THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Chapter 18

AP US 2

Mrs. Carchidi

A MACHINE CULTUREThe Centennial Exposition (1876)

• Held in Philadelphia, PA; the Centennial Exposition focused on main attractions of the modern times

• Linoleum, root beer, bananas, bicycles, the Women's Building, and Machinery Hall• Telephone = Alexander Graham Bell• Elevator = Elisha Otis• Air Brake = George Westinghouse• Corliss Engine (giant steam engine almost 4 stories

high)

John Greenleaf Whittier, aging American Poet feared the impact

of new industrial technologies on American life and compared it

to the snake in the Garden of Eden.

C O R L I SS

E N G I N E

Industrial growth was concentrated in the Northeast of

the country with banks and RR development

Railroads were the most significant technical innovation

of the 1800s.

For everything RR read pages 444 to 451 including

document on top of page 449.

• RR led to integrated national economic system• Federal & state gov’ts provided important

incentives – land grant acts• Importance of Promontory, Utah• Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan)

AN INDUSTRIAL EMPIRE

Steel• Permitted

construction of longer bridges, taller buildings, stronger RR tracks, deadlier weapons, better plows, heavier machinery, and faster ships.

• From the 1870s onward steel output became the worldwide accepted measure of industrial progress & nations around the globe vied for leadership.

CARNEGIE & STEEL

Henry Bessemer of England and William

Kelly of the United States, independently of

each other discovered that a blast of hot air

forced through molten iron burned off carbon

and other impurities resulting in steel of a

more uniform and durable quality. This process

called the BESSEMER PROCESS allowed for

the mass production of high quality low cost

steel.

Large Scale Steel

Production Needs:

• Access to Large Iron Ore Deposits • Access to an

extensive transportation network

“vertical

integration”• A type of

organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process from obtaining raw materials to manufacture and sale of the finished product

ANDREW CARNEGIE

Immigrated to the US from Scotland in 1848 at the age of

12

• 1st job as a Bobbin Boy making $1.20 a week• Studied at night in bed, learned telegraphing and

got a job at the Pennsylvania RR• 1859 became Divisional Superintendent for PA RR

(he was 24)• 1872 Carnegie began his investments in the Steel

Industry• 1890 Carnegie Steel Company one of only 2

companies in the entire country that could produce more than one million tons of steel per year.

Read Carnegie’s article “Wealth” (1889)

• A man who dies rich dies disgraced

• Carnegie felt that rich men had to responsibility to give away their money – not directly to the people but by setting up fellowships, libraries, music halls, etc.

• Carnegie underpaid his workers and allowed Frick to crush a violent strike at the Homestead Plant in 1892 (see p. 465)

1901 Carnegie sold

Carnegie Steel to JP

Morgan

JP created United

States Steel Company the

first BILLION DOLLAR

COMPANY in history.

ROCKEFELLER & OILPetroleum profitable as kerosene for lighting

• 1st Oil well was drilled inTitusville, PA

1863 – John D. Rockefeller founded the first

modern trust – the Standard Oil Co.

THE BUSINESS OF INVENTION

George Eastman = photographic equipmentAlexander Graham Bell with help from Thomas Edison make the Telephone possible in people’s homesCyrus Field = Transatlantic Cable (communication between Europe & the US becomes almost instantaneous) Other inventions: typewriter, stock ticker, cash register, calculating machine, adding machines, High speed spindles, automatic looms, electric sewing machines, new processes for flour, canned meat, vegetables, condensed milk, packaged cereals, refrigerated RR cars, etc.The Telephone and Electricity were the most important of all the inventions of the late 19th century.

D I R E C T V S. A LT E R N AT I N G C U R R E N T

Edison, with the backing of JP Morgan, founded the Edison Illuminating Co. and used low voltage direct current for transmitting electricity.

• Direct current can only be transmitted about two miles so a series of power stations had to be built to transmit the electricity to homes. (by 1900 about 2,774 stations)

Nikola Tesla, a Hungarian immigrant and former Edison employee, developed alternating current motor, backed by George Westinghouse, that could convert electricity into mechanical power that was transmitted easily over long distances. End Result – JP Morgan took controlling interest in Edison Illuminating Co. away from Edison, bought Tesla’s rights to his patents from Westinghouse and formed General Electric using Alternating Current.

THE SELLERSAdvertising becomes common

• 1st advertising agency was N.W. Ayer & Son of PhiladelphiaNew ways of selling include chain store, department store, brand name, mail-order

• 1st Department Store – John Wanamaker of Philadelphia, followed by R. H. Macy in NY and Marshall Field in Chicago

• Mail-order Stores – Sears-Roebuck Co. and Montgomery Ward & Co.• Chain Store – A&P grocery stores, F.W. Woolworth’s 5 & dime stores

The consequence of advertising and large –scale retailing included:• Americans becoming a consumer society• The demands for goods increasing• And a national market joined all parts of the nation

John Wanamaker, Philadelphia

Ad from Sears Catalogue, 1909

Ad for Macy’s new building in NYC

THE WAGE EARNERSWorking men, women & children

• Worked 6 days a week, 10 to 12 hours a day (skilled workers = .20 cents per hours; unskilled workers = .10 cents per hour)

• Safety standards were low & accidents were common (the U.S. had the worst Industrial Accident Rate in the Western World at the time!)

• Women = 1870 15% over age 16 were employed; 1900 20% (YOUNG AND SINGLE) once married most women stopped working – the exception was African American Women who continued to work as domestic help.

• Children = 1900 1 out of every 5 boys and 1 out of every 10 girls between the ages of 10 & 15 held jobs (boys were paid less than women and girls were paid less than boys)

Women in the professions• Women entered formerly male occupations like secretaries,

bookkeepers, typists, telephone operators, and clerks in the new department stores.

• VERY FEW WOMEN entered the Professions • Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman doctor in the US when she

graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1849• Arabella Mansfield became the first woman lawyer in the US 1869

• The FEMINIZATION of the Professions• An overwhelming majority of women became nurses, schoolteachers, and

librarians• During feminization of these jobs, women became the workers

while MEN took management roles and most men left for other jobs, lowering the profession’s status. (TEACHING is a PRIME EXAMPLE OF FEMINIZATION)

In the industrial

society white, native

born Protestant men

reaped the greatest

rewards

Blacks labored on the fringes,

usually in menial occupations• The last hired and the first fired,

they earned less than other workers at almost every level of skill.

Chinese (later Japanese) lived in

enclaves and suffered periodic

attacks of discrimination• CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT,

1882 prohibiting the immigration of Chinese workers for 10 years

THE WORKERS CONT.

Who benefitted The Minorities

LABOR UNIONS

KNIGHTS OF LABOR• Founded by Uriah S. Stephens in Philadelphia, PA 1869• 1879 Terence V. Powderly became the new Grand Master

Workman (union president)• Aim== All Americans should receive equal benefits from the

system• Women and Minorities were allowed to be members• Successful in small RR victories• At its apex had 730,000 members

• Failed because it could not provide effective national leadership

Uriah Stephens

Terence V. Powderly

American Federation of Labor• Founded by Samuel Gompers a cigar maker by trade, a Jewish

immigrant from England who settled in New York City.• Aim – to improve the “workingman’s welfare year by year”

• Higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions• AFL limited women workers from joining its union an excluded

black members through the use of technical exams, and high initiation fees.

• GROWTH of the AFL: 1886 = 140,000; 1892= 250,000; 1901= 1 million; 1914 = 2 million. 1955 joined the CIO. Today as the AFL-CIO has 55 million members

LABOR UNREST

David Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages – Supply and demand,

not the welfare of their workers, dictated wages.• Wanting a docile labor for force, employers fired union

members, hired scabs to replace strikers, and used the Court Injunction to force workers back on the job.• Injunctions were used to break the Pullman Strike of 1894

The U.S. had the greatest number of violent confrontations

between capital and labor in the industrial world. • Between 1880 & 1900 there were more than 23,000 strikes

involving 6.6 million workers.

THE HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOTMay, 1886 Police shot and killed two workers striking for an 8-hour

workday.

• May 4, labor leaders called for a protest meeting at Haymarket Square near downtown Chicago

• The Meeting was Peaceful when someone threw a bomb which killed one policeman and fatally wounded 6 others.

• Police fired into the crowed and killed 4 people.• No one knows who threw the bomb BUT…..• Police rounded up 8 anarchist who were convicted of murder even

though there wasn’t any evidence • 4 were hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 remained in jail and

were pardoned by the governor in 1893.

• Haymarket Square linked the labor movement with anarchism in the public mind which weakened the national labor movement.

THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE1892 Henry Clay Frick & Andrew Carnegie cut the workers salaries 20% at the Homestead Steel Plant.

• The Amalgamated Iron & Steel Workers struck; Frick Locked them Out of the plant

• Frick hired the Pinkerton Agents (his own private army) to drive the striking workers off the grounds of the plant.• 3 detectives and 10 workers died in the battle that followed• PA governor order the state militia to impose peace at

Homestead• Late July, the Homestead works reopened under military

guard & in November the strikers gave up• (results: union was abolished – workers ended up taking

pay cut, working 13 straight days, 12 hours per day, no safety provisions in the steel mills)