The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Why in England and western Europe and not somewhere else in the world?

By: Donald JohnsonEdited from a slideshow by JmClark

The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Today, most historians agree that the Today, most historians agree that the Industrial Revolution was a turning point in Industrial Revolution was a turning point in the history of the world. It changed the the history of the world. It changed the

Western world from Western world from a rural and agrarian a rural and agrarian society to an urban society to an urban and industrial society. and industrial society.

Advent of changeAdvent of change

Starting around 1750 Great Britain was to set the pace in Europe for the next century or so, thanks to its lucrative agrarian industry, wealthy landowners and an astonishing number of creative inventors.

Cottage IndustryCottage Industry

Before the Industrial Revolution, textiles were produced under the putting-out system, in which merchant clothiers had their work done in the homes of artisans or farming families.

Cotton was spun and woven into cloth by Cotton was spun and woven into cloth by hand in England until textile machinery, hand in England until textile machinery, developed in the late 1700s, revolutionized developed in the late 1700s, revolutionized its manufacture.its manufacture.

Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

First on the scene First on the scene were spinning were spinning machines. These machines. These were followed by were followed by mechanical looms mechanical looms and before long and before long textile factories were textile factories were shooting up all over shooting up all over the place.the place.

Water powerWater power

The first textile mills, needing waterpower to drive their machinery, were built on fast-moving streams in rural England.

An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town

Period art Period art showing the showing the transformation transformation of the of the countryside countryside during the during the Industrial Industrial Revolution in Revolution in Great BritainGreat Britain

Cotton millCotton mill

A cotton mill, A cotton mill, c.c.18501850. .

By the mid-19th century, By the mid-19th century, cotton manufacture was an cotton manufacture was an entirely factory-based entirely factory-based operation, notably in operation, notably in the Lancashire towns the Lancashire towns of Manchester and of Manchester and Oldham as shown Oldham as shown in this photograph at in this photograph at right.right.

Child LaborChild LaborWhen the industrial When the industrial evolution first came to evolution first came to Britain and the U.S., Britain and the U.S., there was a high there was a high demand for labor. demand for labor. Families quickly Families quickly migrated from the migrated from the rural farm areas to the rural farm areas to the newly industrialized newly industrialized cities to find work. cities to find work.

Work conditionsWork conditions

Once they got there, things Once they got there, things

did not look as bright as did not look as bright as

they did. To survive in even the lowest level they did. To survive in even the lowest level of poverty, families had to have every able of poverty, families had to have every able member of the family go to work. This led to member of the family go to work. This led to the high rise in child labor in factories. the high rise in child labor in factories. Children were not treated well, overworked, Children were not treated well, overworked, and underpaid for a long time before anyone and underpaid for a long time before anyone tried to change things for them.tried to change things for them.

LaborLabor

The way people worked The way people worked changed, as did they way changed, as did they way they lived - not always for they lived - not always for the better.the better.

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolutionBritain changed more Britain changed more during this era than at any during this era than at any other time. People moved other time. People moved from the from the countryside countryside to the new to the new towns and towns and cities. cities.

SuperpowerSuperpower

Britain became Britain became the world's the world's biggest biggest superpower with superpower with the huge the huge increase in increase in industrial industrial production, and production, and imperial imperial expansion.expansion.

Ironbridge Ironbridge GorgeGorge

The world’s first castiron bridge, spanning the Severn at Coalbrookdale, was built in 1779 using iron from furnaces owned by Darby.

Considered the Considered the birthplace of the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, it had all the it had all the necessary ingredients necessary ingredients for industrialization: for industrialization: coal, clay, ironstone, coal, clay, ironstone, and limestone and limestone exposed at the exposed at the surface.surface.

Soana layoutSoana layout

A map from 1761 illustrates in very fine detail, a A map from 1761 illustrates in very fine detail, a group of buildings settled on the right bank of group of buildings settled on the right bank of the Soana torrent. By the mid-1700s, the blood-the Soana torrent. By the mid-1700s, the blood-red skies above the gorge meant power and red skies above the gorge meant power and success to the pioneering industrialists.success to the pioneering industrialists.

IronIron

•If textiles fueled the If textiles fueled the Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, iron was the iron was the scaffolding on which scaffolding on which it was constructed.it was constructed.•Without iron, there Without iron, there could have been no could have been no meaningful meaningful industrialization. industrialization.

IronIron

It was needed everywhere, from the framework of spinning mules to the boilers and cylinders of steam engines.

James Watts’ steam James Watts’ steam engineengine

Double acting Double acting stationary stationary engineengine

The huge ironworks would never have come The huge ironworks would never have come into existence without the steam engine, the into existence without the steam engine, the third great trigger of the age.third great trigger of the age.

Population Population GrowthGrowth

• Population Population begins to grow begins to grow especially in especially in England.England.

• What are some possible explanations for What are some possible explanations for this growth?this growth?

• Is the population more urban or rural?Is the population more urban or rural?

PopulatiPopulation on growthgrowth

resulted from:• agricultural

revolution• expansion of

trade• openness to

innovation

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

Acceptance of potatoAcceptance of potato • 2-3 more times 2-3 more times • more food per acre than the more food per acre than the

crops it replaced crops it replaced

Turnips, Legumes, and CloverTurnips, Legumes, and Clover• Easy on soil Easy on soil • Feed animalsFeed animals (milk available)

Population Growth Population Growth

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution leads to: leads to:• More dependable food suppliesMore dependable food supplies• Ends cyclical famine Ends cyclical famine • Better nutrition leads to longer lifespan Better nutrition leads to longer lifespan • More positive outlook on lifeMore positive outlook on life

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Dependable food supplies + good job Dependable food supplies + good job opportunities = Younger average age of opportunities = Younger average age of marriage marriage • Earlier marriage increases the birthrate Earlier marriage increases the birthrate

per couple per couple

Early 19Early 19thth century 40% of England under the century 40% of England under the age of 15 age of 15

Migration from countryside to cities Migration from countryside to cities

Changes in TradeChanges in Trade

• Bettering TransportationBettering Transportation• Cottage Industries Cottage Industries • Sweet Tooth for EuropeSweet Tooth for Europe

• Sugar Cane from plantations most Sugar Cane from plantations most profitable item in international trade profitable item in international trade

Developing infrastructureDeveloping infrastructure

The development of the railway stimulated the economy by providing cheap and efficient transport which lowered the carriage cost of goods.

Outcomes Outcomes

• Greater income disparityGreater income disparity• England becomes the major power in England becomes the major power in

Europe through its successful trade Europe through its successful trade • Capitalism beats out mercantilism as Capitalism beats out mercantilism as

the way to run a countrythe way to run a country

T T e e m m x i x i

t l t l

l ll liillee In this modern textile mill many In this modern textile mill many

machines whir busily in an initial stage machines whir busily in an initial stage of processing fiber into fabric.of processing fiber into fabric.

LinksLinks• http://www.puhsd.k12.ca.us/chana/staffpages/eichman/Adult_School/us/http://www.puhsd.k12.ca.us/chana/staffpages/eichman/Adult_School/us/

fall/industrialization/1/industrial_revolution.htmfall/industrialization/1/industrial_revolution.htm• http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/036.html• http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/victorianbritain/pdf/industrial.pdf• http://www.historywiz.com/galleries/milltown.htmhttp://www.historywiz.com/galleries/milltown.htm• http://www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vindust.htmlhttp://www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vindust.html• http://www.iwto.org/WhyWool/WoolHistory.htmhttp://www.iwto.org/WhyWool/WoolHistory.htm• http://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/lowell_history/england.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/lowell_history/england.htm