the industrial revolution and the birth of modern europe “man no longer treated men as men, but as...
TRANSCRIPT
The Industrial Revolution and the Birth of Modern Europe
“Man no longer treated men as men, but as a commodity which could be bought and sold on the open market.”
The Industrial Revolution Long, slow process of production
shifting from hand tools with human and animal labour to steam and electrical machine power
Political disruptions in France the main reason that Britain lead in the industrial revolution
Agriculture Revolution One key to the industrial revolution was
the increased production and variety of crops produced
New crops from Americas – potatoes and corn
Charles Townsend – discovers crop rotation rather than leaving fields fallow Use of clover and turnips in rotation with wheat
and barley Clover and turnips used to feed animals for meat =
more animals Meat $ down = more protein in diets
11 22
33 44
Jethro Tull develops the seed drill rather than random scattering Reduced amount of seed used Easier to weed
Iron plow replaced wooden onesMechanical reapers and threshers
replace wooden ones
Land ownership changes Farmers used to work small strips of land in
scattered fields and graze their animals on “common land”
Enclosure movement – wealthy land owners begin claiming sole rights to use of the common lands from 1500s on
Land use more efficient but forced many smaller farmers out
Some become tenant workers Most move to towns and cities looking for work
Results1. Better diet = increased population =
more demand for manufactured goods
2. More efficient farming = fewer farm labourers = increased unemployment = urbanization and large available workforce
Individual gifts should be recognized in the delineation of responsibilities; each person should concentrate on a specific area of work Romans 12:6-8
Textile Industry 1500s and 1600s – “domestic industry”
developed Entrepreneurs supply rural residents with
raw wool and cotton In their cottages families clean and spin the
wool Use hand looms to make cloth Not able to keep up with increased
demand = innovation and invention begins
Cottage Industry
Mechanical inventions 1733 – John Kay – Flying Shuttle
replaces hand shuttle in looms could now weave faster than they could
spin
Mechanical inventions 1764 – James Hargreaves – “Spinning
Jenny” – multiple threads spun at once
Mechanical inventions 1769 – Richard Arkwright – Water
Frame – develops machine that could hold 100 spindles BUT too heavy to operate by hand (use of water power)
1779 – Spinning Jenny combined with water frame – more thread than weaving
1785 – Water Loom – weaving 200X faster
1779 – Spinning Jenny combined with water frame – more thread than weaving
1785 – Water Loom – weaving 200X faster 1791 – Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
Mechanically tore seeds from cotton plant Made cotton cheaper to produce
1830s – Britain importing 280 million pounds (127 million Kg) and the largest textile manufacturer in the world
Factory System Machines expensive and had to be beside
moving water (water wheels) Mills often hired hundreds of workers to run
new machines Factory system gradually replaces domestic
system Brought workers and machines to one place
to manufacture goods (more efficient) First time everyone had set number of hours
of work and a set daily or weekly wage
Steam Engine Idea had been around since 1698 but
unreliable and downright dangerous 1760s – James Watt – develops improved
version of Newcomen Engine (4X more power from same amount of coal
*Portable – no need for rivers* and used in textile industry but demand for coal increases
Iron and Coal Industries Steam engines need a lot of coal and iron –
Britain had lots Shift from charcoal (partially burned hardwoods)
to coke (coal with gasses burned off) to make iron 1780s – a puddling process improved iron quality
(less cracking under pressure) method of rolling molten iron into sheets
developed 1788-1806 – Iron production 4X in Britain because
of increased demand for coal and iron for steam engines
Why Britain Led Agricultural Revolution = more food =
more free workersPlentiful coal and iron resourcesDeveloped excellent transportation
system
Leading commercial power in EuropeCentre of world trade after defeating the
Spanish Armada in 1588 (esp. sugar, tea and slaves) Had the $ to develop new industries
Large colonial empire to supply raw materials (NZ – sheep) and buy finished goods in return
British government encouraged trade by lifting restrictions, building roads and canals, and having a strong navy to protect merchant ships and colonial interests
Stable intellectual and social climate promoted industrialization through a class society that was open to social ascendance by financial gain
Rise of Modern Industry (Stage II)
Industry spread quickly in the second half of the 19th century to Belgium, France, Japan (after the Meji Restoration) and Germany (after 1870)
Also spread to USA who would surpass Britain by 1880
Southern and Eastern Europe still largely agricultural and did little to encourage industrial development
Advances in science and technology Artificial dyes developed - cheaper than
natural ones, chemical fertilizers – rapidly increased food production
Alessandro Volta (1800) created one of the first electric batteries
Electric generators developed and would eventually replace steam
1866 – 1st Transatlantic Telegraph cable laid
1876 – Alexander Graham Bell – invents the telephone
1900 – Marconi – develops the radioEdison – Light bulb, phonograph,
electric generator, etc . . .
Advances in Transportation Internal combustion engine
Could be started and stopped more easily than steam
1886 – Daimler (German) develops first small gasoline engine for vehicles
Rudolf Diesel (German) develops large internal combustion engine for trucks, ships and locomotives
Resulted in a boom for petroleum, steel, and rubber industries
Airplanes @ Kittyhawk with the Wright Brothers Germans believed now to have been first
in the air
New Methods of Production Eli Whitney – came up with
interchangeable parts Had a gun factory – all hand made Made parts easily interchangeable and
repair speed up
Henry Ford – assembly line (1914) Work broken into small tasks Cost went down as a result = more people
could buy cars = boom in related industries
Financing Industrial Growth Corporation – business owned by many
investors who have bought shares in the company Became the dominant form of ownership
due to cost to set up a business Investors had limited liability – could only
lose what they put in
Many corporations bought up smaller companies and attempted to create monopolies (CWB) or related industries (Standard Oil) – vertical integration
Banks esp. prominent in financing corporations
Nations become interdependent because of trade of manufactured goods and resources, as well as investing in each other’s economies (Canada and USA)
Effects of Industrialization
Shift from rural and self-employed to urban wage earners
Population explosion 1750 – 140 million to 1914 – 463 million (over 3X) Ag. Rev. improved diets and health – people live
longer, medical discoveries and sanitation reduce deaths from disease
No major wars fought by Europeans between 1815 and 1914
Industry provided goods and jobs for the growing population
Problems of Growing Cities Cities often sprang up almost overnight
and were wherever the factories and resources were located (no longer on rivers or major trade routes)
Case Study: Manchester1750: 16 000 – 1855: 455 000 peopleBecame centre of British cotton industry
when coal and iron discovered nearbyRapid growth mean thousands of
factory workers into poorly built houses with 6-10 people living in a single 8X8 room
Little water or sanitation – sewage thrown in streets with pigs as garbage collectors
Slums became breeding grounds for disease Not even a chartered city so could not raise
taxes or pass laws to improve life No longer able to rely on neighbors like in
rural areas – destroyed sense of community
Working in a Factory Conditions often as bad or worse than the
conditions outside themWealth of unskilled labour = wages very low
Often whole families had to work to survive Women and children in high demand because
they could be paid less than men
Robertson’s Wagon Works Simulation and Modern Times (SS#5-4)
12-16 hour workdays, 6 days a week, no vacations, sick leave, or paid holidays
Conditions promoted illness or injury Fumes from machines, poor ventilation,
poor lighting, loud machines, and no safety equipment
If injured on the job there was no compensation, if it prevented you from doing the job they fired you
Worst of all – work was mindless and monotonous
Child Labour
The End Result - WW I
The Shift in Employment
New Social Structure Pre-industrial Revolution
Post-industrial Revolution
Upper-middle class attempted to adopt aristocratic customs and attitudes Country estates, horse racing, sailing, etc Most Middle Class tried to live quiet respectable
lives
Industrial workers largely unskilled and very aware that they were part of the lowest class without political or economic power Started to band together
Changing Roles for Women Women used to help farm the land as
servants or earn money through the domestic system
Went to work in the industrial revolution to support their family Often worked with their children in the mines
Put in a 12-16 hour workday and then still had to cook, clean, sew, and raise the children
Better wages meant women could stay at home and their husband became the sole wage earners late in the Industrial Revolution
As the Middle Class grew so did demand for domestic servants Often done by single women 1/3 of women working outside the home in late
1800s were domestic servants
Few Middle Class women worked outside the home and were encouraged to raise the children instead
Responses to the Industrial Revolution:
Britain and the USA
BritainMany in the Middle Class had little
sympathy for the workers and were only concerned with their investments and survival of their businesses
Demands for change in Britain
Protests against conditions – sometimes even violently 1811-1816 workers sabotaged their
machines (wooden shoes called sabo) 1819 demonstration in Manchester of 80
000 workers 11 killed, 400 wounded by troops
1831 Parliament began a series of investigations into factory and mine conditions Liberals wanted government to stay out but
conservatives sometimes attacked the conditions of workers
Everyone shocked by the conditions found – writers documented conditions (Oliver Twist, David Copperfield)
Reforms 1833 – Factory Act – limited work days
for children1842 – Mines Act – barred women and
boys under 13 from working in minesTen Hours Act – women and boys
under 18 can not work longer than 10 hours Extended to all workers in 1874
The Rise of Labour UnionsWorkers began to form associations
that would eventually turn into labour unions
Governments feared labour unions because: Shorter hours and increased wages =
higher prices for goods and less profit
Combination Acts (1799/1800) outlawed labour unions Repealed in 1820s but still could not strike
or picket Trade unions allowed – based on craft
(skilled labour) and able to bargain with employers because more valuable skill set
Struggled for the right to vote, 10-hour work day, and right to strike
1868 – 100 000 in trade unions in Britain alone
1870s – Trade unions won the right to strike and picket peacefully
Workers emboldened by success of trade unions and began to organize by industry in 1880s 1889 – London Dock Workers Union went on
strike and shut down the world’s busiest port Unions grew rapidly in W. Europe and USA
Madagascar 2 – 1:08:51
Gains for Workers 1870-1914 wages rose rapidly (2X in 1880s)
and goods were cheaper than ever before (easier to buy)
employers gradually come to believe that happy and healthy workers meant better productivity Better light and ventilation, safety devices Those who did not change had laws passed to
force them to improve (Britain, France, Germany especially)
Insurance funds established for workers who were sick or injured on the job, old age pensions, unemployment insurance for those who lost their jobs because of business failure or economic slowdown
1914 – workers better off than 100 years earlier
Public Schools setup
Improving City Life Implementation of building codes, better
access to water, sewage systems installed
Parks est., police force, gas/electric lighting, electric street cars and subway systems
Political Reforms in BritainQueen Victoria (1837 to 1901)
Limited constitutional monarchy with parliament supreme
most men could not vote (6%) and social & economic conditions drove reform movement
“rotten boroughs”middle class and workers demand reformReform Bill of 1832Chartist MovementCorn Laws
Extending Democracy Whigs (Liberals) lead by William Gladstone Tories (Conservatives) – Benjamin Desraeli alternated 1860 to 1890
Reform Bill 1867 by Desraeli (same as Gladstone in 1866)
1872 – secret ballot1884/5 – rural men allowed to vote1900 – Labour Party formed1911 – House of Lords loses veto
Other Reforms lifted restrictions and Catholics and
Protestants outside Church of England1807 – slave trade outlawed1833 – slavery outlawed in whole of
British EmpireFactory Acts1870 – Education Act
1909 - old age pension1911 - Insurance Act1912 - minimum wages
Reforms in the USA1860-1910 – 23 million immigrants seeking
political and economic freedomCities grew fast and unplannedMany of the same problems as EuropeOpposed unions based on tradition of “rugged
individualism”American Federation of Labour (a union of
unions) formed in 1881 and had 2 million members by 1914
ReformsProgressives (1900s)
Believed in progress and attacked corruption Movement spearheaded by Theodore Roosevelt
Anti-trust laws Regulation of businesses increased
Encouraged better city conditions and education Allowed women to vote (1915 and 1920) and
some African-Americans (discontented still)