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P E N N University of Pennsylvania Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1740 The Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D. Dissertation) by Owen Rambow IRCS Report 94-08 University of Pennsylvania 3401 Walnut Street, Suite 400C Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228 May 1994 Site of the NSF Science and Technology Center for Research in Cognitive Science

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Page 1: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

P

E

N

N

University of PennsylvaniaFounded by Benjamin Franklin in 1740

The Institute ForResearch In Cognitive

Science

Formal and Computational Aspects ofNatural Language Syntax

(Ph.D. Dissertation)

by

Owen Rambow

IRCS Report 94-08

University of Pennsylvania3401 Walnut Street, Suite 400CPhiladelphia, PA 19104-6228

May 1994

Site of the NSF Science and Technology Center for

Research in Cognitive Science

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"vK,C"S^_aG(_aW"?DCRQnGJK,CP?Dc~U�W^KJYZCFG(_aW"?VGJAHILW^K(_aITcNWFU �"K,CFYpYZCFKTM"c(]DioA C"c GJAHI�cwW @iLCRQ{QaITS �"G,CF?DSHCFK,S#"NAHILW"K �ZCF?DS G�WFe; ILKJ?HYbIL?`GBCF?DS 2 _a?DS^_a?%�$"NAHILW"K)� � G"2&%,MFC"cJc(]HYpIgGoADCFG\C$S`ILILEc(GJKJ]DifGJ]HKoIgWPU>c(W"YpIdcwW"KJG � iLCRQ{QaITS � �"GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI_a?!G 2&%,M � A`_jiJA5_a?DioQa]DS`ITcVQaI�8HILYbITcVCF?DSqKJILEHKJITcwIL?hG,c ifILKJG,CR_a? EHKJW"E�ILKJG(_aITc WFUgGJAHITcwIbQaI�8HILYbITc � c(]DioA)C"c$eFC QaIL?Di���%fMn_jc9GJK,CF?Dc~UXW"KJYpITS x��&c(W"YbIpYbITiJADCP?`_rcwY �@W"K$YpITiJADCF?`_jc(Yc�% _a?`GJW}Ckc(]HK(U@C"ifIbKJILEHKJITcwIL?hG,CPG(_aW"?nMzUXKJW"Y� A`_jioAOCtc(GJK(_a?%�t_y?VGJAHI QjCF?%�"]DC �"I iLCF? xDI<KJITC"S$W(' MRW"KnITC^c~_{Q��VS`ILK(_ae"ITSzm>?~?�GJAHI �"G,CF?DSHCFK,S)"NAHILW"K)�$WPUDGJAHIgc(ILe� IL?`G(_aITcLM"GJAHINS`ILILEZc(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI � C"c �"IL?HILK,CPGJITS x;�VC�ifW"YpEDW"?HIL?`G¡WFUDGJAHI4�"K,CPYbYZCFK�ifW^?Dc~_jc(G(_a?%��WFU�ifW^?hGJI�8HG) �UXKJILIEHAHK,C"cwI@ @c(GJKJ]DifGJ]HKoI$KJ]`QaITcLm*"dA`_rclCFEHEHKJW`C"iJA�� C"c CFxDCP?DS`W"?HITS_a? GoAHI G"2 GJAHILW"K)�WFU�GoAHI�If_!�"A`G(_aITcLM�c _y?DifI GJAHIGJK,CP?Dc~U�W^KJYZCFG(_aW"?Dc>W"xhe^_jCFGJITS9GJAHI C"S`e[CF?`G,C �^ITczWFUD]Dc~_a?%��ClifW"?Dc(GJK,C[_y?HITS9UXW"KJYZC[Q|_jc(Y�UXW"KnGoAHI �^IL?HILK,CFG(_aW"? WFUDGJAHIS`ILILE c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI"M�� A`_{QaI�GJAHIlUXW"KJYV]`QjCFG(_aW"?WFU�GJAHI �"K,CPYbYZCFK _y?�GoA`_rcgU�K,CPYbI �NW"KJ!bS^_jS�?HW"G CRQ{QaW��%_a?`GJILKJITc(Gw_y?%��"IL?HILK,C[Q|_54TCFGw_yW^?DcNWFU�GoAHI�G��`EDI GJADCPGBADCRe"I ?HW���xDITifW^YbI�ifW^YbYbW"?`Q!�ZS`ITc~_aKJITSO_a?ZEHKw_y?Dio_aE`QaITc� @CF?DS XEDCFK,CFYpILGJILK,c

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Page 146: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

G��hE�IVYbILGJAHWHS`WFQaW �F_aITc�c(]DioA&C"c�G"2lm�?~?'CEHKw_y?Dio_aE`QaITc� @CF?DS� XEzCFK,CFYpILGJILK,c EDCFK,C"S^_!�"YkMzGJAHI �"WhCRQ¡WFU¡Q{_a?%�"]`_jc(G(_jiS`ITcJifK(_aEHG(_aW"?_jc<GJWVS`I��D?HI�C c(ILGBWFUn]H?`_ae"ILK,coCRQnEHK(_a?Dio_yE`QaITc�� A`_jiJA�CFKJItW"xDI@�"ITSO_a? CRQ{QDQjCF?%�"]DC �"ITcLMHCF?DSbC c(ILGBWFUEDCFK,CPYbILGJILK,cLM � AHWhc(IlS^_ 'nILKJIL?`G c(ILGJG(_a?%�hc UXW"KgS^_ 'nILKJIL?`G<QrCP?%�"]DC �"ITc<C"iLifW"]H?`G,c U�W"KNifKJWhcJc �Q|_a?%�"]`_jc(Gw_ri9e[CFKw_rCPG(_aW"?nm?@? G"2lM^?HW$QjCF?%�"]DC �^I@ �W"KBifW^?Dc(GJKJ]DifG(_aW"?% @cwEDITio_���i$GJKfCF?Dc~UXW"KJYZCFGw_yW^?Dc¡CFKJI�CRQ{QaW��NITSzm>?@?Dc(GoITC"SzMhCF?��VIfQaILYbIL?hGNWFU� @c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI�iLCF?YbWFe"I CF?�� �tAHILKJI�� +fYpW[e^I@ ���- %fm��¡Kw_y?Dio_aE`QaITclCF?DSVEDCFK,CPYbILGJILK,c<ifW"?Dc(GJK,C[_y?GJAHI E�WhcJc~_ax`QaI6� c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJITcLmB7 ]HKJGJAHILKJYpW"KJI"M � @c(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJIl_jclifW"?Dc(GJK,C[_y?HITS x;�GJAHIlQaI�8`_riLC[QBEHKJW"EDILKoG(_aITc WFU¡GJAHIlQaI�8HILYbITclGJADCFG_aG�ifW"?`G,CR_a?DcLm��¡K(_a?Dio_aE`QaITc1CP?DSqEDCFK,CFYpILGJILK,clCRQjc(W ifW"?Dc(GJKfCR_a?}GoAHI1E�WhcJc~_ax`QaI�CFEHE`Q{_riLCPG(_aW"?Dc WFUgYbWFe"I@ �� If_aGJAHILKS^_aKJITifG(Q!� � ifW"?Dc(GJKfCR_a?hG,clW^?&YbWFe"ILYbIL?`G�% W"K9_y?DS^_aKJITifGwQ�� �@GJAHKoW"]%�"A&ifW"?Dc(GJKfCR_a?hG,c9W"? � @c(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJI %,m � "NA`_jc�_rcKJILEHKJITcwIL?hGJITS3_a? 7v_!�"]HKJI�Hm Dm

Lexicon

andParameters

D-Structure S-Structuremove- α

Principles

constrains

constrain constrain constrain

7v_��^]HKJI�Hm � "NAHI�c(GJKJ]DifGo]HKJI$WFUBS`ILK(_ae[CFG(_aW"?Dcd_a?�GlW[e^ILKJ?HYbIL?`G�� 2 _y?DS^_a?%� "NAHILW^K� "vKJILI�u$SR# WP_y?`_a?%� G�K,CPYbYZCFKNADC"cNx�ILIL?q]Dc(ITS C"ctCVYbILG,CRQjCF?%�^]DC �"IlUXW"K<Q|_a?%�"]`_jc(Gw_riLc9xDITiLCF]DcwI�GJAHI9U�W"KoYZCRQ{_jc(YCRQ{QaW���cNUXW"KlGJAHI$U@C"ifGJW^K(_a?%�ZWFUBKoITif]HK,c~_aW"?&CF?DS�]H?`xDW^]H?DS`ITS&S`ILEDIL?DS`IL?Dio_aI[cVCFEDCPKJGNUXKJW"Y�GJAHI�KJILEHKoITc(IL?hGfCFG(_aW"?WFUNQaW�iLC[QdS`ILEDIL?DS`IL?Dio_aIFcLm "nu�G�_jcVC�YZCPGJAHILYZCFG(_jiLCRQBYpW�S`IfQNWFU GJKJILI�ifW"YVx`_y?DCPG(_aW"?nm �zWHiLCRQdS`ILE�IL?DS`IL?Dio_aITcCFKJIpI�8�EHKJITcoc(ITS5QaW�iLCRQ{Q� W"?)IfQaILYbIL?`G,CFK� &GJKJILITc��<CRQ{Qg]H?`xDW"]H?DS`ITS S`ILEDIL?DS`IL?Dio_aITcZCPK(_jc(I3S`]HKw_y?%� S`ILK(_ae[CFG(_aW"?DcC"c$CF?kI�'nITifG$WFUgGJAHIVYZCPGJAHILYZCFG(_jiLCRQ{Q� }S`I��D?HITS5S`ILK(_ae[CFG(_aW"? W"E�ILK,CFG(_aW"?DcLMz?DCPYbIfQ� }C"SR#(]H?DifG(_aW"?)CF?DSqc(]HxDcwG(_! GJ]HG(_aW"?nm"NAHIbc~_!�"?`_���iLCF?DifIWFUBGJA`_jc�CPEHEHKJWhC"ioA �dC^c��DK,cwG�I�8HE`QaW"KJITSqx� (lKJWHioA�� FWhc(A`_ � + � ��� + ��8 % CF?DS(lKJWHiJA � + ��8 %,m � A`_{QaIZYV]DioA �gW^KJ! ADC"c9xDILIL?�S`W"?HIV_a?&GJA`_jc�U�K,CPYbI �NW"KJ!�� � A`_jiJA��d_|Q{QNxDIYbIL?hGw_yW^?HITSk_a?GJA`_jcliJADCFEHGoILK�C"c _aG�x�ITifW"YbITctKJIfQaILe[CF?`G�%,MHGoAHI$YbWhc(GNK(_!�"W"KoW"]DcNI�8HEDWhc~_aG(_aW"?kWFU¡GJAHI$GJAHILW"K� WFU>�"K,CFYpYZCFKNGJADCFGILYbILK)�^ITc$_{U "nu�G _rcO]Dc(ITS�C"cVCqYbILG,C[QrCP?%�"]DC �"Ip_jc �F_ae"IL?�x� 7HK,CP?H!�� + � 6 %,m "NAHI�GJAHILW"K� '_rcO?HW"GbC"ifGJ]% CRQ{Q� )?HW^?% XGJK,CF?Dc~UXW"KJYCFG(_aW"?DCRQ@mqu$c _a? G"2lM�GJK,CF?Dc~UXW"KJYCFG(_aW"?Dc$W^EDILK,CFGoIZW"?�C � @c(GJKJ]DifGo]HKJI3CP?DS�S`ILK(_ae"I CF?� @c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI"MHifW"?Dc(GJKfCR_a?HITSx� bEHKw_y?Dio_aE`QaITc$CF?DSpEDCFK,CFYpILGJILK,cLm��tW�NILe"ILKRM"GJAHITc(I�cwGJKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc<CFKJI$ifW"?Dc(GJKfCR_a?HITS_a?%c~_54LI�x� 5GJAHI 2<W"?DS^_aG(_aW"?�W"?���QaILYbIL?`G,CFK� "vKJILI � _y?`_aYZC[Q|_aG� � 2 � " � % GJW&C QyI�8`_jiLCRQ�IfQaILYbIL?`GZCF?DS'_aG,c�XQaI�8`_riLC[QvCP?DSVUX]H?DifG(_aW"?DCRQ %BEHKJW^# ITifGw_yW^?Dc �57HK,CF?H!zM + �16HMFEnm����%,m 7H]HKJGoAHILKJYbW"KJI"M^?HW"?`GJILKJYV_a?DCRQjcNCFEHEDITCPK(_a?%�bW"?GJAHI UXKJW"?`G(_aILK�WFU CF? IfQaILYbIL?`G,CFK� }c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJIVYV]Dc(G �~xDIVEDCFKJGlWFUdCioADCR_a?�� A`_jiJAk_jc�%�c(IfQaITifGJITS'x� kGJAHIVAHITC"SzMIf_aGJAHILKbGJAHKoW"]%�"A��� @C^cJc~_!�"?HYbIL?`GZW^K1EHKoITS^_riLCPG(_aW"?nMgC^c1cwEDITio_��DITS x� &GoAHI "nu�G e^ILK,c~_aW"?�WFU�GoAHI�� KJW"#(ITifG(_aW"?�¡Kw_y?Dio_aE`QaI �H7 K,CF?H!zM + �16HMzEnm��! %,m"NA`]DcLMnGJAHIVKJITcw]`QyG WFUgGoAHIbGJK,CF?Dc U�W"KoYZCFG(_aW"?DclCFKJIbCFG$YbW`c(G�ioQjCF]Dc(I@ @c~_54LITSzm

! �$#�*�;"*�#�3(�7* 2�*�*�/���;".,��.7'3�=(' ,"# 38,),"#�* 3o�T� =>%(+434,-%(.7/ . � ��34;38?E*�,"*B;"')'"#�.0F =(5�2 * =>%(? %(,"*B5�,".�,"#�* =(*#"7%(+�.7/�HA .7;"*�;�J%$�&('�)f� C� ' 9:*)9:%>=>=:'"*B*7J ,"#�*B��;".f��.0'3 = ?@385�* #�*�;"*)%(' %(/1,"#�*�'38?E*�'X� %(;-%(,�C � .49:*(�0*�;�J�%(/V�)A$J�%(, %(' %(?g��.7'"'-%(2&=(*�/�.7,),".E;"*#*&F %(;"*@,"# 38,��;-%(/�+ %��&=(*�'�+�.7/�'",";3 %(/ � F�;","#�*B; '",3)27*�' . � ,"#�*)5�*�;-%��038,-%(.0/�C

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Page 147: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

�k]`QaG(_jioQrCP]DcJCRQdcwGJKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc CFKJIbS`ILK(_ae"ITSqx� q]Dc~_a?%� GJAHIOU�W"KoYZCRQ 4 W"E�ILK,CFG(_aW"?Dc9WFUdC^SR# ]H?DifG(_aW"?�CF?DSqc(]HxDc(Gw_yGo]% G(_aW"?nM _@m I"maMz?HW"?% XGJKfCF?Dc~UXW"KJYZCFGw_yW^?DCRQ{Q "m "NAHI �"KJITCFGlC"S`e[CF?`G,C �^I�WFUBGJA`_jctG!�gW XEHKJW"?%�"ITSkCFEHEHKJWhC"ioA_jclGJADCFGlGJAHIS`W"YZC[_y?pWFU>CFEHE`Q{_jiLCFx`_{Q{_jG� ZWPU�YbWFe"I@ ��3_rc �"KJITCFGwQ KJITc(GJKw_rifGoITSzM"?DCFYbIfQ� VGJW�CF?pI�8�GJIL?DS`ITSOEHKJW"#(ITifG(_aW"?nm�u �"KJITCFGc~_aYbE`Q{_���iLCFG(_aW"?_a?bGJAHI<UXW"KJYV]`QjCFG(_aW"?bWPU�EHK(_a?Dio_aE`QaITc CF?DS EDCFK,CFYpILGJILK,cv_a?bGJAHI��^K,CFYbYZCPK�IL?Dc(]HITc�m "dA`_rc GJAHILW"K� WFU>�"K,CFYpYZCFKTM � A`_jiJA �N_{Q|Q¡xDIViLCRQ{QaITS GoAHI,+fxDC"c~_ji "vu�G CFEHEHKoWhC"ioA -HM^_rcd_{Q{Qy]DcwGJK,CFGJITS _a? 7v_!�"]HKoI�Hm��Hm

Lexicon

andParameters

D-Structure S-Structure

Principles

constrains

Clausal Clausal

move- α formalderivation

S-StructureMulticlausal

constrain constrain constrain

7v_!�"]HKJI� m�� � "NAHI,+fxDC"c _ri)"nu�G CFEHEHKJWhC"ioA - � ]Dc _y?%��c~_aYbE`QaI�"vu�G C"c CVYbILGfCRQjCF?%�"]DC �"IlUXW"K<Q{_a?%�"]`_jc(G(_jiLcCP

C’

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VP

V

VP

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geben

=>

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VPjNP-dat,

CP

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VP

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V

VPε

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i

l

k

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7v_!�"]HKJI��Hm� � �lILK(_ae[CPG(_aW"? WFU �% � *) _a?`_aG(_jCRQBGJKoILI�c(ILG"NAHINGJAHILW"K� $WFUE�"K,CFYpYZCFK�GJADCFG �N_{Q{Q�x�I c(!"ILG,ioAHITS9_y?VGJA`_jc¡ioADCFEHGJILK �N_{Q{QDxH]`_{QjSbW"? GJAHINxDC"c~_ji "vu�G%CFEHEHKJWhC^iJAnm?@?qEDCFKoG(_jif]`QrCPKTMz_aG��N_{Q{QBKJILG,CR_a?qGJAHIV?HW"G(_aW"?DctGJADCFGlGJAHI �"K,CPYbYZCFK�ifW^?Dc~_jc(G,clWFUBIfQaILYbIL?`G,CFK� qc(GJKJ]DifGo]HKJITclGJADCFGifW"?`G,CR_a? QaI�8h_jiLCRQnAHITC"SHc¡CF?DSOGJAHIf_aKBEHKJW^# ITifG(_aW"?Dc�M"CF?DSVGJADCFG�GJAHITc(ItIfQyILYpIL?hG,CPK� 1c(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc¡CFKoIdifW^Y1x`_a?HITSp]Dc� _a?%� U�W"KoYZCRQHW"EDILK,CPG(_aW"?Dc<GJW�S`ILK(_ae"IlY1]`QaG(_! @ioQjCF]DcJC[QvcwGJKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc�m��5I�ifW"]`QjSVUXWFQ{QaW�� GoAHI xDC"c~_ji "nu�G CFEHEHKJWhC"ioA9 � /),"# %(' +# 3o��,"*�;�J&34'�%(/),"#�*�*B/&,-%(;"*:,"#�*B'-%('�J&,"#�* ,"*�;"? � � .7;"?@3�=�� 9:%>=>= 2�*�F�'"*�5 %(/�,"#�* '"*�/�'"*:. � �";"* = 38,-%(/ 2),". 3:?@38,"#�*�?@34,-%(+43 =>=&L

5�* ��/�*�5 � .0;"?@3 = ':L&'","*�? ��Cl�$#�* ,"*B;"? %('@3 =('". � ;"*�*&F�*B/&,-=&L�F�'"*B5 %(/ ,"#�*@+�.0/&,"*�"&, . � �)A CH�$#�*�;"*7J ,"#�*EF�'3'20*�. � ,"#�*@,"*�;"? %(''".7? *�9$#�34,v�03)27F�*7C��6*)9:%>=>= F�'"*),"#�*),"*�;"? � � .7;"?@3�=>%���*�5 ��,".E;"* � *�;$,".E,"# %(' '".7?E*B9 # 38,n�03'20F�*B; +�.0/�+�* ��,�C

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Page 151: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 156: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 157: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 158: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 160: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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YbWFe"I"M ��@c(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJIViLCF?}ifW"?`G,CR_a? c(ILe^ILK,CRQ�?HITc(GoITS c(]HxH#(ITifG �XEHKJITS^_jiLCFGoIc(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJITc �@GJAHI?HITc(G(_a?� &ADCFEHE�IL?`_a?� &_a?%GoAHIZEHKJITS^_jiLCFGoI %,m��tILKZCF?DCRQ� Hc~_jc _jcVEDCFKJGw_rif]`QjCFKwQ %CPEHEDITCRQ{_a?� &UXW"K��ILKoYZCF? xDITiLCF]Dc(IkWFU�GJAHIs �qEHAHIL?HW"YbIL?HW"?nm "NAHI c(IL?`GJIL?DifI���_a?`_aG(_jCRQ�EDWhc _yGw_yW^?�Y1]DcwG1x�I�W�iLif]HE`_aITS x� )Cc~_a?� FQaIVIfQaILYbIL?hGRMDxH]HGlGJA`_jc IfQaILYbIL?`Gl?HILITS ?HW^G xDIVCF?}CFK "]HYbIL?`G WFU¡GJAHI�e"ILKoxnm*"NAHILKoIfU�W"KoI"M`_aG _jclCFEHEDITCRQ{_a?� GJWkEHKJW"EDW`c(I3Ckc(ITifW"?DS5G� hE�IZWFUNQ{_jifIL?Dc~_a?� �KJIfQjCFG(_aW"?nM�� A`_jioA _rc W"KoGJAHW� "W"?DC[QBGJW}CFK "]HYbIL?`G1c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJI"M¡CF?DS� A`_jioAq_a?he"WPQye^ITc�C�c~_a?� FQaI�c(]HxH#(ITifGTm~?�� � CPY1x�W���M +���� �Px�%,MDGoAHI1?HW^G(_aW"?&WFUNEHKJITS^_jiLCFG(_aW"?q_jcl_aYbE`QaILYbIL?`GJITS_a? 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Page 161: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 168: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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6 ITCFGJ]HKJITc 6HITCFGo]HKJITc �NITcw]`QyGw_y?� t_yK� ADCFG W"? WFU 6 ITCFGJ]HKJITc<WFU WFU

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Page 176: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

VP

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Page 177: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 179: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 180: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 181: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 182: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 183: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 184: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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C:AgrW:AgrS:

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θagent

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Page 194: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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utU�GJILKNI��HADCF]Dc(G(_ae"IfQ� I�� CPYV_a?`_y?� pGJAHI��NW"KfSbW"KfS`ILKBEDW`cJc~_ax`_{Q|_aG(_aIFct_y?ILYVxDITSHS`ITS3_y?��D?`_aG(_aeFCRQ ioQjCF]DcwITcLM��NI ?HW��GJ]HKJ?5GJW �D?`_aGJI3ioQjCF]DcwITcLm "]Hx�iLCPGJI� "W"K(_��TCFGw_yW^?&UXW"K�C �D?`_aGJI�ioQjCF]Dc(IpQaWhW"!HcN#(]Dc(G9Q|_a!"I�c(]HxziLCFGJI� "W"Kw_��TCPG(_aW"?&UXW"KC?HW"?�� �D?`_aGJIZioQjCF]DcwI"MnI��DifILEHG$GJADCFG$GJAHIbc(]HxziLCFGJI� "W"Kw_��TCPG(_aW"?qKJI��"]`_aKJILYpIL?hG,c9W"?qGJAHI U�KoW"?hGw_yILK$s � ?HWHS`IbCFKJIS^_ 'nILKJIL?hGRm �&I �N_{Q{Q1C"cJc(]HYbIqGJADCPGZGJAHI� CFKJI3:J< ��M <�cJCFG >@MNKJILEHKJITc(IL?`G(_a?� %GoAHI�U@C"ifG�GJADCFGGJAHI&c(ILYZCF?`G(_jiifW"?`GJK(_axH]HG(_aW"?WFU�GoAHI :J< �L>HAHITC"S1_rc KJI��^]`_yKoITS��X_@m I"mrMhC$S`ILGJILKJYO_y?DCPG(_aW"?ZWPU�YbWHSHCRQ{_aG# pW"K�_{Q|QaWHif]HG(_aW"?DCFK� pUXW"K,ifI %,MCF?DS5GJADCFG9U�]HKJGoAHILKJYbW"KJIp?HW ]H?DcJCFGw_rc#�DITS�c(EDITi��XAHITC"S�C� "KJILILYbIL?`G�YZC qxDIEHKJITc(IL?`GTm��5I3iLCF?5?HW� C"SR#(WF_a?GJA`_jctGJKJILIl_a?hGoWbGJAHI$KJW`W"GN?HW�S`I WFUBCVs��OGJKJILI ��� A`_jiJAqiLCF?UX]H?DifG(_aW"?}C"ctCVYZCFGJKw_ � ioQjCF]Dc(I W"?_aG,cNW�� ?�%gc(]DioAC"cNGoAHI$W"?HI F_ae"IL?�_a?�6v_ ^]HKJI�Hm � + M"EDC� "I + ! HM`KJITcw]`QyGw_y?� p_a?}CF?kILYVxDITSHS`ITS�s �bc(IL?`GJIL?DifI �

+ � �

Page 195: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

C: +

θagent

+Asp:

+T-inf:

patientθNP

+Asp:

+T-inf:

θagent

VP

VP

Op

weil

VP

VPε+AgrS:

VPNPθ

agentversprechen

VP

NP VP

PROVP zu reparieren

ε

VP

VP

reparieren

VP

VP

VP zu versuchen

ε

VP

PRO VP

ε

verspricht+

+Asp:

T-fin:

6v_� "]HKoI�Hm � � � lILK(_ae"ITSGJKJILIlUXW"K�c(IL?`GJIL?DifI � � �He^_ %

� ��� % ioAxDILADCF]HEHGJI"MioQrC[_yY

S`ILKGJAHI

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ADCFGADC"cS^_aIGJAHI

0 �]DioAHILKx�WhW^!�c

S`IL?GoAHI

�t_a?DS`ILKJ?iJA`_{QjS`KJIL?

"I� "ILxDIL? F_ae"IL?

gioQjCR_aY�GoADCFG GJAHI$GJITC^iJAHILK ADC^c� F_ae"IL? GoAHI$xDW`W"!�cdGJWbGJAHI�ioA`_{QrS`KoIL?@?DcwGJITC"SVWFUz]Dc~_a?� 1Cls �$c(GJKJ]DifGo]HKJI<U�W"K¡GoAHIgILYVx�ITSHS`ITSZioQjCF]Dc(I"M �NIdiLCP?ZCRQjc(W$]Dc(I�CP?1WFe"ILKoG\ifW"YpE`QyILYpIL?hG(_��LILKTm"NAHIbc� `?hGfC"ifG(_ji GJKJILIV]Dc(ITS _jc�c(AHW�� ? _y? 6v_ ^]HKJI �Hm � � m/�&IbC" `CR_a?'C^SR# WF_a?qGJAHIVYZCFGoK(_ �'ioQjCF]Dc(IZCPG�GJAHIVKJW`W"G?HWHS`I"MnCF?DS�W"xHGfCR_a?}GoAHI1S`ILK(_ae"ITSkGJKJILI9_a? 6v_� "]HKoI � m � + m�� xDc(ILKJe"IVGJADCPG�GJAHI u� ^K � U�ITCFGo]HKJI$_jcl?HW"GlEHKJITc(IL?`G_a? GJAHIlQjCFGoGJILK�CFEHEHKJW`C"iJAnm� � � % ioA

xDILADCF]HEHGJI"MioQrC[_yY

SHC��GJADCFG

S`ILKGJAHI

�zILAHKJILKGJITC"ioAHILK

S^_aIGJAHI

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+ � �

Page 196: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

+Asp:

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θagent

patientθNP VP

reparieren

θagent

+Asp:

+T-inf:

C: +

+AgrS:

V

VV

N

N

2

1

3

3

1

VP

VP zu versuchen

ε

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VP verspricht+

+Asp:

T-fin:

ε

VP

VP VP

NP VP

PROVP zu reparieren

ε

VP

VP

Op

weil VP

VPε

VPNPθ

agentversprechen

6v_� "]HKoI�Hm ��� � "NAHILKoI1iLCF?�x�I�?HWZS`ILK(_ae"ITS GJKJILIlUXW"K�c(IL?`GJIL?DifI � � �`_ae�%

gioQjCR_aY�GoADCFG GJAHI$GJITC^iJAHILK ADC^c� F_ae"IL? GoAHI$xDW`W"!�cdGJWbGJAHI�ioA`_{QrS`KoIL?�&I W^xDc(ILKJe"IlGJADCFG�_a?If_yGoAHILKdiLC^c(I"M`GJAHI KJW`W"GB?HWHS`IlWFUnGJAHI ILYVxDITSHS`ITS�ioQjCF]Dc(It_jc<YZCFKJ!"ITS �N_aGJAZGoAHIN_a?hGJI� ^K(_aG# ifW"?Dc(GoK,CR_a?hG � �#%fMnc~_a?DifIV_aG�iLCFKJK(_aITclGJAHI UXITCFGJ]HKJITc :J< ��MJ<�coCFG�>@m�@?qGJAHIbiLC"cwI1WPUgGJAHI ILY1x�ITSHS`ITS $ " � ioQjCF]Dc(I"MGJA`_jc$ifW"YVx`_a?DCFG(_aW"?kWFU¡U�ITCPGJ]HKJITcd_rctW"?`Q� }C^i��"]`_aKJITSqS`]HK(_a?� �GJAHIVc� h?`G,C"ifGw_ri S`ILK(_ae[CFGw_yW^?}GoAHKJW"]� "AqC"SR# ]H?DifGw_yW^?WFU�GoAHI$YZCFGJK(_ � ioQjCF]Dc(I"M�� A`_jiJA ifW"?`GJK(_axH]HGJITcdGJAHI :J<�cJCFG >DUXITCFGJ]HKoI"m�"NAHIl_a?hGoI� "K(_aG� 3ifW"?DcwGJK,CR_a?`GB_a?kxDW"GJA iLC^c(ITcEHKJILe"IL?`G,cNILYVx�ITSHS`ITS}CPK "]HYbIL?`G,c U�KoW"Y�cJifK,CPY1x`Q{_a?� p_y?`GJWGJAHI$YZCFGoK(_ � ioQjCF]Dc(I"m��NUgifW"]HK,cwI"MHGJAHI�ILYVx�ITSHS`ITSCFK ^]HYbIL?hGfc�CFKoI�UXKJILIVGJW�cJifK,CFYVx`QaI�N_aGJA`_a?&GoAHI � � � & � & $ WFUNGJAHIVILY1x�ITSHS`ITS&ioQjCF]Dc(I"M�C"c$CFKJIbCF?� �YZCFGJKw_ �CFK ^]HYbIL?hGfcBW^K�C"SR#(]H?DifG,c cJifK,CPY1x`QaI �N_aGJA`_a? GJAHI � � � *& � &'$�WPU\GJAHI$YCFGJK(_ � ioQrCP]Dc(I"m

+ � +

Page 197: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

θagent

patientθ

θ beneficiary

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+AgrS:Tfin: +

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+-

fin--

VP

VP

VPNP

VPNP

VPNP

gegebenVPAsp: +

ε

VP hat

C: +

daß

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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+fin+

-

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin-

-+

6v_� "]HKoI�Hm � � � 6v_y?`_aGJI ILYVxDITSHS`ITS ioQjCF]DcwI �N_aGJAkW[e^ILKJG ifW"YbE`QaILYbIL?`G(_��LILK

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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----

+

θagent

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

++

+fin+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

++

+-

fin+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

θagent

patientθ

θ beneficiary

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+AgrS:Tfin: +

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+-

fin--

VP

VP

NP VP

sageC: +

+AgrS:AgrW:

Tfin: +++

VP

VP

ε

εAsp: +

VP

VP

VPNP

VPNP

VPNP

gegebenVPAsp: +

ε

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C: +

daß C:AgrW:AgrS:

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-+

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+fin+

-+

6v_� "]HKJI��Hm � + � lILK(_ae"ITS cwIL?hGJIL?DifI �N_aGJA�ILYVxDITSHS`ITS $%" �)ioQjCF]DcwI��� � ��� � ��� � � � ������� � � ( � � � � ����������������

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+ �/�

Page 198: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

S^_jc(G,CF?DifI$GoW"E`_jiLCRQ{_��TCPG(_aW"?�_jc CRQjc(WVE�WhcJc~_ax`QaI�W"]HGNWFU�ILY1x�ITSHS`ITS�$%"�� ioQjCF]Dc(ITcg_|U¡GJAHIlYZCFGJKw_ �e"ILKJxp_rctC�xHKw_rS� ^Ie"ILKJxnM�E�ILKJADCFEDcVc(]HxH#(ITifG�GJWqifILKJG,CR_a? EHK,C" "YCFG(_jiVW"KVc(ILYZCF?`G(_jibifW"?DS^_aG(_aW"?DcLm�6v_a?DCRQ{Q� "M¡QaW"?� ��@S^_jc(GfCF?DifI�GJW"E`_��iLCRQ{_��TCFG(_aW"?k_jc E�WhcJc~_ax`QaIVW"]HG WFU¡ILYVxDITSHS`ITS s��ioQjCF]Dc(ITcLMHGoAHW"]� "A GoAHI�CF?DCRQ� �c _rcd_jc ]H?DioQaITCFKRM�C"ctS^_rcoif]DcJc(ITS _a?"ITifG(_aW"?��Hm � m � M"EDC" "I�� �Hm �&I��N_{Q{QBS^_rcoif]DcJc GoAHI �DK,c(G G!�NWbiLC"c(ITc<_a? Go]HKJ?nM`QaITCRe"_a?� GJAHI$GJA`_aK,S C^c~_jS`I"m

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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<2><3>

<1> <4><5>+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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<2><3>

<1> <4><5>+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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---

--

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<2><3>

- inf+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

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<2><3>

- inf+

θagent

VP

VPNP

++

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VP

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ε

VP

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---

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zu geben

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:�������G���G��"�L] ^ILxDIL?>GJW P_ye^I

e^ILK,c(]DioAhGGoK(_aITS"WOU�CFKRMh?HW��XW"?HI�ADC"cdGJK(_aITSGJW F_ae"I$GoA`_rctxDW`W"!GJWbGJAHI�ioA`_{QjS`KJIL?

"NAHI$CF?DCRQ� Hc(ITc¡WFUnx�W"GJAG# `EDITc WFUzQaW"?� ��@S^_jc(G,CF?DifI$GoW"E`_jiLCRQ{_��TCPG(_aW"?�ADCRe"IN_a? ifW"YbYbW^?bGJADCFG¡GJAHIlYZCFGoK(_ �pioQjCF]DcwI_jc�C"SR#(WF_a?HITSk_a?`GJW C�ioQjCF]Dc(IV_a?�� A`_jioAqGJAHIbIfQaILYbIL?`G�GJADCFG/�N_{Q{QgIL?DSq]HEk_a?&GJAHI �0C%��� *&'$kADC"c$CRQaKJITC"S� qx�ILIL?UXKJW"?`GJITSzm��¡]HK,c(]DCP?hG GoW1W^]HK�C"cJc(]HYpEHG(_aW"? GJADCPGdC[Q|Q¡c(ILYZCF?`G(_ji$iLCFGJI� "W^K(_jCRQnUXITCFGJ]HKJITc _a? GJAHI EHKJW"#(ITifG(_aW"?�YV]Dc(GxDI c(EDITio_��DITS x� %GJAHIkQaI��`_riLC[QOS`ILK(_ae[CPG(_aW"? �XQaI��`_riLC[Q�_a?hGoILKJEHKJILG,CFGw_yW^? EHKw_y?Dio_aE`QaI"M EDC" "I + � + %,MNGJA`_jcpUXKJW"?`GJITS

+ � �

Page 199: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

IfQaILYbIL?`GZYV]Dc(GVxDIkYZCFKJ!^ITS8:J< �lML< u� "K � >@m "NAHI c h?`G,C"ifG(_jiGJKoILIU�W"KVGJAHI�ILYVx�ITSHS`ITS%ioQjCF]Dc(IkGJAHILKJIfUXW"KJIYV]Dc(G x�I�C"c c(AHW�� ?_a? 6v_� "]HKoI�Hm � �Hm

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

AgrW:<1>

AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

<2>+

++-

C:AgrW:

<1>

AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2>+

++

θagent

NP VP

VP

C:

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2><3>

+- -

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2><3>

+- -

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

++

+-

fin+

ε

VPAsp: +

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

+inf

versucht

{ , }VP

VPhat

VP

C:

AgrW: ++

Tfin: +

VPθ

patient

6v_� "]HKJI�Hm � � � ! h?`G,C"ifG(_jilGJKoILI�c(ILGNUXW"K YZCFGoK(_ � ioQjCF]Dc(I �N_aGJAQaW"?� ��@S^_jc(G,CP?DifI1GoW"E`_jiLCRQ{_��TCPG(_aW"?�&IbW^xDc(ILKJe"IVGJADCFGlGJAHIbKoWhW"G$?HWHS`IbADC"clx�W"GJGJW^Y�U�ITCFGo]HKJITc@:J< ��M <�cJCFG�>~MnCF?DSqGJAHILKJIfUXW"KJIVADC"clGoAHIV_a?hGJI� ^K(_aG# ifW"?Dc(GoK,CR_a?hGRMhEHKoILe"IL?hGw_y?� ]Dc<UXKJW"Y C"SR#(WF_a?`_a?� �GJAHI� x�IL?HI���io_rCPK� GJWVGJAHI KJWhW^Gg?HWHS`I�WPU�GJAHI�EHKoW"#(ITifG(_aW"?ZGoKJILI"m6H]HKoGJAHILKJYbW"KoI"M��NIW"xDc(ILKJe^IbGJADCFGVGJAHILKJIp_jcVC�UXITCFGJ]HKoIZioQjC"c(A�W"? GJAHI�c(ITifW"?DS5s ��UXKJW"Y GJAHIZGoW"E � _aG,c GJW"EUXITCFGJ]HKJI c(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJI_jcbc(E�ITio_��DITS : �@cJCFG >���U�KJW^Y GoAHI :J< � A> � EDCFGw_yIL?`G %,M � A`_{QaI _aG,cOxDW"GJGoW"Y c(GJKJ]DifGJ]HKoI�ADC"c:J<�cJCPG�> �@GJAHIVS`IfU�CP]`QyGtUXW"K�CPK "]HYbIL?`G,c�%,m "NAHIVc(GJKJ]DifGJ]HKoI�GJADCFGtY1]DcwG xDIbC"SR#(WF_a?HITSkY1]DcwG ADCRe"I�GJW^EU�ITCFGo]HKJITc:J< u� "K � M< �lM��@cJCFG�>~MF_@m I"maM`_aGNYV]Dc(GNxDIVCF?ZIfQaILYbIL?`G,CFK� ZGJKoILI QjC"io!"_a?� �C GJW"E`_jiFMHxH]HG��N_aGJA CVe"ILKoxb_a? GoAHI�s �EDW`c~_aG(_aW"?nm 6H]HKoGJAHILKJYbW"KoI"MTGJAHINGJKoILIBYV]Dc(G¡c(]Hx�iLCFGoI� "W"K(_��LINUXW"K¡CF?$_a?��D?`_aG(_ae[CRQ�ioQjCF]DcJC[Q�CFK "]HYbIL?`GTm�"]DiJAbCtGJKJILI_jc¡ITcJcwIL?hG(_jCRQ{Q� V_jS`IL?`G(_jiLCRQnGJW$GJAHINYZCFGJKw_ �ZioQjCF]Dc(Ilc(AHW�� ?V_a? 6v_� "]HKJI � m�� � MREDC" "I + �hMFI��DifILEHGBGJADCFG � C" "IL?`G ADC"c?HW"G x�ILIL?}C"SR#(WF_a?HITS CPxDWFe"I$GJAHI �D?`_aGJI e"ILKJx � CF]��`_{Q{_rCPK� �%fMDxH]HG x�IfQaW� m�"NAHI�GoKJILIl_jc c(AHW�� ?_a? 6v_� "]HKJI��Hm � � m� AHIL?��NI�C"SR#(WF_a?)GJAHIYZCFGoK(_ �'GoKJILIZCFGVGJAHIbs ��?HWHS`I,�N_aGJA�GoAHIVU�ITCPGJ]HKJI�ioQrC^c(A)WPUdGoAHIZILYVxDITSHS`ITS GoKJILI"M�NI$KJITc(WFQae"I GJAHI$UXITCFGJ]HKoI�ioQrC^c(Anm "��NWV?HW"YV_a?DCRQBCFK "]HYbIL?`G,cNGoAHIL? c(G(_{Q{Q\?HILITSkGJWbx�I1C"SR#(WF_a?HITSzm F_a?DifIVGJAHILKJICFKJIl?HWV_a?`GJI� "K(_aG� 3ifW^?Dc(GJK,CR_a?`G,c<xDILG!�NILIL?�GJAHI$?HW"?�� �D?`_aGJI e"ILKJxDc CF?DSGoAHI�CF]��h_{Q{_jCFK� "M�GJAHITc(I�iLCF?�x�I�C"SR#(WF_a?HITSCF?� �tAHILKJIV_a?)GoAHI��6NMnCF?DS �NIZiLCF?)ioAHW`Whc(IbIf_aGJAHILK GJAHIbW"K,S`ILK F_ae"IL?5_y? � ��� C %fMzW"K�GJAHIpW"K,S`ILKl_a? � ��� x�%,m6v_� "]HKJI � m �/�$c(AHW���c�GJAHINILYVxDITSHS`ITS � xDIL?HI���io_jCFK� C"SR#(WF_a?HITSbCFx�W[e^I GJAHINYZCFGJKw_ � � C" ^IL?hG ���NINADCRe"I�ioAHWhc(IL?bCYZCFGoK(_ �1ioQrCP]Dc(INGJADCFG�I���GJKfCFEDWhcwITcz_aG,c�ILYVxDITSHS`ITSVioQjCF]Dc(I"MPU�W^K�KJITC^c(W"?DcvWFUDKJILEHKJITc(IL?`G,CFGw_yW^?DCRQhITC"c(I %fm �tW"GJI<GJADCFGGJA`_jc$S`ILK(_ae[CPG(_aW"?&ifKJ]Dio_jCRQ{Q qKJIfQ{_aITc$W^? ?HW"?��@c~_aYV]`QaG,CF?HILW"]Dc$C^SR# ]H?DifG(_aW"?qWFUBGoAHI�G!�NWbGJKJILITcd_a?}GoAHI1ILYVx�ITSHS`ITS�% � )bc� `?hG,C^ifG(_jilGJKJILI�c(ILGTm�¡QaITCFK(Q� "M��NIZiLCF? ^IL?HILK,CFGJIbCRQ{QgGoAHIVQ{_rio_aGZcwIL?hGJIL?DifITc�M\c _y?DifIGJAHILKJIO_rc9?HW KJITcwGJK(_jifG(_aW"?&W"? � A`_jiJA�CFK "]HYpIL?hG_jc C"SR#(WF_a?HITS�CFGGJAHIqGJW"E WFUVGJAHI&c� `?hG,C^ifG(_ji�� � *) GJKJILI"MlCF?DS �NI'iLCP? C[QrcwW%C"SR# WP_y?�CF?�C"SR# ]H?DifG�GoAHILKJI"m6H]HKoGJAHILKJYbW"KoI"M�CRQ{QBEDW`cJc~_ax`QaI�W"K,S`ILK,c9xDIfQaW���GJAHIbYCFGJK(_ � �D?`_aGJIbe"ILKJx'_y?�c(ITifW"?DS'EDWhc~_aG(_aW"?�iLCF?&x�I3S`ILKw_ye^ITSCRQaW"?� qGJAHIQ{_a?HITcZS^_jcJif]Dcoc(ITS%CFx�WFe"Ib_a? "ITifG(_aW"? � m �Dm� Hm @?�W^K,S`ILKbGJWqc(ILI�GJADCFG��NI3S`Wq?HW"GVWFe"ILK ^IL?HILK,CFGJI"MW"xDc(ILKoe"IbGJADCFG GJAHIbYZCPGJK(_ �)ioQrCP]Dc(IZYV]Dc(G xDI�C"SR#(WF_a?HITS)CFG GJAHIZc(ITifW^?DS&s ��?HWHS`Ip_y? GJAHIbILYVx�ITSHS`ITS GJKJILIxDITiLCP]Dc(IbWFUBGJAHI UXITCFGJ]HKJIVioQjC"c(AqGJAHILKJI"m�� �&I1iLCF?H?HW^G�C"SR#(WF_a?qG!�gW�+fYZCPGJK(_ � -ioQjCF]Dc(ITclx�ITiLCF]Dc(IbGJADCPG��NW"]`QjSe^_yWPQrCPGJIVGJAHI����ifK(_aGJILKw_yW^?nm % � ?DifIbC"SR#(WF_a?HITSzMz?HW�IfQyILYpIL?hG�iLCF?kxDIbC"SR#(WF_a?HITS&CFG GoAHI1KoWhW"GtWFUBGJAHIbc(IL?`GJIL?DifI"M

+ � �

Page 200: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

C: +

θagent

θ beneficiary

θagent

++

+C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

+fin

++

+C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

+-

fin

zu geben+Asp:

+T-inf:

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

+inf

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

-+-

+

fin

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

-+-

+

fin

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

-+-

+

fin

+AgrS:T-fin: +

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

VP

ε

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

+infVP

+Asp:

VP

ε

VP

VP

VP

VP

VP

VP

VP

VP

hat

NP

NPθ

PRO

gebenpatient

NPgeben

versucht

εversuchen

geben

6v_� "]HKJI��Hm �/� � lILK(_ae"ITSkc(IL?`GJIL?DifI �N_aGJAqifIL?hGoILK �XILYVxDITSHS`ITS _a?��D?`_yGw_yeFCRQgioQjCF]Dc(IbCF?DS3QyW^?� ��@S^_jc(G,CF?DifIVcJifK,CFYVx��Q{_a?�

xDITiLCP]Dc(IbWFUNGJAHI _y?`GJI� "Kw_yG� &ifW"?Dc(GoK,CR_a?hGRMnCF?DSk?HW"?HIZiLCF?qxDIC"SR# WP_y?HITS5CFG$GJAHIVYZCFGJKw_ �3:J< �L>¡AHITC"SzMnc _y?DifIp_aG�NW"]`QjS S^_jc(KJ]HEHG$GoAHI�KJI��^]`_aKJITS%:J< u� ^K � >>cwEDITi��XAHITC"S&C� "KJILILYbIL?`GTm �&I1ifW"?DioQa]DS`IVGJADCFG��gIViLCF?}S`ILKw_ye^I #(]Dc(GGJAHI$K(_� "A`G�c(ILGtWFU cwGJKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc�m

θagent

AgrS:Tfin: +

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+-

fin--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

++

+fin+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin+

-

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin+

+

-

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

θ beneficiary

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<1><2><3>

<4><5>

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<1><2><3>

<4><5> VP

VPNP

hat

C: +

daß C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin-

-+

VPNP

VP

patientθ

VP

gegebenVPAsp: +

ε

VP

NP VP{ },

6v_� "]HKoI�Hm ��� � ! `?hGfC"ifG(_jilGJKJILIlUXW"K ILYVxDITSHS`ITSkioQjCF]Dc(I��N_aGJAQaW"?� ��@S^_jc(G,CP?DifIOcoifK,CFYVx`Q{_y?� �tW� QyILGt]Dc GJ]HKo?�GJWVI���GJKfC"ifG(_aW"?�W"]HG WPU�$%"��)ioQrCP]Dc(ITcLm �BW"?Dc~_jS`ILK�� � %,M`EDC" "I�� ��MhKoILEDITCFGJITS AHILKJI1C^c � ��+ % �

+ �!�

Page 201: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

� ��+ %�)C"c� ADCFG !��

PQrCP]HxHGGoA`_y?H!Hc

��ILGJILK��ILGJILK

SHC��GJADCPG

S`ILK: GJAHI

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"I� ^ILxDIL? F_ae"IL?

ADCPG��ADC^c

� ADCPGdS`W`ITc ��ILGJILKNGJA`_a?H!�GJADCFG GJAHI$GoITC"iJAHILK� hCRe"I�GoAHI1ioA`_|QjS`KJIL?���&I �N_{Q|QBS`ILK(_ae"IVGJA`_jclc(IL?hGoIL?DifI1C"c<UXWFQ{QaW���cLm "NAHIl_a?`_aG(_jCRQBGJKJILI9_a?DioQy]DS`ITc C �D?`_aGJIVe"ILKJx C"clC+:J< s�� �D?>�AHITC"SzMCF?kW[e^ILKJG�ifW"YbE`QaILYbIL?`G(_��LILKTMnCF?DSkCF?}CPK "]HYbIL?`G �~W"K�C"SR#(]H?DifG�% C"SR# WP_y?HITSkGJWpGJAHI1ifW"YpE`QyILYpIL?hG(_��LILKTm �NITiLC[Q|QGJADCFGbc~_a?DifI�GJAHI ifW^YbE`QaILYbIL?hGw_��LILK�S`W`ITc�?HW^G1EDCPKJG(_jio_aEDCFGJI_a? c(E�ITi��XAHITC"S�C" "KoILILYbIL?hGRM�_aG,c :�cJCFG�> U�ITCPGJ]HKJIp_rc]H?DcJCFGw_rc#�DITSzM�CF?DSqAHIL?DifIpGJAHIVs ��?HW�S`I _aYbYbITS^_jCFGoIfQ S`W"YV_a?DCFG(_a?� GoAHIOifW^YbE`QaILYbIL?hGw_��LILKbS`W`ITc$?HW"GlADCRe"ICF?p_a?hGJI� ^K(_aG# bifW"?DcwGJK,CR_a?`GTm "NAHI�IfQaILYbIL?`G C"SR#(WF_a?HITSGJAHILKJI"M"AHW��NILe"ILKTMP_jcBYCFKJ!"ITS+:=< ��MJ<�cJCFG >@M"CF?DSpGJAHILKJIfUXW"KJIS`W`ITcLm "NAHI GJKJILId_rc<c(AHW�� ? _a? 6v_� "]HKJI �Hm#���Hm 6 W"K¡GJAHI�coCF!"INWFU�KoITC"SHCFx`_{Q{_yG� "M��NINADCTe^IdifWPQ|QjCFEDcwITSbYbW`c(G�U�ITCPGJ]HKJIc(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJITclI��DifILEHG�GJAHIbW^?HIOCPG$GJAHIbs � ?HW�S`Ip_aYbYbITS^_jCFGJIfQ� )S`W^YV_a?DCFG(_a?� �$%"��\m��&Ic(ILIbGJADCFG$GoAHILKJI _rc CUXITCFGJ]HKJIZioQjC"cwA c~_a?DifI $%" � S`W`ITc$?HW^G1ifW"?`GJK(_axH]HGJI):J< u� "K � >@M�� A`_{QyI�GoAHIbGJW"E`_jiLCRQ{_��LITS IfQaILYbIL?hGVKJI��^]`_aKJITc9_aGTm"NA`_jcvUXW"K,ifITcv]Dc�GJW�C^SR# WF_a?VClYZCFGJK(_ �1ioQjCF]Dc(I"m�~G�_rc�GoAHIBITcJc(IL?`G(_jCRQ{Q� bcJCFYbINc(GJKJ]DifGJ]HKoIBGJADCFG��NIgC"SR#(WF_a?HITS _a?VGJAHIEHKJILe^_aW"]Dc�iLC^c(I�� 6v_� "]HKJI��Hm � � %fM"I��DifILEHG�GJADCPGgGoAHI�e"ILKJx � &'" � � *) 4 GJWbxDIfQ{_aILe"I=�zG,CP!"ITcNCbioQjCF]DcJCRQ\ifW^YbE`QaILYbIL?hGYZCFKo!"ITS :J< sVM�<�"�� �D?nM�< ��M�<�coCFG�>@M _a?DS^_riLCPG(_a?� 'cw]Hx�iLCFGJI� ^W"K(_��TCFG(_aW"?kUXW"K�C �D?`_aGJIbioQjCF]Dc(I"m��tW"GJI�GoADCFG$GJA`_jcUXITCFGJ]HKJI$ifW"YVx`_a?DCFG(_aW"?�_aYbE`Q{_aITctGJAHIl_a?hGJI� ^K(_aG# �ifW"?Dc(GoK,CR_a?hGRm "dAHI$GJKJILIt_rclc(AHW�� ?p_a? 6v_ ^]HKJI�Hm �� m�GoAHI$KJITc(]`QaGWFU¡GJAHI�C"SR#(]H?DifG(_aW"?�_jclc(AHW�� ?_a? 6v_� "]HKJI� m � �hm

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

AgrW:<1>

AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

<2>+

++-

C:AgrW:

<1>

AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2>+

++

θagent

NP VP

VP

C:

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2><3>

+- -

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

<2><3>

+- -

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

++

+-

fin+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

++

+-

fin+

ε

VPAsp: +

{ , }VP

VP

VP

C:

AgrW: ++

Tfin: +

VPθ

patient

glaubt

ε

6v_� "]HKJI�Hm �� � ! h?`G,C"ifG(_jilGJKoILI�c(ILGNUXW"K YZCFGoK(_ � ioQjCF]Dc(I �N_aGJAQaW"?� ��@S^_jc(G,CP?DifI1GoW"E`_jiLCRQ{_��TCPG(_aW"?�&I �N_{Q|QD?HW��)CPK "]HIBGoADCFG �NIgiLCF?VS`ILK(_ae"IBI��DC"ifG(Q� GJAHIgifW"KoKJITifG�c(GJKo]DifGJ]HKJITcLm��¡QaITCFK(Q� "MhCRQ{Q`Q{_rio_aGBc(GoKJ]DifGJ]HKJITc�iLCF?xDIS`ILK(_ae"ITSzm�"vW�c(ILIbGJADCFGl?HW_{Q{Q|_jio_aGbc(GJKJ]DifGo]HKJITc$iLCF?qxDIZS`ILKw_ye^ITSzM �DK,c(GlW"xDc(ILKoe"IVGJADCFG$S`]HK(_a?� GJAHI QaI��h_jiLCRQS`ILK(_ae[CPG(_aW"? �gI iLCP?H?HW"GZC"SR#(WF_a?%G!�NWqIfQyILYpIL?hG,c � CFK "]HYbIL?`G,c W"KbC"SR# ]H?DifGfc�%OCPxDWFe"IGJAHI}ifW"YpE`QyILYpIL?hG(_��LILKTMc~_a?DifI$GJAHINQaW��NILKBW"?HIt_a?hGoKJW�S`]DifITcNCF?p_a?hGoI� "K(_aG� OifW^?Dc(GJK,CR_a?`GTm�l]HK(_a?� VGJAHI�c h?`G,C"ifG(_ji S`ILKw_yeFCFG(_aW"?nM��NI�iLCP?H?HW"GC"SR#(WF_a? CF?�CFK "]HYbIL?`G CFxDWFe"IlGJAHI�ifW"YpE`QyILYpIL?hG(_��LILKTM If_yGoAHILK�x�IfU�W"KoI�WFU¡CRU�GoILKdC^SR# WF_a?`_a?� GJAHI�YCFGJK(_ �3ioQjCF]Dc(I"Mc~_a?DifI$GJAHI ?HI �dQ �C"SR#(WF_a?HITSZCPK "]HYbIL?`G �NW"]`QjSO_y?`GJKJWHS`]DifI$GJAHI :=<�cJCFG�> U�ITCFGo]HKJI"MhCF?DSpGJA`]DcBC"SHSpGJAHIt_a?hGJI� ^K(_aG# ifW"?Dc(GoK,CR_a?hG�GJW GoAHIgs � _aYbYbITS^_jCFGJIfQ� bS`W"YV_a?DCFG(_a?� $%"��\MFYZCP!"_a?� $GJAHINC"SR# WP_y?HITSVCFK "]HYbIL?`Gn_{Q{Q{_rio_aGTm<u$SR# ]H?DifG,ciLCF?H?HW"GbCFEHE�ITCFK _a?�GJADCFG�E�Whc~_aG(_aW"?%S`]HK(_a?� &GoAHI3c� `?`G,C"ifG(_jibS`ILK(_aeFCFG(_aW"? c _y?DifI C^SR# ]H?DifG,c YZCPKJ!"ITSkUXW"K+:J< �L>CRQjc(WVKJI��^]`_aKJI;:=< u� "K.� >~M�� A`_jiJA�GJAHI$ifW"YbE`QaILYbIL?`G(_��LILK�iLCF?H?HW^GBEHKJWFe^_rS`I"m "NAh]Dc�M �NI�ifW^?DioQy]DS`I GJADCFG<I�� C"ifGwQ

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Page 202: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

++

+fin+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:

++

+-

fin+

θagent

AgrS:Tfin: +

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+-

fin--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

θagent

θ beneficiary

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

---

--

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat: +

----

+

VPC: +

AgrW: +

VP

VP

VPNP

hat

C: +

daß C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin-

-+

C:AgrW:AgrS:

T:Asp:sat:+

+fin+

-+

VP

glaubt

ε

ε

VP εAsp: +

VP

VP

NP VP

Asp:

T-fin: ++

VP

NP

VP

VPNP

gegebenVPAsp: +

ε

patientθgeben

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Page 203: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 207: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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Page 212: The Institute For Research In Cognitive Sciencerambow/papers/r94.pdfThe Institute For Research In Cognitive Science Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax (Ph.D

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