The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750 – 1850)

Social RevolutionsPaleolithic Rev.• over 4 million yrs ago• first stone tools• hunting, gathering

Neolithic Revolution* 10,000 years ago* farming begins * domesticated animals

Agricultural Revolution• Charles Townsend's crop rotation

• plant different crop each year

Enclosure Movement

• English landowners bought and fenced village land.

• Farmers had to pay to use of the land

• Forced to make the most out of their land

• Farmers moved to cities.

Weekly Budget for a Family of Seven in Manchester England, 1830s

Total Income = $6.25

Expenses:

Butter .31 Bread .12

Tea .09 Sugar .18

Oatmeal .13 Pepper/salt .06

Bacon .18 Coal .38

Potatoes .33 Rent .87

Milk .43 TOTAL $4.47

Meat (1lb) .14

Soap, candles .25

Enclosure Movement in Great Britain

• From 1727 to 1845 there were 1,385 enclosure acts. From 1700 to 1845 about 14,000,000 acres were enclosed which was a quarter of the arable land in the country. In 1873, 2,250 persons owned about half the land of England

• How many total acres of arable land were there in England?

• If 2,250 people owned half the land of England how many acres did each own, on average?

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill1. sow seeds in rows, at specific depths

2. larger share of seed germinated.

3. crop yields increased

4. population increased

Dawn of Industrial Age

• How did an agricultural revolution contribute to a population explosion?

A Population Explosion

Causes:1. The agricultural revolution contributed to a

rapid growth of population that continues today.

2. The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining death rates than to rising birthrates.

How?

Why England?Manchester a “Premier Industrial City”

• cheap agricultural products (wool-sheep, flax-linen, cotton from colonies)

• no church control• capital• large work force• natural resources• democratic

ColoniesA- mercantilism made England rich

B- “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”

The Textile Industry

• Why? Cotton was used for everything!

• Sails for ships, clothing

• Need more cotton

• Whitney’s cotton gin• Need fast producing

machines

Cottage IndustryTextile Industry Inventions

• 1764 Flying Shuttle –weaving

1733 -Spinning Jenny

                       

From Cottage/Domestic System to the Factory System

Flying shuttle for hand loom

= wider fabric, faster weaving

Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (home use)

= more yarn needed

Arkwright’s water frame (factory spinning)

= More cotton needed

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

= faster removal of seeds

Growers raise more cotton

Factory System• 1964 The Water

Frame started the first factory system

                       

Mother Necessity

• Merchants compete to sell cheaper, better goods

• need to lower costs

• need quicker transportation

• need bigger factories

• need more markets

• shift to SKILLED workers

Energy Revolution - Steam Power

• Not all factories could be near water

• Need for new power machinery

• 1st Newcomen, then Watt’s improved steam engine

Transportation

• John McAdam roadbed of large crushed stones with smooth layer of crushed stones.

• The "macadam" road is still the basis for most of our modern highways.

The waterframe was an invention that benefited which industry?

a) the iron industry

b) the transportation industry

c) the textile industry

d) the railroad industry

The trip from London to Manchester took how much longer in 1750 than in 1850?

a) approximately 70 hoursb) approximately 5 hoursc) approximately 100 hoursd) approximately 30 hours

Which was true of life in the factory system?

a) Women were not permitted to work in the factories

b) Workers who were sick or injured benefited from insurance.

c) Laws prevented workers from working more than eight hours a day.

d) Many people worked 12 to 16 hours a day.

Which was a benefit of the Industrial Revolution?

a) the cost of railroad travel rose.

b) wages fell.

c) the poor lived in decent homes & neighborhoods. d) More jobs were created.

Communications

• 1844 Morse Code telegraph

• 1866 Atlantic cable connects N. America and Europe

• 1884 Bell Telephone replaced telegraph

• 1886 Marconi “wireless”

Which was a result of the enclosure movement?

a) Farm output dropped.b) Farm output rose. c) Farm output stayed the same.d) More people became involved in

farming.

All of the following contributed to the population explosion except

a) Women ate better. b) Peasant farmers gained more land.

c) Hygiene and sanitation improved. d) Medical care improved.

Effects - Social• Urbanization

• No sanitary or building codes

• Lack of adequate housing & education

• Child Labor• 14+ hours a day• One 40 min. break• 1830 Manchester

Family of Seven earned $6.25/week!

Life Expectancy

Leeds Liverpool

• Gentlemen 44 Gentlemen 34

• Tradesman 27 Tradesman 22

• Industrial Worker 19 Industrial Worker 15

• Average Life Expectancy 1980s = 70-75

Effects of Industrial Revolution• Urbanization• 1600= 10%• 1850= 40%• Today = 80%

Depletion of natural resources

• Pollution

• Desertification

• Globalization

• Global Warming

Environmental Effects

Higher Standard of Living• lower prices

• quantity over quality

• shrinking world

• slums, homeless

• labor unions illegal

• stock corporations

• automation replaces workers

Effect = New Social Order

Before After

Rich industrialized nations vs. Poor “third world” nations

New wealthy Middle Class

Socialism & Communism (Marx)• Socialism - workers

share the wealth

• Workers were exploited

• proletariat to unite and overthrow factory owners

• dictatorship of the proletariat

• Communism = society run by working class, no government necessary

Karl Marx

• Why???

–unions now legal

–nationalism

–end of laissez faire

Marx’s Communism does not occur

Workers’ Rights

• Starts in England

• Reform Act of 1832 = representation for cities

• Reform Bill of 1867 = universal male suffrage

• 1825 = Legalization of Trade Unions

• 1911 House of Commons takes all legislative power

• 1918 = women suffrage

Spread of Industrialization

• From England to Germany, France and United States (Gilded Age)

• Japan in 1854

• Russia begins by 1900

A Turning Point in History

• Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in world history?

Industrial Rev. Leads to Imperialism

• Get cheap raw materials from colonies

• Use colonies as market to sell products