate

Selection by President Usually an expert in

department appointed with some political and private experience

In most cases, the person barely has any personal or political relationship to the president, if any

Some may be chosen for image of diversity

Department Loyalty Policy expertise over

partisanship, administration Some in-fighting with EOP

and White House Staff

The Executive Departments State

Treasury United States Mint/Bureau of

Engraving and Printing Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

Defense (“The Pentagon”) National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations

(FBI) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and

Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA) U.S. Marshals Service Office of the Solicitor General

Interior National Park Service Bureau of Indian Affairs

Agriculture (USDA) Commerce

Bureau of the Census National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA)

Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) Health and Human Services

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of the Surgeon General Medicare

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Transportation (DOT)

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Energy

National Nuclear Security Administration Education

Federal Student Aid Veterans’ Affairs (VA) Homeland Security

United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States Secret Service Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA) Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

The First Lady First and foremost as

White House hostess Attends social events and

ceremonies with or representing president

Modern First Ladies usually coordinate politically safe valence issues and initiatives Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say No

To Drugs” Strong First Ladies

Dolly Madison Eleanor Roosevelt

Civil rights issues, campaigned for FDR

Hillary Clinton Given direct policy role for

national health care initiative