The Industrial Revolution

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Urbanization

The Shire Mordor

iClicker Questions

Chapter 18: Revolutions of Industrialization, 1750–1914

Comparison: Industrialization in both Russia and the United States

a. occurred with greater state support than in Britain.b. resulted in the emergence of powerful Marxist

socialist movements.c. failed to spark rapid urbanization.d. took root at the same time as the emergence of more

democratic governments.

Change: Which of the following was NOT a long-term outcome of the Industrial Revolution?

a. Creation of a culture of innovationb. Significant changes to people’s working patternsc. Enormous increase in the output of goodsd. Efforts by governments, especially in Europe, to slow

or stop industrialization

Connection: Industrialization a. had little impact on most regions that did not industrialize.b. was limited to Europe and North America because other

regions proved unable to adopt the new technologies and production techniques.

c. had a profound impact on regions where the Industrial Revolution did not take place because of the demands of industrial economies for raw materials and markets.

d. resulted in Europe becoming less involved in world trade because it no longer needed products manufactured elsewhere.

Answer Key for Chapter 18

1. Answer is A2. Answer is D3. Answer is C

Writing in red is for information only. Please make sure that you pay attention to it. Writing in black needs to be in your notes.

• Mahatma Gandhi criticized industrialization as economic exploitation.– few people have agreed with him– every kind of society has embraced at least the idea of industrialization since it started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century

• The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation.

• initial industrialization period was 1750–1900• drew on the Scientific Revolution• utterly transformed European society• We don’t know where we are in the industrial

era—at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.

• At the heart of the Industrial Revolution lay a great acceleration in the rate of technological innovation, leading to enormous increases in the output of goods and services.– use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum

engines)– before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were

about equal technologically– greatest breakthrough was the steam engine– spread from Britain to Western Europe, then to the United

States, Russia, and Japan

• British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation– policy of religious toleration (established 1688)

welcomed people with technical skills regardless of faith– British government imposed tariffs to protect its

businessmen– it was easy to form companies and forbid workers’

unions– unified internal market, thanks to road and canal system– patent laws protected inventors’ interests

The First Industrial Society

• The British Aristocracy – the aristocracy declined, because urban wealth

became more important– many businessmen, manufacturers, and bankers

were enriched– by 1900, businessmen led the major political parties– lower middle class: service sector workers (clerks,

secretaries, etc.)– by 1900, they were around 20 percent of Britain’s

population

• The Middle Classes– upper middle class: some became extremely

wealthy, bought into aristocratic life– middle class: large numbers of smaller

businessmen and professionals– stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and

cleanliness– middle-class women were more frequently cast as

homemakers, wives, and mothers

• The Laboring Classes– in the nineteenth century, about 70 percent of Britons were workers– laboring classes suffered most/benefited least from industrialization– by 1851, a majority of Britain’s population was urban– by 1900, London was the largest city in the world (6 million)– horrible urban conditions– long hours, low wages, and child labor were typical for the poor– vast overcrowding– inadequate sanitation and water supplies– epidemics– few public services or open spaces– little contact between the rich and the poor

• Social Protest among the Laboring Classes – “friendly societies,” especially of artisans, for self-help

were common– other skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery

and burned mills– some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise

working-class men– trade unions were legalized in 1824

• growing numbers of factory workers joined them• fought for better wages and working conditions• at first, upper classes feared them

• socialist ideas spread gradually – Karl Marx (1818–1883) laid out a full ideology of socialism– socialist ideas were attractive among more radical trade unionists

and some middle-class intellectuals in the late nineteenth century

– by 1900, Britain was in economic decline relative to newly industrialized states like Germany and the United States

What is Socialism?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMqNL7sIhGs&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIPDJ1Cc_uw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

• The Industrial Revolution soon spread to continental Western Europe.– by 1900, it was established in the United States,

Russia, and Japan– industrialization had broadly similar outcomes

wherever it was established– French industrialization was slower– variations are most apparent in the cases of the

United States and Russia

The United States: Industrialization without Socialism

• American industrialization began with New England textiles (1820s)• explosive growth after the Civil War• by 1914, the United States was the world’s leading industrial power• the U.S. government played an important role through tax breaks, land

grants to railroads, laws making formation of corporations easy, absence of overt regulation

• creation of a “culture of consumption” through advertising, catalogs, and department stores

• self-made industrialists became cultural heroes (Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller)• serious social divisions rose• growing gap between rich and poor

– constant labor of the working class– creation of vast slums– growing labor protest

• “Populists” denounced corporate interests• “Progressives” were more successful,

especially after 1900• socialism was labeled as fundamentally “un-

American”

Russia: Industrialization and Revolution

• Russia was an absolute monarchy, with the greatest state control of anywhere in the Western world

• in 1900: no national parliament, no legal political parties, no nationwide elections

• dominated by a titled nobility (many highly Westernized)• until 1861, most Russians were serfs• in Russia, the state, not society, usually initiated change

– Peter the Great (r. 1689–1725) was an early example of “transformation from above”

– Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796) also worked to Europeanize Russian culture and intellectual life

– the state directed freeing of the serfs in 1861– the state set out to improve Russia’s economic and industrial backwardness

• Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s• focused on railroads and heavy industry• industry was concentrated in a few major cities• growing middle class disliked Russia’s deep conservatism,

sought a greater role in political life• but they were dependent on the state for contracts and jobs• Russian working class (only about 5 percent of the

population) rapidly radicalized– harsh conditions– no legal outlet for grievances– large-scale strikes

• Marxist socialism appealed to some educated Russians, gave them hope for the future

• founded the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (1898)• major insurrection broke out in 1905, after defeat in war by Japan• in Moscow and St. Petersburg, workers went on strike, created

their own representative councils (“soviets”)• peasant uprisings, student demonstrations• non-Russian nationalities revolted• military mutiny• brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s regime to make reforms

• Russian Revolution broke out in 1917• brought the most radical of the socialist

groups to power—the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

• only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution