the infinitive 不定式. 不定式的构成 肯定式: to do 否定式: not to do
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The Infinitive
不定式
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不定式的构成
肯定式: to do 否定式: not to do
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不定式可根据时态和语态有不同的形式
• to do/to be done
• to be doing
• to have done/to have been done
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不定式在句子中可做的成分
主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语
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做主语
• To know oneself is difficult.
• To hesitate means failure.
• To learn English well is important.
• To travel around the world is my dream.
• Not to see him this time is a pity.
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被动式
• To be invited to the party is my honor.
• To have been given a second chance made him happy.
• To be loved is a kind of happiness.
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常用“ it” 做形式主语 , 句型如下:It is adj./n.+ (for/of sb) to do sth
• It is difficult to know oneself .
• It means failure to hesitate.
• It is important to learn English well.
• It is my dream to travel around the world.
• It is a pity not to see him this time.
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特殊句型:It takes sb some time to do sth.It takes sth to do sth.
• It took me ten hours to finish the work.
• It takes courage to say sorry first.
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作表语(表具体,表将来)
• 常用来做主语的名词:• dream, ambition, resolution, plan,
wish, job, duty
• 常用来做主语的从句:• What I can/should/have to do…
• All that I can/should/have to do…
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• Her ambition is to become an actress.
• My dream is to visit Paris one day.
• His duty is to defend his country.
• Their plan is to take a long vacation.
• Tom’s wish is to fly to the moon some day.
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• Our job today is to clean up the house.
• My ambition is to be admitted to Peking University.
• What I can do is (to) wait.
• All (that) she has to do is (to) tell the truth.
• The only thing we could do was (to) find a part-time job.
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当主语和表语皆为不定式或动名词时,要保持二者形式的一致。
• To talk to her is to talk to a wall.
• To see is to believe.
• To help others is to help ourselves.
• Talking to her is talking to a wall.
• Seeing is believing.
• Helping others is helping ourselves.
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BE TO DO STH
• be to do 表示 : 预定或预计做某事;应该、必须、注定会做某事。表将来。
We are to hold an art exhibition next month.
He is to become a great man.
Everyone is to do something for our class.
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特殊句型
• Sb /sth be to blame (for sth).
• I think she is to blame.
• The traffic jam was to blame.
• Tom rather than I ____________ ( 该负责 ) for the loss.
is to blame
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不定式作表语表将来;动名词作表语表概念,习惯,或经常发生的动作。
• My job is teaching English, but today my job is to babysit my little nephew.
• My hobby is collecting stamps.
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作宾语: V.+to do sth
• 有些动词后要求跟不定式作宾语 :
expect, decide, happen, refuse, tend, fail, manage
• 有些要求跟动名词作宾语 :
• finish, mind, appreciate, imagine,
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有些动词后两种都可以跟,但意思不同,请注意。
• Remember to do sth• Remember doing sth• Forget to do sth• Forget doing sth• Stop to do sth• Stop doing sth
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• Regret to do sth
• Regret doing sth
• Can’t help to do sth
• Can’t help doing sth
• Mean to do sth.
• Mean doing sth.
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• Seem to do…• Seem to be doing…• Seem to have done…• appear/pretend/happen 也跟这三
种形式的不定式作宾语。• I happen to go there.• I happen to be reading the book.• I happen to have read the book.
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做宾补 : V+ sb (to) do sth
• 要带 to 的:• ask/tell/warn/persuade sb to do st
h; encourage sb to do sth; inspire sb to do sth; expect sb to do sth
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注意下列几个词的用法
• allow/permit/forbid/advise sb to do sth
allow/permit/forbid/advise doing sth
suggest sb’s /sb doing sth
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不带 to 的不定式做宾补
• 1. 使役动词: make, let, have
即: make/let/have sb do sth
make 可以由被动结构,在被动结构中,要还原 to, 即:
be made to do sth.
而 let, have 不用于被动结构
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The boss makes the children work 10 hours a day.
The children are made to work 10 hours a day.
Let us go in.
I will have a worker repair your car.
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2. 感官类动词后也要求跟不带 to 的不定式,切变被动结构时也要还原to.
hear/see/notice/watch sb do sth
be seen/heard/noticed to do sth
I saw him go out .
He was seen to go out.
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区分以下几种形式的宾补
• see sb doing sth
• see sb do sth
• see sb/sth done
• make sb do sth.
• make sb done ( make oneself heard/understood/noticed)
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主补• be made/seen to do sth
• be told /asked to do sth
• 句型:Sb. be said / reported / known /believed
to do
to be doing
to have done
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作定语
• 与所修饰的名词之间有三种关系:• 1. 主动关系:He is not a man to bow before difficult
ies.
Is Tom a man to keep his word?
He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.
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2. 动宾关系 ( 句子中有不定式动作的逻辑主语,这一点很关键。)
• I have lots of things to do.
• Let’s find a comfortable place to live in.
• I have a family to support.
• Is he a man to depend on ( for me) ?
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Compare
• Do you have any clothes to wash?
• Do you have any clothes to be washed?
• Do you have any clothes to be washed (by me) ?
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• There is nothing to do (for us).
• There is nothing to eat.
• There are a lot of cars _________
(choose) from.
I don’t have a pen ____________ with.
to choose
to write
句型:There is no need (for sb) to do sth
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3. 同位关系,即说明其修饰名词的内容
Thanks for giving me a chance to go abroad.
Is this a way to save time?
He has the ability to communicate with others.
I have a dream to become a doctor.
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Remember
• 当名词前有序数词,最高级, the only/ very/last 修饰时,用不定式。
• He is the only man to survive.
• He is the very one to help us.
• He is the best one to be fit for the job.
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做状语
• 1. 目的状语(可位于句首或句尾)• To save the child, he lost his own
life.
• He worked hard to pass the exams.
• I’ve come here to see you.
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in order to & so as to
• In order to 可在句首或句尾;而 so as to 只能在句尾。
• He worked hard in order to/so as to pass the exams.
• In order to pass the exams, he worked hard .
• In order not to fail in the exams, he worked hard .
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2. 结果状语
• ① too… to…; …enough to do…; so…as to do…
• He is too young to go to school.• He is not old enough to go to
school.• He isn’t so stupid as to believe
him.
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• ② (only) to do… 表出乎意料的结果;而 doing 表必然结果。
• He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
• The man died, (only) leaving his son alone in the world.
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• ③ 其它His father lived to be 108 years old.
What have I said to make you so angry?
He left his wife never to return.
He fell off his bike to break his leg.
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3. 原因状语
• Sb be +adj. to do/have done…
• I’m pleased to meet you.
• I feel honored to go to the party.
• She is disappointed to see that.
• I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
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• They jumped with joy to hear the news.
• He burst into laughter to see his funny look.
She fell into despair to know the truth .
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复合谓语
• 1.sb/sth be+adj. +to do.
• 该句型的主语和不定式的动词之间有动宾关系,但不定时只用主动式。
• The air is hard to breathe.
• He is easy to get along with.
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2.Sb/sth be+ adj.+ to do sth
• be willing to do sth.• be ready to do sth• be anxious/eager to do sth• be able/unable to do sth• be bound to do sth• be likely/unlikely to do sth• be careful to do sth
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插入语
• To tell the truth
• To begin/start with
• To be honest
• To be frank
• To make things worse