The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Chapter 11, Sections 1 & 2

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Takes place throughout the early and mid-1800s.

Tons of new ideas and inventions change the way that Americans live forever

These inventions affect all areas of life: factory work, farming, communications, transportation, and more

Why were these inventions Why were these inventions needed?needed?

The idea behind all inventions is that they MAKE YOUR LIFE OR JOB EASIER. They SOLVE PROBLEMS.◦Why would you ever invent something to

make your life harder?

FACTORIESFACTORIES Factory System boosts manufacturing ◦ New “textile mills” turn

cotton into cloth◦ cheap labor is hired

(children and women) ◦ Jobs are specialized; workers

only need to perform a small number of mindless tasks

◦ Fewer children receive an education, because you don’t need one to work these machines

Factory SystemFactory SystemJames Watt: inventor

of the Steam Engine◦ This produces power to

run machines in factories; later added to power trains, boats, and other machines

◦ Conditions are terrible; wages were poor; safety standards don’t exist yet

◦ The need for cotton increases dramatically

CommunicationsCommunications

Samuel Morse invents the telegraph machine in 1837.◦ Along with this

machine, he develops Morse Code, a system of short and long electric impulses that can be passed along a wire to represent letters and numbers.

TransportationTransportationNew methods of transportation

have many effects:1. People can travel over greater

distances.2. Businesses can transport more

goods.3. Armies can supply and transport

their soldiers more easily.

TransportationTransportation

Peter Cooper: builds America’s first steam locomotive in 1830

Improves upon Richard Trevithick’s locomotive, built in 1804 in Wales

Revolutionizes the way Americans travel and transport goods

TransportationTransportation

Robert Fulton ◦ Nautilus is the

world’s first submarine

◦ More importantly, he builds the Clermont, the first effective steamboat in 1807. Solves the problem of up-river travel.

FarmingFarmingCyrus McCormick’s Mechanical Reaper

◦Harvests grains

John Deere’s Steel Plow◦Prepares soil for planting; lighter and

stronger

Andrew Meikle’s Threshing Machine◦Separates kernels from waste part of

grains

FarmingFarmingEli Whitney’s Cotton Gin: 1793

◦ Arguably the single most revolutionary invention of its time, in that its effect on our society was the greatest in the shortest amount of time

◦ Used to “clean” cotton (removed seeds and thorns)

Effects of the cotton ginEffects of the cotton ginOne slave with a cotton gin could

do the work of 50 slaves without one

Able to meet demand of Northeastern and British textile mills

1790: major Southern crops were tobacco & rice. Only 3,135 bales of cotton produced.

By 1860, Cotton was King in the South. Over 3.8 million bales of cotton were produced

Effects of the cotton gin on Effects of the cotton gin on slavesslavesBy 1810, slavery was dying out in the

South. The African slave trade had been made illegal in 1808 (so no new slaves were brought over from Africa).

The need for more slaves to operate the cotton gins increased dramatically. ◦Question: So, if they weren’t allowed to

bring more slaves over from Africa, how would Southern farmers get more slaves?

Effects of the cotton gin on Effects of the cotton gin on slavesslavesAnswer: Breed them, just like you would horses,

cows, or any other farm animal.

Male and female slaves used to be kept separate, to prevent them from starting families. This made them easier to control.

Slave owners began encouraging slaves to have children, so that they supply of slaves would not run out.

Number of slaves in U.S. doubles between 1810 and 1840