The Industrial Revolution

Dawn of the Industrial Age

(1750-1850)• In 1750, most people made a living farming the

land, and most goods were produced by hand in a domestic (home) setting.

• Travel was limited, and few people knew the world outside their village.

• By the 1850s, many small towns had become large industrial cities.

• Food and clothing were made by machines in a factory and were bought in stores in exchange for wages earned at a job.

• This is referred to as the rise of industry and the demise of “cottage industries”

The Agricultural Roots of the

Industrial Revolution

• 1st Agricultural Revolution

occurred 11,000 years ago

when man first changed from

hunter gathering to

domesticating animals and

farming.

_________________________

• About 300 years ago, a

2nd Agricultural Revolution

occurred that greatly

improved the quality and

quantity of agricultural

products.

-Planting seeds and staying in one place

and open range herding._________________________________

-Seed culture, enclosure, fertilizer

The Agricultural Roots of the

Industrial Revolution (continued)

• The British (England) (1700s)

– Enclosures-fencing in land-

more productive methods

used to improve yields-

displaced small farmers

– Crop rotation-replaced three

field system

– Jethro Tull- the seed drill

(better than scattering and

wasting seed)

– Improved livestock breeding.

Population Explosion!!!

• As food supplies increased and living

conditions improved population grew.

• Increased demand for food & goods.

• Many farmers who lost their land to

enclosure became factory workers.

Why England?

• Large population and extensive natural

resources!

• Industrialization-the process of developing

machine production of goods-requires

such resources

• Water power and coal, iron ore, rivers,

harbors

Why England?

• Economic Strength and Political Stability

• Capital to invest in new inventions

• Highly developed banking system-loans

• Military & Political success=positive

attitude

• Laws passed to protect business and help

them expand

• Factors of Production=Land, Labor, and

Capital!

New Technology Drives

The Industrial Revolution• Energy Revolution

– James Watt vastly

improves the steam

engine (invented by

Thomas Newcomen) which

was key to the industrial

revolution.

New Technology Drives

The Industrial Revolution• Textile industry first to

be transformed

• Flying shuttle, Spinning

Jenny, Water frame,

spinning mule-ALL

increased production

• Factories-production

moves from homes to

large buildings

• Cotton-Cotton gin

increased cotton

production

Textile Mills

Why England? (continued)• Transportation

– Turnpikes privately built roads that charged fees

for use- “macadams”

– Steam powered locomotive invented by George

Stephenson, and the first major railroad was built in

1830.

– The steamboat invented by Robert Fulton (USA)

shipped goods on water at record speeds.

– By the late 1800s, coal powered freighters with

iron hulls were hauling 10 to 20 times the cargo of

wooden ships.

The Rest of the World Catches Up• Many places such as the new nation of

Germany (who united in 1871) and the US had greater amounts of natural resources than did England.

-Nickolaus Otto- first car

-Karl Benz – first patent for car (3 wheels)

-Gottleib Daimler- first four wheeled auto

-Sam Morse – telegraph

-Alexander Graham Bell – the phone

• They stole ideas from England and made them better

The New Technology(late 1800s- early 1900s)

• Alfred Nobel- dynamite

(1866)

• Electricity- dynamo machine

that generates electricity

• Henry Ford- assembly line to

make cars (Model T)

• Wright Brothers –first

airplane

Yeah, I blow stuff up.

New Economic Systems Flourish

• The spread of industrialism to Europe and the US accelerated the spread of colonialism and imperialism.

• New investors (capitalists and investors) invested money (and received stock) and time to build on the creative ideas (technology) of others (entrepreneurs) to make goods (supply) out of cheap goods (raw materials) obtained from overseas possessions (colonies in an empire) for those wage earners (labor) who had money to spend (demand) on goods they used (thus, they were consumers).

Negative Effects of the

Industrial Revolution

• continued demand for slaves in the U.S.– Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased the need for people to

pick cotton

The Haves =bourgeoisie

• The entrepreneurs

(Individuals who start

a new business and

risk their own $) who

opened factories and

shipping companies

became very rich

during the early

industrial revolution.

The Have-Nots=Proletariat

• The people who

worked in the

factories for the

entrepreneurs (the

working class), were

soul-crushingly poor.

Urbanization

• Urbanization: The movement of people to

the cities

• The Industrial revolution brought rapid

urbanization.

Causes of Urbanization

• Population explosion

• High demand for workers

Don’t Forget!

• The enclosure

movement

pushed people

off the farms and

into the cities

City Life

• Cities grew around factories

• These cities grew rapidly, without planning

• Working people lived in tenements in

hellish slums

• The lack of planning meant that there was

no sewage, running water, or sanitation

system

No sanitation meant the streets were filled

with trash

The crowded, filthy slums were a breeding

ground for diseases such as cholera

Working Life in Factories

• Factory work was difficult and dangerous

• Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours

• If you complained, you were fired.

• If you got sick, you were fired.

• If you got hurt and could no longer work,

you were fired.

Women at Work

• Factory owners hired

women because they

could pay them less

• Women with families

worked 12 hours a

day and were still

expected to cook,

clean, etc. when they

finally got home.

Children at Work

• Families needed the income working

children could provide.

• Children could be hired at very low wages

• Children worked in the same dangerous

factories, for the same long hours

Child labor in the textile mills

Industrial pollution (London 1840s)

Poverty in the tenements

Workers respond to the awful

conditions of their lives

• 1) Workers

protested

their

conditions

• These

protests were

put down

violently by

the British

government

Worker Response…continued

• 2) Luddites: skilled

workers rejected the

new machines that

cost them their jobs

by smashing them

Worker response…continued

• 3) Methodism: a new

religious movement

founded by John

Wesley. Working

people tried to focus

on a better life to

come rather than their

lives on earth

New Ways of Thinking

• The industrial revolution changed the way

people thought about everything from

economics to the way governments should

work.

“Iron law of wages”

• English economist David Ricardodeveloped idea

• Believed that workers should only be paid enough to survive

• If they make more, they will only have more children and therefore become poor again or die off from starvation

• Leads to the idea that poverty is caused by character flaws in an individual

Rise of Socialism

• Critics of the Industrial Revolution began

advocating for a more even distribution of

the wealth and the benefits of

industrialization

• Many were labeled utopians because

ideas were impractical and impossible to

implement

Robert Owen

Rise of Socialism

• Robert Owen set up an

utopian system in his

factories, creating an

ideal working community

– workers worked less,

children were taken care

of while parents worked,

productivity and profit

increased

Socialism

• Goals• Factors of production owned by the

public-operate for the welfare of all.

Protect workers from greedy employers

• Government & Business:• Government should actively plan the

economy. Equality and end of poverty.

• Major Philosophers:• Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

• Big Downside:• More taxes and less freedom than

capitalism

Communism and Capitalism

• Karl Marx and Frederick

Engels witness the

horrors of industrialization

• Together they write the

Communist Manifesto,

the following chart

outlines the major

differences between

communism and

capitalism

Karl Marx

Communism

• Major Philosophers:– Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles (1848) write

the Communist Manifesto and Das

Capital

• Vocabulary:– Bourgeoisie – upper middle class factory

owners (abusers)

– Proletariat – lower working class, factory

workers (abused)

• Government & Business:– Government controls all businesses and

provides for everyone.

• Note:– He believed that in the end the proletariat

would rise up and take the means of

production and set up a “classless” society.

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Founders Adam Smith Karl

Marx/Frederick

Engels

Book Wealth of

Nations

The Communist

Manifesto

Communism and Capitalism

View on

people

People become

wealthy because

they offer

something – a

product or service,

that others want

Everyone has the

opportunity to

succeed

People should

cooperate to

obtain success,

eliminating

competition

Everyone should

have an equal

share of the

available

wealth/property

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

View of

government

Government

should not interfere

with economy –

laissez faire

Everything

owned by

government

Government

closely regulates

economy (sets

prices, etc.)

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Individual

Freedom

People are free to

choose their own

careers

Freedom of

religion

Freedom is more

important than

security

Government

determines job

placement

Religion

considered a

burden

Sacrifice freedom

for security

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Social

Conditions

Through hard

work people can lift

themselves out of

poverty

Government

ownership of the

economy will end

unemployment,

poverty, hunger,

and slave-like

working conditions

Communism and Capitalism

Future of the

World

Capitalism is the

only efficient

economic system

Capitalism is self-

destructive

Workers will

eventually rise up

in a violent

revolution and take

power

The future of the

world is

communism

Legislation and Reform

• Early attempts to regulate factories lacked any real enforcement

• Unions-collective bargaining (negotiation between employers and employees)-strikes if demands not met.

• Unions were outlawed by the government in the early stages of industrialization because they would interfere with the natural order of the factories. After 1825, unions were “unhappily” tolerated.

Legislation and Reform

• Initial legislation only limited child labor

• Kids could only work twelve-hour days and it only affected the textile mills (excluded the mines, shipyards, match factories, etc.)

Legislation and Reform

• Factory Acts of 1833, 1842, and 1847– limited child labor

– prohibited women and children in the mines

– set the maximum number of hours for women

and children at ten

Benefits of Industrialism• Growing middle class

– Investment

– Higher education and standard of living

• Health benefits

– Longer life expectancy

– Edward Jenner- discovers smallpox vaccination

– Louis Pasteur- discovers bacteria, and how to eliminate it in

food

• Population increase

• Britain and US outlaw slave trade, and eventually

slavery

• Women’s movement (suffrage) begins to gain

momentum

Advances in Medicine

Above: smallpox victim

Top Right: Edward Jenner- the man who

found a vaccine for smallpox (1796)

Bottom Right: Louis Pasteur- microbiologist

who found a vaccine for rabies, and

developed the pasteurization process (1865)