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IPPSIPPS
THE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PROJECTION SYSTEM
by
Hemamala Hettige*
Paul Martin
Manjula Singh
David Wheeler
December, 1994
*The authors are, respectively, Economist, Environment,
Infrastructure and Agriculture Division (PRDEI), Policy Research
Dept., World Bank; Consultant, Environment Unit, EA3, World Bank;
Ph.D. Candidate, Boston University; and Principal Economist,
PRDEI, World Bank The research reported in this paper was
undertaken in collaboration with the Center for Economic Studies,
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Our thanks to the US Environmental
Protection Agency for providing the industrial pollution data and
to Angela Williams for invaluable assistance with preparation of
final text and tables.
ii
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR PLANT LEVEL DATABASES 8
2.1 US EPA Emissions Databases 8
2.1.1 The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 9
2.1.2 Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) 11
2.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) 12
2.2 The Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database (HHED 12
2.3 The Longitudinal Research Database (LRD) 13
3. POLLUTION INTENSITY INDEX CONSTRUCTION 15
3.1. The Conceptual Goal 15
3.2. Operational Complexities 16
3.2.1 Merger of the EPA and LRD files 16
3.2.2 The Choice of a Numerator 16
3.2.3. The Choice of a Denominator 18
3.2.4 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities 19
3.2.5. Remapping US Facilities to 4-digit ISIC 20
4. CONSTRUCTION OF A TOXIC POLLUTION RISK INTENSITY INDEX 21
4.1. Calculation of Risk-Weighted and Unweighted Releases and Transfers 21
4.2. Scaling by Shipment Value to Give Pollution Intensity 23
4.3. Results 24
iii
5. ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES, CHOICE OF DENOMINATORS, 35
BOX 1: MAJOR AIR, WATER AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS 36
5.1 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities 38
5.2 Different Measures of Activity 39
5.3 Medium-Specific Intensities 40
5.3.1 Total Toxic Pollution Intensities by Medium 41
5.3.2 Metals Intensities 50
5.3.3 Air Pollution Indicators 54
5.3.4 Water Pollution Indicators 61
6. CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR FURTHER WORK 66
6.1. Sources of Bias 66
6.2. International Applicability 67
6.3. Plans for Further Work 68
1
Executive Summary
The World Bank's technical assistance work with new environmental
protection institutions (EPI's) stresses cost-effective
regulation, with implementation of market-based pollution control
instruments wherever this is feasible. At present, however, few
EPI's can do the requisite benefit-cost analysis because they
lack data on industrial emissions and abatement costs. For the
foreseeable future, appropriate estimation methods will therefore
have to be employed as complements to direct measures of
environmental parameters at the firm level. We are developing
the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) as a
comprehensive response to this need. Estimation of IPPS
parameters is also giving us a much clearer and more detailed
view of the sources of industrial pollution. In this paper, we
report on our findings to date.
IPPS has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial
pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial
activity, its sectoral composition, and the process technologies
which are employed in production. Although most developing
countries have little or no industrial pollution data, many of
them have relatively detailed industry survey information on
employment, value added or output. IPPS is designed to convert
this information to the best feasible profile of the associated
pollutant output for countries, regions, urban areas, or proposed
new projects. It operates through sector estimates of pollution
intensity, or pollution per unit of activity.
We are developing IPPS in two phases. We have estimated the
first prototype from a massive U.S. data base, developed by PRDEI
in collaboration with the Center for Economic Studies of the U.S.
Census Bureau and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This
data base was created by merging Manufacturing Census file data
2
with US EPA data on air, water and solid waste emissions. It
contains complete environmental, economic and geographic
information for approximately 200,000 factories in all regions of
the United States. The first prototype of IPPS spans
approximately 1,500 product categories, all operating
technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can separately
project air, water, and solid waste emissions, and incorporates a
range of risk factors for human toxic and ecotoxic effects. It
can also project emissions of some greenhouse gases and several
compounds which are hazardous to the ozone layer. Since it has
been developed from a database of unprecedented size and depth,
it is undoubtedly the most comprehensive system of its kind in
the world.
We recognize, however, that this is only the beginning. Although
much more detailed empirical research is needed on the sources of
variation in industrial pollution, it is already clear that great
differences are attributable to cross-country and cross-regional
variations in relative prices, economic and sectoral policies,
and strictness of regulation. The second phase of IPPS
development will, therefore, have to be even more ambitious than
the first. We are now undertaking an econometric research
project which will use plant-level data from many countries to
quantify the major sources of international and interregional
variation in industrial pollution. This project should help
identify the policies which have reduced industrial pollution
most cost-effectively under different conditions. By quantifying
the effect of country- and region-specific policy and economic
variables, it should also provide the basis for adjusting IPPS to
conditions in a wide variety of national and regional economies.
We have learned a number of valuable things from first-phase
development and application of IPPS:
• Industrial pollution problems vary substantially across
3
countries, and across regions within countries. We have
therefore estimated intensities for a large number of air,
water and toxic pollutants. To illustrate, at the broadest
level of pollutant aggregation, IPPS intensity estimates are
available for the sum of all toxic pollutants released to all
media (air, water, land). At the narrowest level, separate
intensities have been estimated for air, water and land
release of over 100 toxic pollutants.
• Complementary economic data for developing countries can be
somewhat randomly available by variable and level of
aggregation. We have therefore found it useful to estimate
IPPS parameters at the 2-, 3-, and 4-digit levels of
aggregation in the International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC). At each ISIC level, we have estimated
pollution intensities, or emissions per unit of activity,
using all three economic variables which are commonly
available: Value of output, value added and employment. For
cases where extremely detailed data are available, we have
also estimated sectoral parameters at the U.S. 4- and 5-digit
SIC levels. In the latter case, the estimates include some
information for over 1,000 industry sectors.
• For individual pollutants, we find generally high correlations
across intensities based on output value, value added and
employment. At a purely 'mechanical' level, we therefore find
little to distinguish the three sets of intensity measures as
bases for pollution projection. However, basic economic
reasoning does suggest that employment-based intensities may
be preferable for pollution projection in developing
countries. The logic is as follows: (1) Effective
environmental regulation is thought to be quite income-
elastic, although careful empirical work on cross-country data
has yet to be done; (2) Sectoral pollution is thought to be
quite responsive to effective environmental regulation in many
4
cases; (3) Most cross-country econometric studies of sectoral
labor demand find relatively high wage elasticities; (4) From
(1)-(3), we can conclude that both sectoral pollution and
sectoral labor demand will rise substantially as we move from
richer (high-wage, high-regulation) to poorer (low-wage, low-
regulation) economies. Since pollution and employment vary in
the same direction, the variation in pollution intensity with
respect to employment (P/E) may well be less than variation in
pollution per unit of output. Very preliminary tests on U.S.
and Indonesian sectoral data for water pollution provide
support for this hypothesis, showing much higher variation for
value-based intensities than for employment-based estimates.
• We have uncovered what looks like an "iron law" of pollution
intensity for all pollutants and levels of aggregation:
Sectoral intensities are always exponentially distributed,
with a few highly intensive sectors and many which have very
low intensities. High-intensity sectors differ markedly
across pollutants (see below), but the exponential pattern
persists. The implication for applied work is clear:
Pollution projections should always be done with the most
disaggregated data available. The resulting gains in accuracy
are often quite striking.
• Although the phrase "pollution intensive" is commonly applied
to industry sectors, it can be quite misleading. We find a
very diverse pattern of sectoral intensity correlations across
pollutants. Intensity correlations are sometimes high within
similar classes (e.g., nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
among air pollutants; biological oxygen demand and suspended
solids among water pollutants). Across classes, however,
intensity correlations are sometimes quite low.
• IPPS parameters can be estimated differently, depending on the
types of complementary data which are available. For the
5
present purposes, we have used our U.S. factory sample to
compute three basic types of indices. The first, or Upper
Bound, estimates are computed from the subsample of factories
which we have succeeded in matching between the EPA and Census
data bases. Since no common ID codes are available, this has
been a difficult process and inevitably entailed the loss of
information from many plants. EPA files are kept only on
firms which are significant polluters, so we know that our
matched sample provides an upward-biased estimate of general
sectoral pollution intensity. Developing-country factories
tend to be more pollution-intensive, however, so these
estimates provide at least a partial correction.
• We have produced complementary Lower Bound estimates for U.S.
plants by summing all EPA-recorded pollution by sector and
dividing by all Census-recorded output or employment. This
makes maximum use of the EPA sample (the Census data cover the
whole population of firms), but implicitly counts pollution
from all non-EPA-recorded firms as zero. This is an
underestimate, so the Lower Bound intensities should be
conservative. In both Upper and Lower Bound cases, we know
that the presence of large outliers in the data can have an
important impact on sector-specific results. As an
alternative, we have computed pollution intensities for all
plants separately using the subsample of matched data, and
then estimated Interquartile Mean intensities. This
eliminates the possible influence of outliers and provides a
robust measure of central tendency. Each set of statistics
can be useful in particular contexts, as discussed in the
paper.
IPPS has already been applied in several World Bank analyses,
most notably in two recent World Bank publications: Carter
Brandon and Ramesh Ramankutty, Asia: Environment and Development
(1993); and Richard Calkins, et. al., Indonesia: Environment and
6
Development (1994). Inside the Bank, sector reports for Mexico,
Malaysia and several Middle Eastern countries have also used
IPPS-based estimates. IPPS has been used to produce the first
comprehensive cross-country estimates of toxic pollution in World
Resources 1994-95 (Table 12.4) published by the World Resources
Institute. Recent work on trade and the environment by the OECD
has also been based on IPPS, most notably the paper by David
Roland-Holst and Hiro Lee: "International Trade and the Transfer
of Environmental Costs and Benefits" (OECD, December 1993).
During the next year, we anticipate very rapid movement on Phase
II of IPPS development: adjustment to conditions in other
economies. At the conclusion of Phase I, we can offer a massive
database of pollution parameters which are immediately usable for
environmental planning and analysis. Many of our results are
presented in tabular form in the Appendix to this report.
Complete 2-, 3-, and 4-digit ISIC pollution intensities are
available on diskette from the authors.
1. Introduction
The Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) is a modeling
system which can use industry data to estimate comprehensive
profiles of industrial pollution for countries, regions, urban
areas, or proposed new projects. It is apparent that there is a
huge potential demand for IPPS among environmental and industrial
planners, particularly those working on issues related to
developing countries. Most developing countries have little or
no reliable information about their own pollution. Rapid
environmental progress in the near future will depend on
estimating pollution with projection systems like IPPS.
IPPS has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial
pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial
activity, its sectoral composition, and the process technologies
7
which are employed in production. Although most developing
countries have little or no industrial pollution data, many of
them have relatively detailed industry survey information on
employment, value added or output. IPPS is designed to convert
this information to the best possible profile of the associated
pollutant output.
The prototype system has been developed from a database
containing environmental and economic data for approximately
200,000 facilities in all regions of the United States. IPPS
spans approximately 1,500 product categories, all operating
technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can separately
project air, water, and solid waste emissions, and incorporates a
range of risk factors for human toxic and ecotoxic effects. It
can also project emissions of some greenhouse gases and several
compounds which are hazardous to the ozone layer. Since it has
been developed from a database of unprecedented size and depth,
it is undoubtedly the most comprehensive system of its kind in
the world.
How applicable are US-based estimates to other economies? It is
clear that many country-specific factors will affect the accuracy
of prototype IPPS projections outside the US. For particular
sectors such as wood pulping, average pollution intensity is
likely to be higher in developing countries. However, the
pattern of sectoral intensity rankings may be similar. For
example, wood pulping will be more water pollution-intensive than
apparel manufacture in every country. The present version of
IPPS can therefore be useful as a guide to probable pollution
problems, even if exact estimates are not possible.
Our present goal is to expand the applicability of IPPS by
incorporating data from developing countries. The project is
therefore moving into the stage of outreach and information
sharing with developing countries. Over time, new evidence will
8
be used to develop systematic adjustments for economies with
different characteristics.
The objective of the present paper is to provide a critical
account of the material and methodology used for the first-
generation IPPS. Section 2 provides a brief assessment of the
available databases. Section 3 describes our methods for
estimating pollution intensities by combining US Manufacturing
Census data with the US Environmental Protection Agency's
pollution databases. Section 4 focuses on estimation of toxic
pollution intensities weighted by human and ecological risk
factors. Section 5 describes the media-specific pollution
intensities developed for the US EPA's criteria air pollutants,
major water pollutants, and toxic releases by medium
(air/water/land). The results are critically assessed in the
final section.
2. Building Blocks for Plant Level Databases
In order to establish a reliable picture of industrial pollution,
a large cross-sectoral sample of facilities is required. Perhaps
the world's largest sample is available in the databases
maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US
Census Bureau. Five of the databases with the greatest potential
for constructing useful estimates and projections of industrial
pollution are described below.
2.1 US EPA Emissions Databases
The US EPA maintains a number of databases at the national level
that contain information on the environmental performance of
regulated facilities across the US. Four are of particular
relevance to the construction of pollution intensity indices: the
Toxic Release Inventory, the Aerometric Information Retrieval
System, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, and
9
the Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database.
2.1.1 The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
The TRI contains information on annual releases of toxic
chemicals to the environment. It was mandated by the "Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act" (EPCRA) of 1986, also
known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments. The law has two
main purposes: to provide communities with information about
potential chemical hazards; and to improve planning for chemical
accidents.
The TRI reporting requirements cover all US manufacturing
facilities that meet the following conditions:
• they produce/import/process 25,000 pounds or more of any TRI
chemical or they use 10,000 pounds or more in any other
manner;
• they are engaged in general manufacturing activities;
• they employ the equivalent of ten or more full-time employees.
The original TRI requirements, which applied for the 1987
reports, set a threshold of 75,000 pounds of TRI chemicals
produced, imported or processed. This was lowered to 50,000
pounds the following year and to 25,000 pounds in 1989. Under
the 1987 definition, some 20,000 facilities filed TRI reports.
These were subsequently reduced to 18,846 as a result of the
de-listing of six major chemicals (see below), and increased
again to 19,762 facilities following the lowering of the
reporting threshold.
The list of chemicals covered by the TRI is subject to an
on-going review by the EPA. In the first year of reporting
(1987) 328 individual chemicals and chemical categories were
10
included, but this was adjusted to 322 the following year when
the EPA determined that six chemicals were not sufficiently toxic
to warrant reporting. The exclusion of three chemicals in
particular - sodium sulfate, aluminum oxide and sodium hydroxide
- had a dramatic impact on overall TRI totals, since they were
respectively the first-, second-, and sixth-ranked chemicals. As
a result, the total amount of releases and transfers reported was
cut by two-thirds. The pollution intensities calculated in this
paper do not include the chemicals de-listed up to 1989.
The TRI chemicals are drawn from lists developed independently by
the states of Maryland and New Jersey, and vary widely in
toxicity. No non-toxic substances or other environmental
parameters, such as chemical or biological oxygen demand
(COD/BOD), are recorded. TRI facilities must report annually all
releases of TRI substances to air, water, or land, whether
routine or accidental, and all transfers of TRI substances for
off-site disposal. Although the identity of a particular
substance may be claimed as a trade secret if justified in
advance, only 23 of more than 70,000 TRI reporting forms
submitted in 1988 included trade secret claims. Quantitative
estimates in pounds must be provided for the mass of the TRI
chemical released (not the total volume of the waste stream
containing the chemical) in each of a range of categories,
including:
• fugitive or non-point air emissions;
• stack or point air emissions;
• discharges to streams or receiving water bodies;
• underground injection on-site;
• releases to land on-site;
11
• waste-water discharges to publicly-owned treatment works;
• transfers to off-site facilities for treatment, storage or
disposal.
For the purposes of inter-media analysis these seven categories
can be aggregated under the three standard headings of releases
to air, land and water.
The national repository for TRI data submitted to the EPA is the
TRI Reporting Center in Washington, D.C. The information is
computer-accessible through the National Library of Medicine's
TOXNET database. The National Technical Information Service of
the US Government Printing Office is also able to provide the
data on tape, disk, CD-ROM and microfiche.
2.1.2 Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)
AIRS is the management system of the US national database for
ambient air quality, emissions, and compliance data. It is
divided into three subsystems:
• the Geographic/Common Subsystem, a database of necessary
codes;
• the Air Quality Subsystem, containing ambient air quality
data;
• the Air Facility Subsystem (AFS).
The AFS contains the emissions and compliance data mandated by
the Clean Air Act that are provided by individual facilities
monitored by the EPA and state agencies. There is some overlap
with the TRI, because the AFS data include emissions of some
chemicals listed in TRI, but the AFS also includes a number of
additional substances and parameters. The most important are the
12
US EPA's six criteria air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter
(TP), fine particulates (PM10), and volatile organic compounds
(VOC). Although air emissions data have been collected since
1973, we have only used the data from 1984 onwards. Access to
information from years prior to this is more difficult.
2.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
The US EPA's NPDES database contains the self-monitored reports
of facilities with NPDES permits for discharges of waste water.
Both the permits and the monitoring are mandated by the Clean
Water Act. Some 60,000 facilities file reports on monitoring
that they perform on a monthly basis. In the database as a
whole, over 2,000 parameters are reported, leading to
considerable overlap with the substances reported for the TRI.
Some of the more important additional parameters are Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD, a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed in
the biological processes that break down organic matter in
water), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH and temperature. The
length of the time series varies regionally, the longest being
about ten years. However the data are most complete from 1987
onwards, following the most recent modification of the database.
2.2 The Human Health and Ecotoxicity Database (HHED
The EPA's HHED contains a number of indices of toxicological
potency. No single index is considered sufficient to
characterize all the factors relevant to a chemical's toxic
potential under different circumstances, so different indices
have been developed for specific applications. For example the
Reportable Quantity (RQ) index is designed to guide the reporting
of accidental releases required under CERCLA, whereas the
Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) index was developed to meet the
emergency response planning requirements of SARA Title III,
13
Section 2.
For the purposes of risk-screening the HHED aggregates the
toxicity values for ten indices into three toxicological potency
groups. Table 2.1 indicates the mapping of threshold figures
onto toxicological potency groups for four of the ten indices.
In a number of cases the differences in the criteria used to
develop the indices cause the same chemical to be rated in a
different potency group according to the choice of index. For
example, the RQ and TPQ potency categorizations may differ
because TPQs are based on a chemical's potential for becoming
airborne as well as its toxicity. Furthermore, a number of TRI
chemicals have yet to be assigned an RQ and are not listed under
any other index. Consequently these substances are listed in the
HHED without being assigned a potency group ranking.
Table 2.1: Mapping of EPA Threshold Values onto Toxicological
Potency Groups
Toxicity Index Toxicological Potency
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) -
acute only (pounds)
1, 10, 100 500 1,000, 10,000
Reportable Quantity (RQ) - pounds 1, 10, 100 1,000 5,000
Reference Doses (RfD) - mg/kg/day <0.01 0.01-1.0 >1.0
Water Quality Criteria (WQC) - mg/L <1 1-10 >10
2.3 The Longitudinal Research Database (LRD)
The LRD is an establishment-level database constructed from
information contained in the Census of Manufactures (CM) for the
years 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 and 1987, and the Annual
Survey of Manufactures (ASM) from 1973 to 1989. It is
administered by the Center for Economic Studies (CES), which was
set up within the Census Bureau in 1982 to develop the database,
14
to use the data for the improvement of Census Bureau operations,
and to make the data available to outside users.
The CM is a complete enumeration of all manufacturing
establishments, as classified by the Census Bureau according to
the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC). In contrast
to the CM, the ASM is a sample of establishments, selected after
each census for data collection over the following five years.
The annual data available in the LRD for all establishments from
1972 to 1989 include:
• the establishment name, address, four and five digit SIC
codes;
• payroll statistics, including total salaries and
wages;
• cost of materials and energy;
• capital expenditures;
• total value added.
In addition the LRD contains some variables that are only
available for ASM establishments, and others that are only
collected in census years. The additional ASM information
relates to capital assets, rents, depreciation, retirements and
repair. The data available only for census years include:
• the quantity and cost of material goods consumed;
• the quantity and value of product shipped;
• employment.
The product information collected by the CM (product quantity
produced, product quantity shipped and product value shipped) is
recorded at the 7-digit SIC level, which is so detailed that on
average each facility reports under three or four product
categories.
15
Because establishment-level data are collected by the Census
Bureau under the authority of Title 13 of the US Code, the Bureau
prohibits the release of information that could be used to
identify or closely approximate the data for an individual
establishment or enterprise. Consequently, only a limited number
of researchers working as Special Sworn Employees (SSEs) and
Census Bureau staff have direct access to the LRD.
3. Pollution Intensity Index Construction
3.1. The Conceptual Goal
Access to the emissions, risk and economic data described above
presents a unique opportunity to develop a comprehensive picture
of the environmental and human health risks associated with
industrial development. The US EPA's databases and the LRD
contain samples of facility-level information of an unmatched
size and detail, enabling a reasonable estimate to be made of the
pollution associated with any given level of activity, in any
specified industrial sector. Conceptually, such estimates can be
presented as an index of "pollution intensity", expressed as a
ratio of pollution per unit of manufacturing activity:
pollutant output intensity = pollutant output
total manufacturing activity
Initially, this project focused on the generation of all-media
toxic pollution intensity indices from the data contained in the
TRI and the LRD. This was combined with the HHED to develop
additional risk-weighted indices. The TRI was chosen for
analysis before the AIRS and NPDES databases, both because of its
ready availability and because of the importance of toxic release
information for the analysis of risk. The analysis draws only on
the first year of TRI data (1987), chosen largely because it was
a census year with consequently detailed LRD data.
16
In the next stage of the project the AIRS and NPDES databases,
and the information on media-specific releases in the TRI, were
used to construct a wide range of pollution output intensities by
medium (air/land/water). In addition to disaggregating the toxic
pollution intensities by medium, indices were obtained for the US
EPA's six criteria air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, TP, PM10, VOC,)
and two water pollutant indicators, (BOD and TSS).
3.2. Operational Complexities
Although pollution intensity estimation is conceptually straight
forward, several practical problems had to be confronted in
actual calculation of the indices. An understanding of their
resolution is important if the indices are to be correctly
interpreted and applied.
3.2.1 Merger of the EPA and LRD files
The calculation of pollution intensity required merging the EPA
and LRD data at the facility level. Unfortunately, no common
code numbers link the same establishments within the EPA
databases or between the EPA and LRD databases. This
necessitated a complex matching process which used the facility
names, addresses and SIC codes. Of some 20,000 plants reporting
TRI information in 1987, about 13,000 were matched to the
corresponding LRD data for that year. For medium-specific
intensities, data from all 200,000 plants in the LRD, 20,000
plants in the TRI, 20,000 plants in the AIRS database, and 13,000
facilities in the NPDES were combined to the extent possible.
3.2.2 The Choice of a Numerator
A number of options existed for the choice of total pollutant
risk to be used as the numerator. First, a decision had to be
made regarding the choice of disposal medium. As noted above,
17
the TRI data identify a range of releases and transfers,
including emissions to air, water, land, underground injection,
and off-site disposal in both landfill and public waste-water
facilities. Initially pollution across all media was used,
aggregating all releases and transfers of a given chemical from
each facility.1
Second, a mechanism was needed to derive estimates of risk from
the TRI data. Conceivably it would be possible to combine the
TRI information on the quantity of particular chemical releases
with the LRD data on quantity of inputs, thus developing a
picture of cross-sectoral chemical input-output coefficients.
While this might provide useful insight into the flow of specific
chemicals within the economy, the wide range of environmental and
health risks associated with different chemicals would restrict
inter-sectoral comparisons of pollutant risk. A better
alternative for the comparison of risks is provided by the multi-
index categorization of toxic potency in the US EPA's HHED.
Our initial results indicated a high rank correlation between
pollution risk intensity and pollution output intensity (see
section 4.4). Therefore, subsequent work focused solely on
medium-specific pollution output intensities (see section 5.3).
These intensities were calculated at varying degrees of sectoral
disaggregation, and with a number of different denominators, so
that pollution projections could be made using the manufacturing
data which are readily available in many developing countries.
1In this regard, it is worth noting that there is little comprehensive analysis
of the impact environmental regulation has had on total pollution at the plant
level. Both regulation and research have generally focused on particular media,
especially stressing releases to air and water. It is therefore unclear how much
total "pollutant intensity" has been reduced in the US. Consider, for example, the
implications of concentrating trace toxins from waste water into highly toxic solid
waste for shipment to a landfill.
18
3.2.3. The Choice of a Denominator
The LRD provides a number of options for the measure of
manufacturing activity to be used as a denominator in calculating
pollutant intensity. Four of the most obvious are:
• physical volume of output;
• shipment value;
• value added;
• employment.
The most immediately appealing choice is physical volume of
output, since pollution is associated with the volume of physical
residuals from production. However, the use of physical output
volume poses several practical difficulties. First, a wide range
of units are used to report output quantities in the LRD even
within a given sector, severely complicating inter-facility
analysis. Second, many facilities report output volumes in
special samples not included in the main LRD, significantly
reducing the sample size available for analysis. Finally, the
information relating to physical output volume in developing
countries is generally very sparse.
Consequently, first-round estimation focused on shipment value as
the measure of manufacturing activity for estimating toxic
pollution risk intensities. Although this statistic has obvious
relative price problems, particularly in the international
context, it has the advantage of relatively complete coverage and
the usual benefit of the dollar metric in allowing inter-sectoral
comparison. Total output value was judged superior to value
added because energy and materials inputs are critical in the
determination of industrial pollution.
To allow the system to be applied in a wider range of
circumstances, pollution intensities with respect to value added
19
and employment were also estimated in the second round of work.2
In addition, intensities were calculated for manufacturing
sectors defined according to the 2-, 3- and 4-digit International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
3.2.4 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities
The EPA data used in the study only cover facilities releasing
pollutants in quantities over a threshold level of emissions.
Consequently, pollution intensity estimates based on these data
(as in Table 4.3) may be upwardly biased, by exclusion of cleaner
facilities. To correct for this, alternative intensities were
estimated, by grouping data from manufacturing facilities into
three classes. Facilities reporting emissions to the EPA were
classified as group (1) if they could be matched to the LRD, and
group (2) if this was not possible. Those facilities which did
not report emissions to EPA, but were in the LRD, were defined to
be group (3).
The pollution intensities derived from group (1) data were
presumed to give an "upper bound" estimate for each industrial
sector because of their inherent upward bias. For the matched
group an intensity estimate defined as the Upper Bound Weighted
Mean (known as Upper-Bound (UB) hereafter) was calculated by
weighting each plant's pollution intensity by its scale of
activity3.
The Upper-Bound estimates can be heavily affected by the presence
2We have noted in the Executive Summary, it is possible that employment-based
intensities are more stable across countries than the value-based measures.
3This intensity is equivalent to:
[total pollution in group (1)]\[total activity in group (1)]
20
of some extreme outliers in the matched group. To eliminate this
impact, Upper Bound Inter-Quartile Mean intensities (known as
Inter-Quartile Mean (IQ) hereafter) were calculated for the
matched group. This involved calculating the unweighted mean of
the plant intensities after dropping those which are below the
first quartile or above the third quartile.
The ratio of total EPA emissions reported in a sector (from
groups (1) and (2)) to the total level of economic activity in
that sector reported by the LRD (from all three groups) was
calculated as the Lower Bound Weighted Mean pollution intensity
(known as Lower-Bound (LB) hereafter). This intensity measure
assumes an emissions level of zero for group (3) plants (those
which report to the LRD but not to the EPA). To the extent that
these facilities have some emissions, this LB estimate is biased
downward)4.
All three intensity measures were compiled with respect to each
of the denominators - total value of output, value added and
employment. We recommend the use of LB intensities (especially
for non-toxic air and water pollutants) because of the larger
sample used for this measurement compared to the matched sample.
However, depending on the circumstances in which the projections
are made any one of the three measures may be used.
3.2.5. Remapping US Facilities to 4-digit ISIC
Having matched the TRI data to the LRD information at the
facility level, it was necessary to select a suitable level of
aggregation of industrial activity for international comparisons
of pollutant intensity. The 4-digit ISIC level, comprising about
4If the plants in the matched data set had lower than average sectoral pollution
intensities compared to all the plants in the entire EPA dataset, IQ for those
sectors could be lower than the LB.
21
80 sub-sectors, was selected, since it is the most detailed and
comprehensive level of reporting used by UNIDO.5
A standard US Department of Commerce concordance was used to
assign a 4-digit ISIC code to each sector. Difficulties arose in
dealing with those facilities reporting under more than one 5-
digit SIC code when the facility's SIC codes matched more than
one ISIC classification. The standard procedure for dealing with
this problem was to assign each facility the 4-digit ISIC code
with the greatest shipment value. Although this was generally
80% or more of the total shipment value, this approach inevitably
lent some inaccuracy to the final estimates of pollutant
intensity.
4. Construction of a Toxic Pollution Risk Intensity Index
4.1. Calculation of Risk-Weighted and Unweighted Releases and Transfers
This section describes how toxic pollution intensity weighted by
risk was calculated using the TRI, HHED and LRD databases. This
measure enables the comparison of inter-sectoral environmental
and health-related risks. Using the multi-index categorization
of HHED, each chemical's rating under each index was assigned to
one of three toxicological potency groups, Group One being the
most hazardous (see Table 2.1). Each of the indices is also
assigned to one of four higher levels of aggregation as follows:
• acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;
• chronic human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;
5Pollution intensity estimates were also derived for other levels of
disaggregation: 2-digit, 3-digit and 4-digit US Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) sectors, which have respectively 9, 39, and 1500 sub-sectors.
22
• acute aquatic ecotoxicity;
• chronic aquatic ecotoxicity.
For our purposes two of these categories were chosen to
characterize pollutant intensity, these being acute human health
and terrestrial ecotoxicity and acute aquatic ecotoxicity. Human
and terrestrial ecotoxicity are distinguished from aquatic
ecotoxicity because of the significant variation between the
toxicological potency of many chemicals to mammalian and fish
life. Chronic toxicity was ignored, largely because the evidence
for low-dose, long-term effects is contentious. Since the HHED
contains more than one index within each of these categories, the
most hazardous toxicological potency rating was selected as a
conservative estimate of the risk associated with a release of
each chemical.
A difficulty arose in converting the ordinal scale ranking of
toxicological risk associated with particular chemicals to a
measure of the total risk posed by all releases from a facility.
The approach adopted in this study was to multiply the quantity
of each TRI chemical reported by a facility by its toxicological
potency ranking, and then to sum the risk-weighted quantities for
all chemicals released by the facility. Acknowledging the
questionable validity of using an ordinal scale in an arithmetic
procedure, two forms of weighting were used to test the
sensitivity of the results. First, the EPA toxicological potency
ratings were simply reversed, giving a linear weighting scale
from 1 to 4. Four weights were used, although there are only
three toxicological potency ratings, because those TRI chemicals
yet to be assigned a toxicological rating (see section 3.2.2
above) were grouped together with the lowest weighting. Second,
an exponential weighting was used for the four groups, rising by
orders of magnitude from 1 to 1,000. This methodology generated
four measures of risk-weighted releases and transfers for each
23
facility:
• linear acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;
• exponential acute human health and terrestrial ecotoxicity;
• linear acute aquatic ecotoxicity;
• exponential acute aquatic ecotoxicity.
In addition, two TRI totals unweighted for risk were calculated
for each facility:
• total quantity of TRI chemicals released or transferred;
• total quantity of metals released or transferred.
A separate figure was calculated for metals and their compounds
because of the specific risks associated with their accumulation
in the environment and concentration as they are passed up the
food-chain. The TRI metals are listed in Annex and follow the
same definition as those in "Toxics in the Community" (1989),
published by the US EPA.
With each facility assigned a 4-digit ISIC code and six TRI
release and transfer parameters, sectoral totals for each
parameter were calculated by summing across all facilities
falling within the same ISIC category.
4.2. Scaling by Shipment Value to Give Pollution Intensity
The final element in the creation of risk-weighted measures of
pollutant intensity was the scaling of all six TRI parameters by
shipment(output)value. This was achieved by summing facility
shipment values within the 4-digit ISIC sectors in the matched
TRI-LRD dataset, and dividing the result into the TRI totals.
This produced the Upper Bound (UB) estimates discussed in the
previous section. Of the six pollutant intensity estimates for
each sector, four are dimensioned as risk-weighted pounds of TRI
chemicals released and transferred per $1000 of gross output, and
two are unweighted pounds of TRI chemicals per $1000 of output.
24
It should be noted that this set of six sectoral pollutant
intensity indices is probably unique. Not only is the TRI
database relatively new and unique in itself, but the massive
plant-level matching undertaken in this study has not previously
been possible.
4.3. Results
As an indication of results obtained using the methodology
described above, Figure 4.1 charts the linearly-weighted acute
human and terrestrial ecotoxicity index across the seventy-four
4-digit ISIC codes for which TRI data are available. The units
of the pollution index are linearly risk-weighted pounds of TRI
releases and transfers per $1,000 of shipment value. Table 4.1
presents the same information, together with the ISIC sector
names.
Figure 4.1 clearly illustrates the extreme sectoral variation in
pollutant intensity, ranging from Fertilizers and Pesticides
(ISIC 3512) with 105.3 risk-weighted pounds of TRI releases and
transfers per $1,000 of product shipped, to Soft Drinks and
Carbonated Water (ISIC 3134), with only 0.22 pounds per $1,000.
Despite a few surprises, such as the fifteenth ranking of the
Musical Instruments sector, Table 4.1 generally confirms the
intuition that the most intensive sectors in terms of toxic waste
per dollar of output are industrial chemicals, plastics, paper
and metals. The middle-ranked sectors are associated with
consumer products such as electrical appliances, textiles, and
cleaning preparations, followed by the high shipment value (and
consequently relatively low intensity) machine-tool industry,
with the food and drink sectors filling the least intensive
rankings. The shape of the distribution of pollutant intensities
is also of interest. Almost perfectly exponential, it provides
some hope that problems associated with toxic releases can be
ameliorated by measures targeted at only a few sectors. However,
25
it should be borne in mind that this index does not rank total
sectoral releases, so that it is quite possible for a highly
pollution intensive sector to have little impact on the total
level of releases and transfers. Nor does the index incorporate
any abatement cost considerations.6
Table 4.1: Four Digit ISIC Codes and Descriptions in
Descending Order of Linear Acute Human Toxic Intensity Index
(Risk Weighted Pounds/1987 US $ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Linear Acute
Human Toxic
Intensity
Rank
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 105.30 1
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 54.92 2
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 30.40 3
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 26.44 4
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 21.83 5
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 17.31 6
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 15.50 7
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 14.93 8
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 14.77 9
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 13.23 10
IRON AND STEEL 3710 12.93 11
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 12.21 12
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 11.72 13
6See Hartman, Raymond; Wheeler, David and Singh, Manjula, "The Cost of Air
Pollution Abatement," Policy Research Department Working Paper, The World Bank,
Washington, D.C. 1994, for information on abatement cost by industry sector.
26
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Linear Acute
Human Toxic
Intensity
Rank
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 11.50 14
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 10.86 15
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 10.65 16
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 10.06 17
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 9.82 18
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 9.09 19
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 8.62 20
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 7.88 21
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 7.67 22
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 7.42 23
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 7.40 24
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 7.23 25
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 5.48 26
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 5.31 27
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 5.05 28
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 4.91 29
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 4.78 30
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 4.75 31
KNITTING MILLS 3213 4.74 32
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 4.73 33
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 4.50 34
JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 4.20 35
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3.74 36
OILS AND FATS 3115 3.72 37
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 3.70 38
27
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Linear Acute
Human Toxic
Intensity
Rank
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 3.52 39
WEARING APPAREL 3220 3.34 40
FOOTWEAR 3240 3.32 41
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 3.30 42
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 3.16 43
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 3.14 44
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 3.13 45
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 2.89 46
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 2.32 47
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 2.25 48
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 2.14 49
AIRCRAFT 3845 2.10 50
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.02 51
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 1.74 52
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 1.67 53
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 1.59 54
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 1.55 55
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 1.47 56
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 1.40 57
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.32 58
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 1.31 59
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.19 60
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 1.12 61
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 0.98 62
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 0.98 63
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.77 64
28
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Linear Acute
Human Toxic
Intensity
Rank
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.74 65
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.73 66
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.70 67
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 0.57 68
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 0.48 69
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.45 70
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.43 71
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.37 72
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.28 73
SOFT DRINKS & CARBONATED WATER 3134 0.22 74
Figure 4.1 Linearly Weighted Acute Human Toxic Intensity Index
29
4.4 Variation Across Indices
Sectors may have very different toxic significance, depending
on the toxic index or weighting employed. To test this, Table
4.2 presents Pearson rank correlation coefficients for all six
indices. Correlations are very high for the five all-toxic
measures. The linearly-weighted human (LinHum) and aquatic
(LinAq) indicators have rank correlations of .99 with total
toxic intensity (TotTRI), while correlations of the latter with
exponentially-weighted human (ExpHum) and aquatic (ExpAq)
indicators are respectively .88 and .80. The pairs of
linear/exponential indices for humans and aquatic life are also
highly correlated. The high correlation (.91) between the two
human indicators is illustrated in Figure 4.2.
The implications of exponential weighting can be seen in a
comparison of Figure 4.3 and Table 4.3 (ExpHum) with Figure 4.1
and Table 4.1 (LinHum). Although the same exponential
distribution of values is observed for both measures and the
two most intensive sectors are the same [Fertilizers and
Pesticides (ISIC 3512), followed by Industrial Chemicals Except
Fertilizer (ISIC 3511)], a number of other sectoral rankings
have shifted. For example the Iron and Steel sector (ISIC
3710) rises from eleventh place in the linearly weighted index
to fourth place in the exponentially weighted index, while
Paper and Paperboard Containers and Boxes (ISIC 3412) falls
from fifth to twelfth place.
These undeniable differences between the linearly and
exponentially weighted rankings indicate that some caution is
warranted when the indices are applied. However, the results
do show that total toxic intensity is a good proxy for all the
total toxic measures.
30
Table 4.2: Rank Correlation Analysis for Six Indices of
Pollution Intensity
Pearson Rank Correlation Coefficients
TotTRI LinHum ExpHum LinAq ExpAQ TotMet
TotTRI 1 0.99 0.88 0.99 0.8 0.51
LinHum 0.99 1 0.91 0.99 0.83 0.49
ExpHum 0.88 0.91 1 0.89 0.82 0.46
LinAq 0.99 0.99 0.89 1 0.84 0.45
ExpAQ 0.8 0.83 0.82 0.84 1 0.23
TotMet 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.23 1
Key:
ToTTRI- Total pounds of TRI substances released
LinHum- Linearly weighted acute human toxicity
ExpHum- Exponentially weighted acute human toxicity
LinAq - Linearly weighted acute aquatic toxicity
ExpAq - Exponentially weighted acute aquatic
toxicity
TotMet- Total pounds of TRI metallic compounds released
Table 4.2 also shows that the total toxic measures have much
lower rank correlations with intensity in releases of
bioaccumulative metals. The rank correlations do not rise
above 0.51 and fall as low as 0.23. Clearly, the metals-
generating sectors are not a random draw from all toxic
sectors. Applications should therefore distinguish between
general toxic releases and releases of bioaccumulative metal
compounds.
31
Figure 4.2 - Plot of Sectoral Ranks for Linearly Weighted Acute
Human Toxicity Against Sectoral Ranks for Exponentially
Weighted Acute Human Toxicity.
Table 4.3: Four Digit ISIC Codes and Descriptions in
Descending Order of Exponential Acute Human Toxic Intensity
Index
(Risk Weighted Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Exponential Acute
Human Toxicity
Intensity
Rank
FERTILIZER & PESTICIDES 3512 966.60 1
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 609.77 2
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 544.60 3
IRON AND STEEL 3710 349.90 4
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 318.93 5
32
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Exponential Acute
Human Toxicity
Intensity
Rank
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 212.82 6
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 201.71 7
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 175.56 8
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 154.38 9
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 151.22 10
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 144.69 11
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 122.87 12
PULP, PAPER, & PUBLISHING 3411 116.90 13
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 109.25 14
KNITTING MILLS 3213 102.28 15
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 87.44 16
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 78.63 17
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 75.92 18
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 75.45 19
OILS AND FATS 3115 72.28 20
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 72.21 21
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 67.91 22
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 61.29 23
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 60.76 24
JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 59.12 25
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 57.62 26
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 56.60 27
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 52.07 28
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 51.90 29
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 46.88 30
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 46.29 31
33
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Exponential Acute
Human Toxicity
Intensity
Rank
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 44.92 32
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 43.58 33
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 42.82 34
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 42.74 35
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 39.96 36
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 38.03 37
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 30.30 38
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 30.10 39
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 29.44 40
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 29.21 41
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 29.16 42
AIRCRAFT 3845 28.71 43
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 28.32 44
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 25.10 45
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 23.42 46
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 19.48 47
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 18.71 48
CEMENT, LIME, AN PLASTER 3692 18.47 49
WEARING APPAREL 3220 17.52 50
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 17.43 51
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 17.13 52
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 17.07 53
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 16.80 54
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 16.21 55
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 15.96 56
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 15.88 57
34
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
Exponential Acute
Human Toxicity
Intensity
Rank
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 15.73 58
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 15.37 59
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 14.62 60
FOOTWEAR 3240 11.70 61
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 9.35 62
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 9.24 63
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 8.46 64
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 8.14 65
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 7.90 66
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 7.18 67
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 5.53 68
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 5.32 69
SOFT DRINKS & CARBONATED WATERS 3134 5.26 70
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 5.04 71
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 3.16 72
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 2.89 73
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 1.99 74
35
Figure 4.3 - Exponentially Weighted Acute Human Toxic Intensity
Index
5. Alternative Estimates, Choice of Denominators,
This section describes three major extensions of the IPPS
indices introduced in sections 3 and 4. First, Upper Bound
(UB) estimates are broadened to include Lower Bound (LB) and
Interquartile Mean (IQ) estimates. Second, the intensity
estimates are extended to value added and employment as
denominators. Finally, intensities for toxic pollution by
medium (air, water, land) and many non-toxic air and water
pollutants are developed. Box 1 provides brief descriptions of
all pollutants incorporated in IPPS.
An additional consideration is the level of sectoral
disaggregation to be used for IPPS, which could have been
constructed at the enormously detailed seven-digit SIC used in
36
the LRD. However, given that measures of corresponding
economic activity in developing countries are most widely
available at the four-digit ISIC level, the project has
remained focused at this level of aggregation.
BOX 1: MAJOR AIR, WATER AND TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Industrial emissions to air and water pose a variety of hazards to human health,
ecosystems, and economic activity.
Air Pollutants
• Total Suspended Particulates (TP) and Fine Particulates (PM10): Particulates
are fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes or smog
found in air emissions. In heavy concentrations, airborne particulates
interfere with proper functioning of the human respiratory system. High levels
of ambient TP in urban/industrial areas are therefore associated with greater
morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases. Particulate coatings on
leaves inhibit plant growth. High TP concentrations may also force the use of
high-cost filtration equipment by manufacturers. Fine particulates (PM10) are
less than 10 micron in diameter. They pose the greatest respiratory hazard.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): Sulphur dioxide is a heavy, pungent, colorless, gaseous
air pollutant formed primarily by fossil fuel combustion. It is associated
with morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease. In addition, SO2 is a
prime source of the acid rain which has damaged huge forest tracts in the OECD
and several transitional socialist economies. Acid rain and runoff have
raised the acidity in numerous lakes beyond the point where indigenous fish
species can survive. Acid rain also degrades concrete, mortar, marble, metals,
rubber and plastics.
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOX): Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are oxides
of nitrogen, often collectively referred to as "NOX." The primary source of NO
is thermal combustion of fossil fuels, which emits NO. Higher combustion
temperatures, sometimes recommended to reduce emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), are associated with higher production rates of NOX. NOX
emissions have important ecological impacts, since they are integral to the
formation of acid rain and tropospheric ozone. Inhalation of concentrated NO2
damages the respiratory tract, resulting in a range of effects from mild
reductions in pulmonary function to life-threatening pulmonary edema.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless
poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion. CO binds with
37
hemoglobin in human blood 200 times faster than oxygen. Thus, the blood's
ability to carry oxygen to tissues is significantly impaired after exposure to
only small concentrations of CO. High doses of CO can result in heart and
brain damage, impaired perception and asphyxiation, and low doses may cause
weakness, fatigue, headaches and nausea.
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): The term volatile organic compounds,
describes a class of thousands of substances used as solvents and fragrances.
VOCs are particularly important in the petrochemical and plastics industries.
Human exposure to VOCs is mainly via inhalation, although some VOCs appear as
contaminants in drinking water, food, and beverages. Many VOCs are suspected
carcinogens. Acute effects from industrial exposures include skin reactions
and central nervous system effects such as dizziness and fainting. Recently,
sick-building syndrome (SBS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) have been
linked to the relatively low (part per billion) concentrations of VOCs which
are more typical of ambient environments. In addition, VOCs may form
photochemical oxidants which have been identified as eye and lung irritants.
Water Pollutants
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Organic water pollutants are oxidized by
naturally-occurring micro-organisms. This 'biological oxygen demand' removes
dissolved oxygen from the water and can seriously damage some fish species
which have adapted to the previous dissolved oxygen level. Low levels of
dissolved oxygen may enable disease causing pathogens to survive longer in
water. Organic water pollutants can also accelerate the growth of algae,
which will crowd out other plant species. The eventual death and decomposition
of the algae is another source of oxygen depletion as well as noxious smells
and unsightly scum. The most common measure for BOD is the amount of oxygen
used by micro-organisms to oxidize the organic waste in a standard sample of
pollutant during a five-day period (hence, '5-day BOD').
• Suspended Solids (SS): Small particles of non-organic, non-toxic solids
suspended in waste water will settle as sludge blankets in calm-water areas of
streams and lakes. This can smother plant life and purifying micro-organisms,
causing serious damage to aquatic ecosystems. The loss of purifying micro-
organisms enables pathogens to live longer, raising the risk of disease. When
organic solids are part of the sludge, their progressive decomposition will
also deplete oxygen in the water and generate noxious gases.
Toxic Pollutants
• Toxic Chemicals: Many chemicals in industrial emissions are poisonous to
humans, either on immediate exposure or over time, as they accumulate in human
tissues. Humans can ingest severely damaging or fatal quantities through
38
repeated exposure, or by consuming plants or animals in which these compounds
have accumulated. Toxic chemicals may cause damage to internal organs and
neurological functions; can result in reproductive problems and birth defects;
and can be carcinogenic. Quantities and length of exposure necessary to cause
these effects vary widely. Benzene and asbestos are known carcinogens linked
to leukemia and lung cancer.
• Bioaccumulative Metals: In bioaccumulation, relatively low concentrations of
contaminants in air, water, soil and plants become far more concentrated
further up the food chain. Some metals can be converted to organic forms by
bacteria, increasing the risk that they will enter the food chain.
Bioaccumulative metals are particularly dangerous because they are dissipated
very slowly by natural systems. They may cause both mental and physical birth
defects. Metals can also become rapidly oxidized and converted to soluble
form when sediment is exposed to oxygen. Some of the metals which are
commonly measured and particularly dangerous are mercury, lead, arsenic,
chromium, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium.
•
5.1 Alternative Estimates of Sectoral Pollution Intensities
The impact on industrial sector rankings of different intensity
measures is best illustrated by their rank correlation
coefficients. As described in section 3.2.4, a range of
intensity measures can be calculated for each industrial sector.
Table 5.1 presents the rank correlation coefficients across
these measures for toxic air pollution intensity.
Table 5.1: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Different
Intensity Measures: Toxic Air Pollution Intensity
With Respect to Total Value of Output
Type of Measurement Upper
Bound
Inter-Quartile
Mean
Lower
Bound
Upper Bound 1.00 0.79 0.82
Inter-Quartile Mean 0.79 1.00 0.72
Lower Bound 0.82 0.76 1.00
39
The toxic air correlations are quite high, as are the
corresponding correlations for toxic land pollution (not shown).
For water and non-toxic air pollution, however, the results are
not so clear. The water pollution intensity measures are not
very robust for a few sectors because of the presence of large
outliers in the EPA database. The rankings differ considerably
across intensity measures, with correlation coefficients
typically around 0.5. The presence of extreme outliers suggests
reliance on LB or IQ estimates. For water pollution LB estimates
may be optimum for most uses, because they are based on the
largest sample of available data and provide the most
conservative estimate. Outliers also haunt the AIRS data for
some criteria air pollutants, like fine particulates. Therefore,
for PM10, LB is the most conservative intensity estimate
available.7
5.2 Different Measures of Activity
Medium-specific intensities were calculated for each of the
following measures of activity:
• total value of shipment (TVS) in millions of 1987 US $;
• value added (VA) in millions of 1987 US $;
• total employment (TE) in thousands of persons.
The advantages and disadvantages of each measure have already
been discussed in section 3.2.3. By developing all three, we
provide more options for areas where data are scarce. Table 5.2
shows that the intensity rankings are almost perfectly correlated
in any case. Therefore, the choice of measure should be driven
by the availability, reliability, coverage and detail of the
7The LB air pollution intensity estimates incorporate all the AIRS observations
in the numerator; total activity levels from the 1987 LRD were used in the
denominator.
40
corresponding production data. The more disaggregate the
available information, the more robust the intensity measure will
be, irrespective of which scaling variable is used.
Table 5.2: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Intensity
Measures Using Different Scales of Activity:
Lower-Bound Toxic Water Pollution Intensity
Scale of Activity Total Value
of Shipments
Value
Added
Employment
Total Value of Shipments 1.00 0.99 0.98
Value Added 0.99 1.00 0.98
Employment 0.98 0.98 1.00
5.3 Medium-Specific Intensities
Medium-specific indices are useful for two reasons. First, they
provide a better indication of the ecological stress and health
risks imposed by pollution than estimates which do not
distinguish the medium of discharge. Second, they allow analysis
of the extent to which inter-medium substitution of waste
disposal is possible within a given sector, an important
consideration in comprehensive pollution control.
Current development of IPPS has drawn on plant-level pollution
information from all of the previously mentioned US EPA pollution
data bases: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) and National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). Using the corresponding economic
data from the LRD, intensities have been calculated for 14
different pollutants. These intensities, calculated as pounds of
pollutant released per unit of production in each industrial
sector, are listed in Table 5.3. Full sets of intensities by
sector are presented in the appendices.
41
Table 5.3: Pollution Intensities in IPPS
1. Toxic and Bio-Accumulative Pollution Intensities by Medium:*
1. Toxic Pollution to Air
2. Toxic Pollution to Water
3. Toxic Pollution to Land
4. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Air
5. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Water
6. Bio-Accumulative Metal Pollution to Land
2. Criteria Air Pollution Intensities:
7. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
8. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
9. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
10. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
11. Particulates less than 10 um in diameter (PM10)
12. Total Particulates (TP)
3. Water Pollution Intensities:
13. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
14. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
* Since all risk-weighted indices are highly correlated with
total toxic intensity, we have standardized on the latter. See
Section 4.4.
5.3.1 Total Toxic Pollution Intensities by Medium
Extreme sectoral variation in toxic pollution intensity within
each medium is indicated by Figures 5.1 and 5.2, which focus on
sectors with output-based intensities greater than 3000 lbs/$1
million (US 1987). As before, pollution intensities by medium
show an exponential distribution when arranged in descending
order. However, it is clear that there is little correspondence
between the most pollution-intensive sectors across media (see
Figure 5.2). For example, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (3411) is
relatively intensive in toxic water and air pollution; Iron and
42
Steel (3710) is prominent in land and water; Textiles n.e.c.
(3219) is mostly air pollution intensive.
45
Figure 5.2 - Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium for Selected
Sectors
The results displayed in Table 5.4 confirm that there is little
correlation between the rankings of sectors discharging toxics by
water and air. In fact, when Inter-Quartile Mean intensities are
compared, the air rankings are negatively correlated with land
and water rankings. These low correlations also suggest that
inter-medium substitutability may be a second-order problem for
toxic waste.
46
Table 5.4: Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Toxic
Pollutants by Different Media: Lower-Bound
Toxic Pollution Intensity with Respect to Value
Added
Discharge
Medium
Air Land Water All Media
Air 1.00 0.70 0.32 0.93
Land 0.70 1.00 0.60 0.87
Water 0.32 0.60 1.00 0.46
All Media 0.93 0.87 0.46 1.00
There are, however, a few industries which are highly toxic
pollution intensive in all three media (See Table 5.5). These
are Industrial Chemicals Except Fertilizer (3511), Plastics and
Man-made Fibers (3513), Tanneries and Leather Finishing (3231),
and Non-Ferrous Metals (3720). The least toxic pollution-
intensive manufacturing sectors with respect to air, water and
land are food-processing industries such as Bakery Products
(3117), Grain Mill Products (3116), Fish Products (3114); and
other industries such as Wearing Apparel (3220).
Table 5.5 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium
(Pounds/1987 US $ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC
Description
ISIC By Air By Land By Water
Code Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartil
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 47.47 91.88 44.34 7.91 7.11 0.00
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 31.03 11.66 254.19 464.37 22.35 0.00
PRESERVED FRUITS &
VEGETABLES
3113 64.61 55.92 225.98 56.57 18.17 0.00
47
Four Digit ISIC
Description
ISIC By Air By Land By Water
Code Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartil
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 11.20 12.79 0.00
OILS AND FATS 3115 161.59 50.33 944.13 33.55 52.26 0.00
GRAIN MILL 3116 5.73 2.42 0.00
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 4.79 5.83 0.00
SUGAR FACTORIES &
REFINERIES
3118 55.35 16.98 264.45 307.94 1.54 0.00
CONFECTIONERY 3119 29.55 36.81 0.00
FOOD PRODUCTS, 3121 49.02 24.43 87.30 12.62 3.49 0.00
PREPARED ANIMAL 3122 20.31 76.66 26.68 16.88 1.72 0.00
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1.43 14.92 48.94
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 61.06 154.87 0.00
MALT LIQUORS AND 3133 109.91 59.29 6.23
TOBACCO 3140 271.80 26.93 1.85
SPINNING, WEAVING,
& FINISHING
TEXTILES
3211 350.96 353.79 326.21 155.89 178.85 0.32
MADE-UP TEXTILES
EXCEPT APPAREL
3212 244.02 41.15 3.31
KNITTING MILLS 3213 139.68 75.38 273.27 588.20 12.87 0.04
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 192.69 247.46 347.53 415.11 46.26 0.00
CORDAGE, ROPE & 3215 2123.56 5.82 0.00
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 5253.30 3413.19 1183.45 286.33 0.47 0.00
WEARING APPAREL 3220 12.70 4.79 0.00
TANNERIES AND
LEATHER FINISHING
3231 4733.22 2332.36 12687.84 5278.62 220.02 0.00
FUR DRESSING AND 3232 692.88 861.93 20.08
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 81.70 4.84 0.00
FOOTWEAR 3240 472.39 13.96 0.06
SAWMILLS, PLANING
& OTHER WOOD
MILLS
3311 226.97 556.97 71.31 54.94 1.09 0.00
48
Four Digit ISIC
Description
ISIC By Air By Land By Water
Code Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartil
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
WOODEN & CANE
CONTAINERS; SMALL
CANE WARE
3312 8.50 0.60 0.00
WOOD & CORK 3319 1490.24 138.85 0.13
FURNITURE & 3320 1390.62 4446.51 125.28 104.35 1.00 0.00
PULP, PAPER, & 3411 3627.03 1028.90 1671.80 45.36 1209.31 38.52
PAPER & PAPERBOARD
CONTAINERS & BOXES
3412 435.38 1746.46 79.59 191.73 6.61 0.00
PULP, PAPER & 3419 1589.12 4709.00 400.67 420.21 6.00 0.00
PRINTING & 3420 413.12 1546.91 55.79 164.80 0.02 0.00
IND. CHEM. EXCEPT 3511 5923.99 813.65 20577.03 903.72 2992.90 0.59
FERTILIZERS & 3512 2363.89 243.21 3204.00 138.83 110.89 0.00
SYNTHETIC RESINS,
PLASTICS
MATERIALS, &
MANMADE FIBRES
3513 5692.07 1383.88 4718.77 527.61 416.18 0.27
PAINTS, VARNISHES,
& LACQUERS
3521 1621.59 746.57 3891.10 416.51 4.22 0.00
DRUGS AND 3522 1451.39 802.73 2172.40 359.78 56.08 0.00
SOAP, CLEANING
PREPS., PERFUMES,
& TOILET PREPS.
3523 363.94 144.87 616.05 102.11 5.23 0.00
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, 3529 2042.06 601.86 927.63 238.58 61.18 0.00
PETROLEUM 3530 607.86 281.50 2574.07 49.70 45.84 8.91
MISC. PETROLEUM & 3540 398.09 43.70 117.18 50.51 11.66 0.00
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 137.76 100.23 237.89 154.84 2.85 0.00
RUBBER PRODUCTS, 3559 1757.17 1943.34 671.38 339.74 0.43 0.00
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, 3560 1896.01 4141.55 561.73 132.58 4.63 0.00
POTTERY, CHINA, & 3610 456.27 310.82 746.58 652.42 0.97 0.00
GLASS AND GLASS 3620 211.54 147.36 136.09 13.64 17.15 0.00
STRUCTURAL CLAY 3691 949.03 40.54 418.32 142.85 1.88 0.00
CEMENT, LIME, AND 3692 27.95 25.53 79.76 40.42 43.17 0.00
49
Four Digit ISIC
Description
ISIC By Air By Land By Water
Code Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartil
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
NONMETALLIC 3699 417.88 842.35 687.98 354.27 2.08 0.00
IRON AND STEEL 3710 985.15 393.59 5647.07 1454.03 350.16 0.16
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2988.29 391.40 7920.98 350.57 116.07 0.00
CUTLERY, HAND
TOOLS, & GENERAL
HARDWARE
3811 726.01 942.34 397.16 324.35 2.50 0.00
FURNITURE & 3812 602.41 966.42 308.07 299.83 1.30 0.00
STRUCTURAL METAL 3813 289.96 709.63 326.82 186.37 72.85 0.00
FABRICATED METAL 3819 1226.97 1246.20 1498.62 645.46 41.14 0.00
ENGINES AND 3821 565.63 705.07 497.01 326.01 6.87 0.00
AGRICULTURAL
MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3822 250.49 540.32 69.07 34.33 9.32 0.00
METAL & WOOD 3823 154.24 353.16 338.54 110.35 3.55 0.00
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3824 148.61 320.63 245.51 60.58 2.67 0.00
OFFICE, COMPUTING,
& ACCOUNTING
MACHINERY
3825 111.20 262.44 39.46 25.78 0.08 0.00
MACHINERY & 3829 472.39 636.59 212.51 128.54 14.95 0.00
ELECTRICAL 3831 381.77 188.64 1.97
RADIO, TV, &
COMMUNICATION
EQUIPMENT
3832 732.25 638.96 660.59 525.21 6.47 0.00
ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES &
HOUSEWARES
3833 203.56 117.99 0.04 0.00
ELECTRICAL
APPARATUS AND
SUPPLIES, N.E.C.
3839 414.90 254.13 858.69 237.32 10.33 0.00
50
Four Digit ISIC
Description
ISIC By Air By Land By Water
Code Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartil
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
Lower-
Bound
Inter
Quartile
SHIPBUILDING AND 3841 1970.26 5291.43 284.00 36.46 0.28 0.00
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 413.34 221.70 0.24
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 445.62 465.61 201.48 154.76 2.21 0.00
MOTORCYCLES AND 3844 236.54 171.69 95.74
AIRCRAFT 3845 607.54 854.20 314.53 247.51 1.35 0.00
PROFESSIONAL & 3851 306.97 508.07 149.92 106.22 1.09 0.00
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND 3852 773.23 420.85 0.07
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 531.95 275.08 0.00
JEWELRY AND 3901 136.69 49.22 13.57
MUSICAL 3902 779.85 590.22 0.00
SPORTING AND 3903 381.74 1228.02 117.42 155.47 0.28 0.00
MANUFACTURING 3909 496.12 1089.30 226.19 250.08 4.10 0.00
5.3.2 Metals Intensities
As previously mentioned, metals pose a particularly serious
problem because they bioaccumulate. The natural distribution of
metals is progressively altered by industrial activity, giving
rise to focal concentrations. The potential consequences for
exposed populations were demonstrated by Japan's Minamata crisis
in the 1960's: Hundreds of people were killed or severely
damaged by poisonous levels of industrial mercury in fish.
Separate attention to metals is clearly warranted, since the rank
correlations of metals intensity with the toxic intensity
measures are low (See Table 4.2). Separate IPPS intensities for
toxic metal emissions to air, water and land are presented in
Table 5.6.
As expected, Non-Ferrous Metals (3720), and Iron and Steel (3710)
have very high metals intensities. Other sectors whose toxic
intensity is high are also metals-intensive (e.g., Industrial
Chemicals Except Fertilizer (3511); Tanneries and Leather
Finishing (3231)). In contrast, Fertilizer & Pesticides (3512),
51
Synthetic Resins and Plastics (3513) and Pulp and Paper (3411)
are toxic-intensive but not particularly metals-intensive.
Table 5.6: Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium
(Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
By Air By Land By Water
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 0.03 0.37
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.02 0.00 0.00
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0.00 0.56 0.13
FISH PRODUCTS 3114
OILS AND FATS 3115 0.06 19.33 0.01
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.06 1.53 0.00
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.41 0.52 0.00
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 0.67 0.00
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.08 26.77 0.01
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 2.89 58.52 0.20
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 2.36 6.81 0.00
KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 1.29 0.00
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 8.73 0.00 0.00
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1.08 22.19 0.20
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.01 0.84 0.00
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 1.61 854.36 1.30
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 0.54 528.66 0.22
FOOTWEAR 3240
52
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
By Air By Land By Water
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 2.32 30.83 0.05
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0.00 0.60 0.00
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 0.06 0.66 0.00
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.87 1.84 0.00
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 0.34 17.19 7.84
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 0.07 0.00
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 9.58 12.30 0.46
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.02 1.37 0.00
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 29.32 929.58 27.23
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 3.96 276.53 0.68
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 1.58 245.86 5.14
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 13.76 105.97 0.09
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 0.25 28.16 0.14
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 0.34 25.82 0.23
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1.05 16.39 3.40
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 4.95 45.76 1.96
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 0.72 23.08 0.23
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 5.35 208.28 0.27
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 3.32 310.72 0.28
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 0.44 16.99 0.96
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 3.27 281.45 0.54
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 21.93 27.89 0.06
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 13.56 357.62 0.96
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 0.98 40.25 0.00
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 6.90 48.66 0.05
53
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
By Air By Land By Water
IRON AND STEEL 3710 169.11 3728.58 25.57
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 206.75 6849.73 4.12
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 12.40 142.40 0.18
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 1.42 20.86 0.01
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 6.44 99.01 1.45
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 9.96 447.75 3.43
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 32.09 90.69 0.25
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.31 10.99 0.09
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 2.84 237.88 0.02
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 1.04 34.06 0.03
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 3.38 107.63 0.20
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 9.42 68.94 1.12
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.85 73.06 0.16
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 0.13 15.64 0.03
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 12.36 468.82 0.44
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 45.04 30.34 0.15
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 10.10 41.55 0.00
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.94 40.61 0.04
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.56 33.20 1.82
AIRCRAFT 3845 0.46 39.16 0.09
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.15 16.51 0.02
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.07 37.03 0.00
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1.27 0.21 0.00
JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.26 10.35 0.24
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 4.26 42.44 0.00
54
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
By Air By Land By Water
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.31 17.52 0.28
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 7.70 82.68 0.29
5.3.3 Air Pollution Indicators
The major air pollution intensities compiled in this paper can be
grouped into 5 distinctly different categories. The first group,
consisting of SO2, NO2, CO and total Particulates, exhibit
consistently high rank correlations (see Table 5.7). The sector
rankings for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM10, total toxic
air pollution and toxic metals are correlated neither with each
other nor with any of the other air pollution intensities, so
they form distinct categories.
Table 5.7 Rank Correlations between Major Air Pollutant
Intensities: Inter-Quartile Mean Intensities per
Unit of Total Output
Inter-Quartile Intensity SO2 NO2 CO TP PM10 VOC All Toxics
by Air
Toxic Metals
by Air
SO2 1.00 0.89 0.8 0.85 0.65 0.58 0.21 0.27
NO2 0.89 1.00 0.86 0.81 0.67 0.56 0.19 0.24
CO 0.8 0.86 1.00 0.76 0.63 0.62 0.28 0.33
TP 0.85 0.81 0.76 1.00 0.75 0.59 0.17 0.18
PM10 0.65 0.67 0.63 0.75 1.00 0.45 0.15 0.08
VOC 0.58 0.56 0.62 0.59 0.45 1.00 0.57 0.47
All Toxics 0.21 0.19 0.28 0.17 0.15 0.57 1.00 0.53
Toxic Metals by Air 0.27 0.24 0.33 0.18 0.08 0.47 0.53 1.00
Figure 5.3 displays high-intensity sectors for all the air
pollutants analyzed in this paper. In group 1 (SO2, NO2, CO and
Total Particulates), high intensity sectors include: Cement, Lime
55
and Plaster (3692), Pulp, Paper and Paperboard (3411), Iron and
Steel (3710), Miscellaneous Petroleum and Coal products (3540),
and Structural Clay Products (3691). Toxic Air and VOC
intensities are high in: Synthetic Resins, Plastics and man-made
Fibers (3513), Textiles n.e.c. (3219), and Industrial Chemicals
except Fertilizer (3511). Inter-quartile intensities of PM10 are
recorded in only three of the four-digit ISIC sectors. This
reflects the relatively small matched sample for this pollutant
compared to the other air pollutants. The lower bound intensities
for PM10 however, are more robust and exhibit a pattern similar
to that of Total Particulates.
Table 5.8: Air Pollution Intensity for Selected Air Pollutants
(Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
SO2 NO2 CO VOC PM10 TP
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 195 1997 499 10 6 56
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 141 198 35 9 0 73
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 736 375 72 136 5 73
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 173 76 5 2 2 32
OILS AND FATS 3115 9387 3360 750 2572 5901 9615
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 328 262 51 277 542 1616
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 16 36 5 179 0 16
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 6428 6171 3306 1094 135 4258
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 97 20 3 2 0 10
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 432 439 94 132 12 196
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 745 205 56 24 308 1341
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 3887 1351 253 13355 170 325
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 462 70 6 1 0 48
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 2146 1690 105 176 3 118
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1265 766 100 252 10 24
56
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
SO2 NO2 CO VOC PM10 TP
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING
TEXTILES
3211 2422 3342 448 917 65 433
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT
APPAREL
3212 18 11 3 126 0 26
KNITTING MILLS 3213 217 90 37 73 13 136
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 2075 648 904 1261 0 1094
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 748 309 56 5938 0 445
WEARING APPAREL 3220 32 12 3 8 0 1
TANNERIES AND LEATHER
FINISHING
3231 1299 343 126 3819 41 157
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 932 219 52 584 21 788
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0 16 3 285 0 10
FOOTWEAR 3240 16 2 0 134 0 1
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD
MILLS
3311 1036 2342 5901 2509 92 3258
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS;
SMALL CANE WARE
3312 1 2 8 41 18 268
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 2968 1923 4293 5818 1755 4373
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 243 172 182 5510 160 547
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 25585 13349 29203 4043 1453 5028
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS
& BOXES
3412 201 1472 341 446 8 46
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD
ARTICLES,
3419 417 128 39 700 0 10
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 26 34 129 862 0 14
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT
FERTILIZER
3511 11656 8658 6687 6766 395 1873
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 1106 1065 212 1008 47 307
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS
MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES
3513 5185 13477 1993 9862 4 792
57
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
SO2 NO2 CO VOC PM10 TP
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 246 217 31 1819 74 146
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1825 775 91 908 13 345
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS.,
PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS.
3523 476 567 196 184 193 255
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 5291 1652 53782 4098 1361 1847
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 12664 7285 6579 6705 128 1117
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL
PRODUCTS
3540 20866 12982 9828 3259 641 8004
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 3797 1312 161 3844 54 420
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1 5 1 384 1 2
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 56 12 4 676 12 17
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 295 148 103 1151 0 349
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 3378 6721 1810 862 142 1348
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 3029 29265 6952 2378 4681 22972
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 128688 59751 7273 340 107003 62238
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,
N.E.C.
3699 3195 1425 684 392 1953 5383
IRON AND STEEL 3710 17867 7761 27843 2392 4938 4140
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 38646 1259 17977 1406 355 3246
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL
HARDWARE
3811 161 1035 83 260 0 45
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 43 36 14 2855 0 27
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 155 653 261 714 10 34
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 161 362 1850 1556 7 129
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 612 445 1993 663 4 163
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3822 2573 700 896 1511 0 430
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 37 8 850 535 0 7
58
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
SO2 NO2 CO VOC PM10 TP
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3824 497 426 75 322 1 99
OFFICE, COMPUTING, &
ACCOUNTING MACHINERY
3825 5 4 0 64 0 2
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 479 181 399 608 2 43
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY
3831 2865 754 118 469 1 53
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION
EQUIPMENT
3832 67 34 9 408 3 5
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &
HOUSEWARES
3833 2 15 2 696 1 0
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND
SUPPLIES, N.E.C.
3839 391 846 1772 412 11 306
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 335 150 20 1243 336 105
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 6814 2729 486 1898 1 1812
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 279 141 189 1298 12 140
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 264 154 44 7430 0 160
AIRCRAFT 3845 106 87 222 329 3 16
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC
EQUIPMENT
3851 14 23 3 34 0 4
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 84 130 3 157 0 32
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0
JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 189 63 16 52 0 61
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 80 599 142 1870 52 132
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 9 13 2 553 53 66
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,
N.E.C.
3909 29 14 11 408 0 7
61
5.3.4 Water Pollution Indicators
The main water pollutants in IPPS have similar sector rankings.
Rank correlations between BOD intensity, TSS intensity and Toxic
effluent are all 0.6 or more, with the exception of the correlation
between metals and other pollutants (see Table 5.9). Pulp, Paper
and Paperboard Industries (3411), Non-ferrous Metals (3720),
Industrial Chemicals except Fertilizer (3511) and Distilled Spirits
(3131) are high in both BOD and TSS intensities (see table 5.10).
Table 5.9 Rank Correlations between Major Water Pollution
Indicators: Lower-bound Intensities
Lower Bound
Intensity
BOD TSS Toxics by
Water
Toxic Metals by
Water
BOD 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.37
TSS 0.71 1.00 0.62 0.46
Toxics by Water 0.57 0.62 1.00 0.67
Toxic Metals by
Water
0.37 0.46 0.67 1.00
63
Table 5.10: Water Pollution Intensity for Selected Water
Pollutants
(Pounds/1987 US$ Million Output Value)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
BOD Pollution Total Suspended Solids
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 31.52 102.18 39.09 129.61
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7948.66 140.73 1144.90 120.40
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 300.80 657.42 474.51 1284.59
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 574.42 0.00 979.27 344.55
OILS AND FATS 3115 175.31 315.58 198.08 577.26
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.01 0.12
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.12 0.14
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 2130.73 3131.23 3054.97 769.79
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 18.26 8.77
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.75 1.09
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 1.16 1.68
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 5451.00 219.30 9797.25 479.78
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 24.37 13.37
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 28.92 66.84
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1.53 1.87
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING
TEXTILES
3211 98.18 587.45 152.47 1097.95
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT
APPAREL
3212 0.00 0.00
KNITTING MILLS 3213 1.82 3.67
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 11.62 19.54
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 3.20
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.00 0.00
64
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
BOD Pollution Total Suspended Solids
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
TANNERIES AND LEATHER
FINISHING
3231 607.39 1147.01
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 213.45 652.40
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00 1.08
FOOTWEAR 3240 100.63 98.67
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD
MILLS
3311 100.09 471.96
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS;
SMALL CANE WARE
3312 4.49 8.05
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.00 0.03
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 13751.36 6417.93 46704.84 7717.40
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS
& BOXES
3412 83.55 143.45
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD
ARTICLES,
3419 237.85 234.61
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 4.06 2881.17 2.23 1291.93
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT
FERTILIZER
3511 3988.90 33.03 6165.59 443.58
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 44.88 7.81 8732.58 206.30
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS
MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES
3513 211.78 74.19 684.35 174.15
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.26 1.08
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 61.09 13.96 15314.74 67.16
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS.,
PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS.
3523 110.23 60.54 155.69 83.79
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 13.04 18.81
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 158.28 76.72 794.37 102.11
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL
PRODUCTS
3540 21.96 3.45 26.96 68.54
65
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
BOD Pollution Total Suspended Solids
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.02 9.43
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 0.70 3277.07
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 518.30 14.79 11.20 39.36
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 44.74 111.03
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 1.47 10.38
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 0.56 9.92
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 1.18 2587.58
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,
N.E.C.
3699 23.43 2.95 34.37 341.50
IRON AND STEEL 3710 13.22 0.00 194732.90 308.05
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2963.03 0.00 42830.90 101.05
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL
HARDWARE
3811 0.00 0.47
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.00 0.78
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 1.25 0.00 1.72 37.04
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 26.86 0.00 773.24 75.52
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1.71
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3822 0.00 4.99
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 0.17 152.21
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &
EQUIPMENT
3824 6.63 5.42
OFFICE, COMPUTING, &
ACCOUNTING MACHINERY
3825 0.00 0.56
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 1.63 0.10 38.49 9.46
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL
MACHINERY
3831 0.93 0.00 5.15 11.13
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION
EQUIPMENT
3832 40.49 0.02 56.03 10.69
66
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC
Code
BOD Pollution Total Suspended Solids
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
Lower-Bound Inter-
Quartile
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &
HOUSEWARES
3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND
SUPPLIES, N.E.C.
3839 0.36 1.20 2.19 10.93
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.15 0.48
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 0.00 3.73
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.23 0.00 1.17 10.14
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.26 25.33
AIRCRAFT 3845 1.03 0.48 8.99 11.89
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC
EQUIPMENT
3851 0.69 0.77
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.61 0.37
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0.00 0.00
JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 24548.94
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 23236.49
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,
N.E.C.
3909 0.09 0.52
6. Critical Assessment and Plans for Further Work
6.1. Sources of Bias
The methodology used in this study contains several possible sources
of bias. The imposition of thresholds for reporting pollution to
the EPA causes two obvious sampling biases, the net outcome of which
is unclear. First there is no record of the cleanest plants, which
will tend to move Upper Bound calculations toward overestimates of
average sectoral pollutant intensities. In an effort to correct for
this bias, the Lower Bound intensities assign all non-reporting
facilities a pollution intensity of zero. The second bias arises
67
because there may be a number of small facilities with very high
pollutant intensities which do not reach the reporting thresholds.
The Lower Bound estimates falsely assign these plants a zero
pollution intensity. An attempt was made to avoid both sources of
bias by calculating Inter-Quartile Mean estimates of intensities.
The differences between the Upper Bound, Lower Bound and the Inter-
Quartile Mean estimates highlight the difficulty of selecting an
appropriate level of sectoral aggregation. At the four-digit ISIC
level, the confidence interval defined by the Upper and Lower Bound
estimates will be wider than if more finely detailed decomposition
is used. But the more detailed the data required, the less likely
they are to be readily available.
Beyond the unavoidable inaccuracies of estimating pollution
intensities at the four-digit level, a further bias may arise out of
the standard procedure used to aggregate the 5-digit US-SIC data to
the 4-digit ISIC level. Under this procedure, those facilities with
US-SIC codes that matched more than one ISIC code were assigned the
ISIC code with the highest shipment value. As a result all releases
and transfers from such facilities were attributed to a single ISIC
code, although in reality some proportion were associated with other
activities. This approximation might lead to some overstatement of
pollutant intensities, since there are frequently scale economies in
pollution control for individual activities. However, this problem
is probably minimized by the random occurrence of different
assignments.
6.2. International Applicability
Cross-country variations in regulatory, economic and technological
conditions clearly impose limitations on the international
applicability of the pollutant intensity indices derived in this
study. To the extent that pollution control measures merely move
waste from one medium to another, the estimates of total toxic
pollution intensity will be more robust than medium-specific
68
intensities. Nevertheless, high waste disposal costs provide strong
incentive for waste minimization, so US pollution intensities are
likely to be lower than in less-regulated settings
Even if there is considerable international variation in the
absolute level of sectoral pollutant intensities, the relative
ranking of intensities across sectors may be expected to remain more
constant. Thus, one might reasonably expect the Fertilizers and
Pesticides sector to be found near the top of all national rankings
of toxic release intensity indices, and the Soft Drinks & Carbonated
Waters sector to be found near the bottom.
6.3. Plans for Further Work
Clearly there remains huge scope for further development of IPPS.
We are now assembling plant-level databases from several developing
countries. Our future econometric work will quantify the effects on
pollution intensity of national or regional differences in
regulatory regimes, factor prices and availability of technology.
Using these estimates, we will develop simple procedures which can
adjust IPPS parameters for conditions in developing countries.
1
Annex to IPPS: The Industrial Pollution Projection System
Policy Research Working Paper #1431
Table of AnnexesAnnex A1.1 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Employment.............................................................. 2Annex A1.2 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Total Value of Output ............................................... 7Annex A1.3 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added .......................................................... 11Annex A1.4 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added ............................................................. 15Annex A1.5 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value of Output............................................ 19Annex A1.6 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added ................................................ 22Annex A1.7 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ............................................................................... 25Annex A1.8 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ................................................................. 29Annex A1.9 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added............................................................................... 33Annex A1.10 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ............................................................................. 36Annex A1.11 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ............................................................... 40Annex A1.12 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added............................................................................. 44Annex A1.13 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Employment ......................................................................... 48Annex A1.14 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of Output ........................................................... 52Annex A1.15 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Value Added......................................................................... 56Annex A2 TRI Chemicals, 1989 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTE: *Blank spaces in the tables in Annex A1 indicate sectors for which data is not available.**"m" in Annex A2 denotes the metal compounds used for estimating toxic metal pollution intensity.
2
Annex A1.1 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Employment(Pounds/'000 Employees)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound
Inter- Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 10817 16753 10105 2286 1621 0.00 22543 19039
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 9979 4459 81750 168470 7187 0.00 98916 172929
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 11676 7670 40837 11598 3284 0.00 55797 19268
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 1657 1892 0 3548
OILS AND FATS 3115 88464 19843 516865 30110 28611 0.00 633940 49952
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 1952 825 0 2776
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 546 664 0 1210
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 15649 4040 74769 70323 437 0.00 90855 74363
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 5735 7143 0 12878
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 10759 6357 19161 4334 766 0.00 30686 10691
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 7194 26731 9452 10776 611 0.00 17256 37507
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 557 5790 18997 25344
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 14828 37608 0 52436
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 47083 25398 2668 75148
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 126595 12545 860 140001
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHINGTEXTILES
3211 32883 36902 30564 16269 16757 28.19 80205 53199
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 19783 3336 268 23386
KNITTING MILLS 3213 9396 5941 18383 39118 866 6.79 28645 45066
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 35714 33167 64411 112472 8574 0.00 108699 145640
3
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound
Inter- Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 170394 467 0 170861
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 865478 490626 194973 43724 78 0.00 1060530 534349
WEARING APPAREL 3220 703 265 0 969
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 744193 295005 1994882 755981 34593 0.00 2773669 1050986
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 51072 63532 1480 116083
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 5513 326 0 5839
FOOTWEAR 3240 27381 809 3 28193
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOODMILLS
3311 25205 75510 7919 8840 121 0.00 33245 84350
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALLCANE WARE
3312 487 34 0 522
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 96807 9019 8 105835
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 95958 276859 8645 6839 69 0.00 104671 283698
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 870966 246378 401453 10341 290395 9975.39 1562814 266695
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS &BOXES
3412 59353 255410 10850 22005 901 0.00 71104 277415
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 280408 706426 70700 66894 1059 0.00 352167 773320
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 38842 142803 5246 17208 2 0.00 44089 160011
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPTFERTILIZER
3511 1864489 234464 6476322 249668 941970 221.55 9282781 484354
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 826872 53799 1120738 32486 38790 0.00 1986400 86285
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICSMATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES
3513 1501718 420231 1244935 129310 109799 98.14 2856452 549639
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 380104 145050 912084 85603 990 0.00 1293178 230653
4
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound
Inter- Quartile
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 336993 151467 504402 93248 13021 0.00 854416 244714
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, &TOILET PREPS.
3523 110143 33255 186441 24978 1584 0.00 298168 58233
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 412880 116536 187555 48448 12370 0.00 612805 164984
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 962835 482368 4077245 77369 72606 11783.35 5112686 571521
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 118870 12618 34989 15336 3480 0.00 157339 27955
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 22001 14642 37992 20828 455 0.00 60448 35471
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 143254 176319 54735 31227 35 0.00 198024 207546
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 200346 387227 59357 14525 489 0.00 260192 401752
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 29582 21316 48404 46728 63 0.00 78049 68043
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 25492 17725 16400 1732 2066 0.00 43958 19458
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 80416 3235 35446 13228 160 0.00 116022 16463
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 5709 5401 16290 10683 8817 0.00 30816 16084
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS,N.E.C.
3699 51019 118148 83995 57628 253 0.00 135268 175776
IRON AND STEEL 3710 156921 53404 899499 174261 55775 33.64 1112195 227699
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 579987 62078 1537357 46631 22527 0.23 2139871 108710
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERALHARDWARE
3811 65342 78987 35746 27376 225 0.00 101313 106363
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 55552 96493 28409 30356 120 0.00 84081 126849
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 28672 75125 32317 18944 7203 0.00 68192 94069
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 139028 118455 169810 65075 4661 0.00 313499 183530
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 88267 106997 77559 44956 1073 0.00 166899 151953
5
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound
Inter- Quartile
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY &EQUIPMENT
3822 36578 72889 10087 6424 1361 0.00 48025 79312
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 13994 36750 30715 11682 322 0.00 45030 48431
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY &EQUIPMENT
3824 18737 42549 30954 9877 337 0.00 50029 52426
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTINGMACHINERY
3825 20536 36917 7286 3984 14 0.00 27836 40901
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 47981 62699 21584 12847 1519 0.00 71084 75546
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 38279 18914 198 57392
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENT
3832 80974 50333 73050 38661 716 0.00 154740 88994
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES &HOUSEWARES
3833 23364 13542 5 36911
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES,N.E.C.
3839 45587 29582 94347 31193 1135 0.00 141069 60775
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 155191 536301 22370 3342 22 0.00 177583 539644
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 46764 25083 27 71874
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 109559 83684 49535 23856 543 0.00 159637 107540
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 35827 26005 14501 76333
AIRCRAFT 3845 77942 82864 40352 25276 173 0.00 118467 108141
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 30241 48061 14770 10555 107 0.00 45118 58616
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 62895 34232 6 97132
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 56251 29088 0 85339
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 16009 5764 1589 23363
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 53327 40361 0 93688
6
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower- Bound Inter- Quartile Lower-Bound
Inter- Quartile
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 37445 121707 11518 15245 27 0.00 48990 136952
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 39484 85886 18001 19307 326 0.00 57812 105193
7
Annex A1.2 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Total Value of Output(Pounds/1987 US $)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
InterQuartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 47.47 91.88 44.34 7.91 7.11 0.00 98.92 99.79
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 31.03 11.66 254.19 464.37 22.35 0.00 307.56 476.04
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 64.61 55.92 225.98 56.57 18.17 0.00 112.49
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 11.20 12.79 0.00 24.00
OILS AND FATS 3115 161.59 50.33 944.13 33.55 52.26 0.00 1157.99 83.88
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 5.73 2.42 0.00 8.15
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 4.79 5.83 0.00 10.62
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 55.35 16.98 264.45 307.94 1.54 0.00 321.34 324.93
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 29.55 36.81 0.00 66.36
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 49.02 24.43 87.30 12.62 3.49 0.00 139.80 37.05
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 20.31 76.66 26.68 16.88 1.72 0.00 48.71 93.54
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1.43 14.92 48.94 65.29
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 61.06 154.87 0.00 215.92
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 109.91 59.29 6.23 175.42
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 271.80 26.93 1.85 300.58
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 350.96 353.79 326.21 155.89 178.85 0.32 856.02 509.99
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 244.02 41.15 3.31 288.48
KNITTING MILLS 3213 139.68 75.38 273.27 588.20 12.87 0.04 425.82 663.62
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 192.69 247.46 347.53 415.11 46.26 0.00 586.48 662.57
8
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
InterQuartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 2123.56 5.82 0.00 2129.38
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 5253.30 3413.19 1183.45 286.33 0.47 0.00 6437.23 3699.52
WEARING APPAREL 3220 12.70 4.79 0.00 17.49
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 4733.22 2332.36 12687.84 5278.62 220.02 0.00 17641.08 7610.98
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 692.88 861.93 20.08 1574.89
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 81.70 4.84 0.00 86.54
FOOTWEAR 3240 472.39 13.96 0.06 486.41
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 226.97 556.97 71.31 54.94 1.09 0.00 299.36 611.91
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 8.50 0.60 0.00 9.09
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 1490.24 138.85 0.13 1629.21
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 1390.62 4446.51 125.28 104.35 1.00 0.00 1516.90 4550.86
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 3627.03 1028.90 1671.80 45.36 1209.31 38.52 6508.15 1112.78
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 435.38 1746.46 79.59 191.73 6.61 0.00 521.59 1938.19
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 1589.12 4709.00 400.67 420.21 6.00 0.00 1995.79 5129.21
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 413.12 1546.91 55.79 164.80 0.02 0.00 468.93 1711.72
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 5923.99 813.65 20577.03 903.72 2992.90 0.59 29493.91 1717.97
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 2363.89 243.21 3204.00 138.83 110.89 0.00 5678.79 382.04
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADEFIBRES
3513 5692.07 1383.88 4718.77 527.61 416.18 0.27 10827.01 1911.77
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 1621.59 746.57 3891.10 416.51 4.22 0.00 5516.92 1163.08
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1451.39 802.73 2172.40 359.78 56.08 0.00 3679.87 1162.50
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 363.94 144.87 616.05 102.11 5.23 0.00 985.22 246.98
9
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
InterQuartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 2042.06 601.86 927.63 238.58 61.18 0.00 3030.86 840.44
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 607.86 281.50 2574.07 49.70 45.84 8.91 3227.77 340.11
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 398.09 43.70 117.18 50.51 11.66 0.00 526.92 94.21
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 137.76 100.23 237.89 154.84 2.85 0.00 378.49 255.06
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1757.17 1943.34 671.38 339.74 0.43 0.00 2428.99 2283.08
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 1896.01 4141.55 561.73 132.58 4.63 0.00 2462.38 4274.13
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 456.27 310.82 746.58 652.42 0.97 0.00 1203.82 963.24
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 211.54 147.36 136.09 13.64 17.15 0.00 364.78 161.01
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 949.03 40.54 418.32 142.85 1.88 0.00 1369.23 183.39
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 27.95 25.53 79.76 40.42 43.17 0.00 150.89 65.95
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 417.88 842.35 687.98 354.27 2.08 0.00 1107.93 1196.62
IRON AND STEEL 3710 985.15 393.59 5647.07 1454.03 350.16 0.16 6982.37 1847.77
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2988.29 391.40 7920.98 350.57 116.07 0.00 11025.34 741.97
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 726.01 942.34 397.16 324.35 2.50 0.00 1125.67 1266.69
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 602.41 966.42 308.07 299.83 1.30 0.00 911.78 1266.24
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 289.96 709.63 326.82 186.37 72.85 0.00 689.63 896.00
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 1226.97 1246.20 1498.62 645.46 41.14 0.00 2766.72 1891.66
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 565.63 705.07 497.01 326.01 6.87 0.00 1069.51 1031.08
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 250.49 540.32 69.07 34.33 9.32 0.00 328.89 574.64
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 154.24 353.16 338.54 110.35 3.55 0.00 496.33 463.51
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 148.61 320.63 245.51 60.58 2.67 0.00 396.79 381.21
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 111.20 262.44 39.46 25.78 0.08 0.00 150.74 288.22
10
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
InterQuartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 472.39 636.59 212.51 128.54 14.95 0.00 699.85 765.13
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 381.77 188.64 1.97 572.38 0.00
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 732.25 638.96 660.59 525.21 6.47 0.00 1399.32 1164.17
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 203.56 117.99 0.04 321.59 0.00
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 414.90 254.13 858.69 237.32 10.33 0.00 1283.92 491.45
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 1970.26 5291.43 284.00 36.46 0.28 0.00 2254.54 5327.89
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 413.34 221.70 0.24 635.28 0.00
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 445.62 465.61 201.48 154.76 2.21 0.00 649.31 620.37
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 236.54 171.69 95.74 503.97 0.00
AIRCRAFT 3845 607.54 854.20 314.53 247.51 1.35 0.00 923.42 1101.71
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 306.97 508.07 149.92 106.22 1.09 0.00 457.97 614.29
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 773.23 420.85 0.07 1194.15 0.00
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 531.95 275.08 0.00 807.03 0.00
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 136.69 49.22 13.57 199.48 0.00
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 779.85 590.22 0.00 1370.07 0.00
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 381.74 1228.02 117.42 155.47 0.28 0.00 499.43 1383.49
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 496.12 1089.30 226.19 250.08 4.10 0.00 726.42 1339.38
11
Annex A1.3 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 263.90 488.16 246.54 40.80 39.54 0.00 549.98 528.96
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 116.96 51.55 958.09 2083.65 84.23 0.00 1159.28 2135.20
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 136.31 125.33 476.74 117.90 38.34 0.00 651.39 243.23
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 40.10 45.79 0.00 85.89
OILS AND FATS 3115 631.87 114.19 3691.79 174.25 204.36 0.00 4528.02 288.44
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 10.98 4.64 0.00 15.62
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 7.48 9.09 0.00 16.57
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 195.90 46.36 935.97 758.16 5.47 0.00 1137.34 804.53
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 57.12 71.14 0.00 128.26
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 102.37 75.10 182.31 27.10 7.28 0.00 291.97 102.20
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 62.37 273.82 81.94 44.75 5.30 0.00 149.61 318.57
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 2.41 25.05 82.20 109.66
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 141.39 358.62 0.00 500.01
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 208.99 112.73 11.84 333.57
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 395.25 39.17 2.69 437.10
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 807.40 809.87 750.46 357.93 411.45 0.34 1969.31 1168.14
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 550.11 92.75 7.45 650.32
KNITTING MILLS 3213 301.39 200.44 589.64 1492.92 27.77 0.14 918.80 1693.50
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 615.15 669.82 1109.46 1650.27 147.68 0.00 1872.29 2320.09
12
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 4062.28 11.13 0.00 4073.41
WEARING APPAREL 3220 24.10 9.08 0.00 33.18
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 13889.81 7834.84 37232.96 15288.72 645.66 0.00 51768.42 23123.56
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 11534.67 7610.42 2598.51 735.22 1.04 0.00 14134.22 8345.64
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 1205.42 1499.51 34.93 2739.86
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 147.48 8.73 0.00 156.22
FOOTWEAR 3240 904.62 26.74 0.11 931.47
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 565.40 1302.20 177.63 154.83 2.72 0.00 745.75 1457.04
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 20.08 1.41 0.00 21.49
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 2791.53 260.09 0.24 3051.86
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 2616.08 8026.37 235.68 184.59 1.88 0.00 2853.65 8210.96
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 7335.53 2137.86 3381.15 101.62 2445.79 85.43 13162.47 2324.91
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 1152.61 4549.88 210.70 440.34 17.50 0.00 1380.81 4990.21
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 3221.01 10062.26 812.12 915.38 12.17 0.00 4045.30 10977.64
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 623.39 2552.74 84.19 283.50 0.04 0.00 707.61 2836.24
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 13059.87 1825.36 45363.62 2072.55 6598.06 0.89 65021.56 3898.80
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 4393.70 618.08 5955.21 216.02 206.12 0.00 10555.03 834.10
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 12908.77 3736.73 10701.47 1367.73 943.83 0.50 24554.07 5104.96
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 3309.52 1707.26 7941.41 926.18 8.62 0.00 11259.56 2633.43
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 2022.74 1402.92 3027.57 563.53 78.15 0.00 5128.46 1966.46
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 587.46 299.04 994.40 209.01 8.45 0.00 1590.31 508.05
13
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 3388.37 1374.11 1539.21 545.62 101.51 0.00 5029.09 1919.73
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 5052.51 2532.38 21395.50 375.22 381.00 64.04 26829.01 2971.64
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 1130.90 125.54 332.88 144.89 33.11 0.00 1496.90 270.43
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 258.41 196.85 446.25 313.48 5.35 0.00 710.01 510.33
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 3164.05 3521.80 1208.93 676.35 0.78 0.00 4373.76 4198.15
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 3776.86 8556.65 1118.97 265.51 9.22 0.00 4905.06 8822.16
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 653.49 451.26 1069.29 913.97 1.38 0.00 1724.17 1365.23
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 373.23 279.44 240.12 22.53 30.25 0.00 643.60 301.96
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 1589.77 65.73 700.75 256.02 3.15 0.00 2293.67 321.75
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 53.21 55.47 151.82 69.56 82.18 0.00 287.21 125.03
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 808.70 1459.75 1331.42 671.65 4.02 0.00 2144.14 2131.40
IRON AND STEEL 3710 2263.07 818.52 12972.32 2856.52 804.37 0.30 16039.76 3675.34
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 9548.85 1060.33 25310.89 794.41 370.88 0.00 35230.62 1854.74
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 1171.98 1549.64 641.13 515.51 4.04 0.00 1817.15 2065.15
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 1028.98 1589.12 526.22 486.60 2.22 0.00 1557.42 2075.72
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 612.59 1513.00 690.48 398.63 153.90 0.00 1456.97 1911.64
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 2537.00 2346.26 3098.70 1174.98 85.06 0.00 5720.76 3521.25
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1157.62 1500.72 1017.19 623.39 14.07 0.00 2188.88 2124.11
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 513.16 1065.78 141.51 69.48 19.09 0.00 673.75 1135.26
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 261.07 613.90 573.01 187.31 6.00 0.00 840.09 801.22
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 296.26 616.26 489.42 125.34 5.33 0.00 791.00 741.60
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 207.71 545.89 73.70 52.29 0.14 0.00 281.55 598.18
14
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 859.82 1143.03 386.79 237.34 27.22 0.00 1273.83 1380.37
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 700.30 346.02 3.62 1049.94
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 1247.57 999.17 1125.48 830.03 11.03 0.00 2384.08 1829.20
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 402.67 233.39 0.08 636.14
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 736.61 444.53 1524.50 407.80 18.34 0.00 2279.45 852.34
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3559.98 10487.79 513.15 66.06 0.50 0.00 4073.63 10553.86
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 788.99 423.19 0.46 1212.63
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1346.22 1216.53 608.67 376.23 6.67 0.00 1961.56 1592.75
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 693.10 503.08 280.53 1476.70
AIRCRAFT 3845 1066.05 1355.25 551.91 386.83 2.36 0.00 1620.32 1742.08
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 462.13 764.93 225.70 142.22 1.63 0.00 689.47 907.15
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1108.50 573.22 0.00 1681.72
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 320.69 115.46 31.84 467.99
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 1263.09 955.96 0.00 2219.05
15
Annex A1.4 Toxic Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
To Air To Land To Water Total
Four Digit ISIC Description ISICCode
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 698.75 2337.64 214.94 278.20 0.51 0.00 914.19 2615.84
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 863.04 2021.46 393.47 504.26 7.14 0.00 1263.64 2525.72
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 5.83 84.38 90.20
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7.31 0.00 0.00 7.31
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0.00 101.08 24.22 125.30
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 0.00
OILS AND FATS 3115 33.34 10583.23 6.67 10623.24
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 20.44 522.41 0.00 542.85
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.00
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 0.00 311.46 0.00 311.46
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 0.00
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.09 58.98 79.28 140.36
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 145.63 185.01 0.00 330.65
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 0.00
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 162.44 0.00 162.44
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 35.71 11469.32 3.56 11508.59
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 0.00
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 270.95 3774.38 5483.01 12923.55 18.27 362.51 5772.23 17060.
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 191.06 551.90 0.00 742.96
16
To Air To Land To Water Total
Four Digit ISIC Description ISICCode
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 86.51 0.00 86.51
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0.00
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 700.28 0.00 0.00 700.28
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 177.42 3655.61 33.47 3866.50
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.58 46.67 0.00 47.25
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 252.88 134329.10 204.01 134785.98
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 40.08 38966.96 15.88 39022.92
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00
FOOTWEAR 3240 0.00
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 257.72 1471.27 3423.42 8021.60 5.34 0.00 3686.49 9493.
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0.00 34.18 0.00 34.18
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 4.18 42.91 0.00 47.09
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 60.24 127.31 0.00 187.55
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 82.15 0.00 4128.88 17947.79 1883.67 4025.55 6094.70 21973.
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 9.49 0.00 9.49
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 1690.92 2170.09 80.49 3941.50
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 1.83 0.00 129.03 10808.61 0.13 0.00 130.99 10809.
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 9227.84 3767.84 292572.92 74595.21 8571.05 82.71 310371.81 78446.
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 1384.99 96727.40 238.67 98351.06
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 416.58 429.77 64863.89 22024.29 1356.58 14.66 66637.05 22469.
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 3225.47 4059.91 24839.00 13913.61 20.41 0.00 28084.88 17974.
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 57.67 6538.50 33.01 6629.18
17
To Air To Land To Water Total
Four Digit ISIC Description ISICCode
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 103.00 232.08 7814.55 53130.08 69.33 0.00 7986.88 53362.
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 212.04 701.04 3314.65 8650.70 687.37 0.00 4214.06 9352.
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 7840.02 1581.50 72479.19 27170.60 3110.23 920.23 83429.44 29672.
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 213.86 424.35 6890.38 6298.84 70.16 53.96 7174.40 6777.
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 855.10 588.15 33264.76 21205.01 42.78 0.00 34162.63 21793.
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 270.86 253.42 25331.77 30902.73 22.89 0.00 25625.52 31156.
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 46.57 513.97 1795.14 9580.32 101.03 0.00 1942.74 10094.
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 212.10 18247.86 34.87 18494.82
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 2642.23 3361.37 7.17 6010.77
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 1149.21 2321.43 30303.24 9540.58 81.72 0.00 31534.18 11862.
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 199.98 8219.87 0.41 8420.25
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 841.84 5940.92 6.60 6789.35
IRON AND STEEL 3710 26937.00 4579.16 593910.56 141519.94 4072.73 93.36 624920.28 146192.
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 40127.67 17012.01 1329440.21 18503.21 798.82 17.37 1370366.71 35533.
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 1116.06 777.38 12815.87 19574.12 16.46 0.00 13948.40 20352.
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 130.58 363.98 1923.23 11052.31 0.48 0.00 2054.30 11416.
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 637.13 1476.20 9790.10 13955.18 142.98 0.00 10570.21 15431.
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 1129.07 1008.74 50735.25 40907.25 388.12 0.00 52252.44 41916.
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 5007.11 14151.61 38.65 19197.38
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 191.54 1604.76 12.57 1808.87
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 257.90 2066.99 21581.51 11519.74 1.71 0.00 21841.12 13587.
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 131.43 829.51 4294.41 13833.15 3.60 0.00 4429.45 14663.
18
To Air To Land To Water Total
Four Digit ISIC Description ISICCode
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 17.38 42.77 877.79 12307.71 2.29 0.00 897.45 12350.
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 343.42 722.48 10932.49 7031.83 19.97 0.00 11295.88 7754.00
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 944.91 6912.16 112.32 7969.39
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 93.62 86.20 8079.26 17099.99 17.89 0.00 8190.76 17186.
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 15.12 1795.59 3.26 1813.97
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 1358.53 1356.47 51511.13 30858.19 48.61 0.00 52918.27 32215.
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 3547.39 2389.51 11.50 5948.40
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 1143.22 4700.55 0.05 5843.82
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 476.94 551.25 9985.07 6995.20 9.44 0.00 10471.44 7546.
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 691.39 5028.28 274.98 5994.66
AIRCRAFT 3845 59.47 215.71 5023.72 6241.87 11.57 1.29 5094.76 6459.
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 14.86 137.98 1626.79 10082.58 2.11 0.00 1643.76 10221.
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 5.95 3012.42 0.00 3018.37
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 134.18 22.36 0.00 156.54
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 30.07 1211.80 28.69 1270.55
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 291.42 2901.98 0.00 3193.39
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 29.92 1718.10 27.13 1775.15
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 613.03 678.38 6580.27 21606.99 23.26 172.60 7216.56 22458.
19
Annex A1.5 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value of Output(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0 0.0255628 0.3702836 0.3958464
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.0227366 0 0 0.0227366
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0 0.5593429 0.1340437 0.6933866
FISH PRODUCTS 3114
OILS AND FATS 3115 0.0608997 19.331864 0.0121799 19.404943
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.0599848 1.5329088 0 1.5928936
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 0 1.1015761 0 1.1015761
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 0.0095437 0.2687262 0.3612167 0.6394866
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.4110766 0.5222341 0 0.9333107
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0 0.6689176 0 0.6689176
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.083368 26.773706 0.0083084 26.865383
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 2.8918386 32.691229 58.519999 113.64616 0.1950262 3.6732 61.606864 150.0106
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 2.356797 6.807881 0 9.1646779
KNITTING MILLS 3213 0 1.2859897 0 1.2859897
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 8.7273743 0 0 8.7273743
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1.0768821 22.188918 0.2031853 23.468985
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.0105307 0.8428808 0 0.8534116
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 1.6083474 854.35948 1.2975143 857.26534
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 0.54372 528.66091 0.2154276 529.42006
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233
FOOTWEAR 3240
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 2.3207088 9.7199768 30.826836 41.880373 0.0481298 0.0000 33.195675 51.6004
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0 0.5958914 0 0.5958914
20
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 0.0643312 0.660553 0 0.7248842
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.8729709 1.844975 0 2.7179459
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 0.342111 0 17.194217 66.142885 7.8443197 13.9122 25.380648 80.0551
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0 0.0695779 0 0.0695779
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 9.582677 12.298231 0.4561529 22.337061
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.0194735 0 1.3723659 85.05069 0.0013741 0.0000 1.3932134 85.0507
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 29.31936 15.06398 929.58358 245.9794 27.232543 0.2351 986.13548 261.2785
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 3.9594666 276.52764 0.6823068 281.16941
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADEFIBRES
3513 1.5789967 1.5569748 245.85827 87.89604 5.1419582 0.0460 252.57922 89.4990
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 13.760417 17.613094 105.96734 55.006479 0.087053 0.0000 119.81481 72.6196
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 0.2483664 28.160522 0.1421673 28.551056
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 0.3403434 0.5369587 25.821242 184.47696 0.2290705 0.0000 26.390656 185.0139
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1.0487294 3.3687396 16.393851 35.980117 3.3996585 0.0000 20.842239 39.3489
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 4.9496035 0.927511 45.757968 15.632455 1.9635705 0.5654 52.671142 17.1254
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 0.7162012 1.2353484 23.07535 15.662517 0.2349457 0.1560 24.026497 17.0539
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 5.3541015 3.7295327 208.28418 151.73043 0.2678445 0.0000 213.90612 155.4600
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 3.3224527 2.8976633 310.72353 334.909 0.2807834 0.0000 314.32676 337.8067
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 0.4407169 3.6648525 16.988665 70.097731 0.9561306 0.0000 18.385512 73.7626
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 3.271391 281.45353 0.5378098 285.26273
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 21.926239 27.893973 0.0594878 49.8797
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 13.562409 29.40307 357.62311 105.57795 0.9644598 0.0000 372.14998 134.9810
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 0.9791617 40.247839 0.0019963 41.228997
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 6.8952221 48.660033 0.0540246 55.60928
IRON AND STEEL 3710 169.11075 37.496486 3728.576 1078.834 25.568609 0.4675 3923.2554 1116.7980
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 206.75134 108.12562 6849.7251 127.73923 4.1157948 0.0603 7060.5922 235.9252
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 12.400379 9.5557864 142.39501 230.50538 0.1829371 0.0000 154.97832 240.0612
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 1.4160365 4.3248633 20.855789 170.37306 0.005253 0.0000 22.277078 174.6979
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 6.4433351 16.465571 99.007563 157.57689 1.4459198 0.0000 106.89682 174.0425
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 9.9644016 8.7159487 447.7533 435.85777 3.4252365 0.0000 461.14294 444.5737
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 32.086258 90.685442 0.2476784 123.01938
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.3117146 10.989732 0.0861042 12.38755
21
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
InterQuartile
LowerBound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 2.8426305 22.91408 237.87564 121.54186 0.0188264 0.0000 240.7371 144.4559
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 1.0424321 6.5783621 34.060523 117.06346 0.0285494 0.0000 35.131505 123.6418
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.0940914 0.1816365 4.7533817 78.725926 0.0123761 0.0000 4.8598492 78.9076
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 3.3811124 6.5972153 107.63395 69.460177 0.1966184 0.0000 111.21168 76.0574
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 9.4238568 68.936935 1.1201749 79.480966
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.8465639 0.8767422 73.061007 244.60254 0.1617685 0.0000 74.06934 245.4793
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 0.1317547 15.644264 0.0283741 15.804393
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 12.364441 11.433809 468.82073 210.18913 0.442384 0.0000 481.62755 221.6229
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 45.036664 30.336492 0.1460311 75.519187
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 10.104661 41.546923 0.0004121 51.651995
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1.9399176 4.4443077 40.613467 36.32414 0.0383849 0.0000 42.59177 40.7684
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.56468 33.197672 1.8154977 39.57785 0.0000
AIRCRAFT 3845 0.4635816 2.4108782 39.15878 71.102047 0.0901489 0.0085 39.71251 73.5215
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.150877 1.1756073 16.512961 101.78005 0.0214176 0.0000 16.685256 102.9557
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.073132 37.034946 0 37.108078
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 1.2689056 0.2114843 0 1.4803899
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.2567196 10.346957 0.2449452 10.848622
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 4.2616113 42.4379 0 46.699511
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.305041 17.515453 0.2765705 18.097065
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 7.7029387 7.5274477 82.682961 266.27159 0.2922374 1.6485 90.678137 275.4476
22
Annex A1.6 Toxic Metal Pollution Intensity by Medium with respect to Value Added(Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 0.00 0.14 2.06 2.20
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.09
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 0.00 1.18 0.28 1.46
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 0.00
OILS AND FATS 3115 0.24 75.59 0.05 75.88
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.12 2.94 0.00 3.05
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 0.00 3.90 0.00 3.90
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 0.02 0.56 0.75 1.34
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 1.26 1.60 0.00 2.87
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 0.00 1.55 0.00 1.55
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 0.16 50.91 0.02 51.08
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 6.65 51.30 134.63 229.41 0.45 6.15 141.73 286.86
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 5.31 15.35 0.00 20.66
KNITTING MILLS 3213 0.00 2.77 0.00 2.77
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 16.70 0.00 0.00 16.70
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 2.36 48.72 0.45 51.53
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.02 1.60 0.00 1.62
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 4.72 2507.15 3.81 2515.68
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 0.95 919.72 0.37 921.04
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233
FOOTWEAR 3240
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 5.78 30.33 76.79 148.08 0.12 0.00 82.69 178.42
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 0.00 1.41 0.00 1.41
23
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 0.12 1.24 0.00 1.36
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 1.64 3.47 0.00 5.11
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 0.69 0.00 34.77 143.09 15.86 32.45 51.33 175.54
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.18
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 19.42 24.93 0.92 45.28
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.03 0.00 2.07 148.09 0.00 0.00 2.10 148.09
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 64.64 32.21 2049.34 570.13 60.04 0.40 2174.01 602.73
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 7.36 513.98 1.27 522.60
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 3.58 3.20 557.57 221.74 11.66 0.07 572.81 225.01
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 28.08 39.17 216.27 124.91 0.18 0.00 244.53 164.07
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 0.35 39.25 0.20 39.79
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 0.55 0.85 41.68 443.35 0.37 0.00 42.60 444.21
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1.74 7.54 27.20 94.00 5.64 0.00 34.58 101.54
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 41.14 8.16 380.34 151.02 16.32 5.70 437.80 164.87
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 2.03 2.74 65.55 57.16 0.67 0.31 68.26 60.22
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 10.04 7.23 390.72 298.79 0.50 0.00 401.26 306.01
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 5.98 6.98 559.51 735.22 0.51 0.00 565.99 742.21
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 0.88 9.18 33.84 159.47 1.90 0.00 36.62 168.65
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 4.69 403.11 0.77 408.57
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 38.69 49.21 0.10 88.00
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 22.72 47.68 599.07 198.11 1.62 0.00 623.41 245.79
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 1.86 76.61 0.00 78.48
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 13.34 94.17 0.10 107.62
IRON AND STEEL 3710 388.48 73.53 8565.20 2099.08 58.74 1.04 9012.42 2173.65
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 660.66 298.58 21887.76 297.38 13.15 0.18 22561.57 596.14
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 20.02 12.91 229.87 346.85 0.30 0.00 250.18 359.77
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 2.42 7.99 35.62 299.27 0.01 0.00 38.05 307.26
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 13.61 30.04 209.17 354.91 3.05 0.00 225.84 384.95
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 20.60 15.53 925.82 793.34 7.08 0.00 953.51 808.87
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 65.67 185.60 0.51 251.77
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 2.69 22.51 0.18 25.38
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 4.81 35.92 402.63 176.64 0.03 0.00 407.47 212.56
24
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC To Air To Land To Water Total
Code Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower--Bound
Inter-Quartile
Lower-Bound
Inter-Quartile
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 2.08 11.24 67.90 211.50 0.06 0.00 70.03 222.74
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.18 0.30 8.88 133.47 0.02 0.00 9.08 133.77
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 6.15 12.04 195.91 124.60 0.36 0.00 202.42 136.64
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 17.29 126.45 2.05 145.79
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 1.44 1.16 124.48 349.68 0.28 0.00 126.19 350.84
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 0.26 30.95 0.06 31.26 0.00
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 21.95 19.66 832.34 334.40 0.79 0.00 855.07 354.06
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 81.37 54.81 0.26 136.45
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 19.29 79.31 0.00 98.59
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 5.86 8.77 122.69 98.08 0.12 0.00 128.67 106.86
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 13.38 97.27 5.32 115.97
AIRCRAFT 3845 0.81 3.67 68.71 109.82 0.16 0.01 69.68 113.51
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.23 1.73 24.86 170.38 0.03 0.00 25.12 172.11
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.11 56.83 0.00 56.94
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 2.64 0.44 0.00 3.08
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.60 24.27 0.57 25.45
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 6.90 68.74 0.00 75.64
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.56 32.06 0.51 33.13
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 13.40 12.03 143.83 436.72 0.51 2.62 157.74 451.37
25
Annex A1.7 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 44323 455101 113689 2308 1266 12838
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 45381 63808 11378 2940 146 23371
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 133065 67717 12991 24558 909 13206
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 25533 11223 795 327 234 4770
OILS AND FATS 3115 5138719 1839383 410690 1407836 3230523 5263863
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 111648 89453 17298 94440 184567 550646
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1843 4138 536 20448 0 1853
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 1817410 1744722 934826 309257 38031 1203803
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 18873 3846 626 358 0 2027
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 94882 96275 20681 28926 2595 42955
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 263774 72518 19790 8367 109043 475042
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1508803 524392 98015 5183582 65941 126276
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 112248 16894 1462 325 0 11696
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 919235 724059 44839 75198 1399 50497
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 589290 356620 46453 117211 4627 11007
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 226919 313100 42020 85891 6074 40606
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 1436 885 205 10244 0 2126
KNITTING MILLS 3213 14564 6025 2514 4895 865 9129
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 166511 51976 72518 101152 0 87768
26
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 123187 50971 9284 978264 0 73287
WEARING APPAREL 3220 1747 658 184 436 16 82
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 204304 53953 19877 600508 6427 24660
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 68713 16166 3847 43030 1552 58048
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0 1085 191 19211 0 702
FOOTWEAR 3240 910 107 0 7793 0 54
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 115100 260044 655365 278642 10260 361844
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 59 119 475 2376 1010 15385
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 192836 124902 278856 377948 114003 284105
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 16757 11840 12564 380195 11051 37721
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 6143809 3205594 7012594 970787 348825 1207425
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 27467 200638 46536 60764 1107 6264
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 73662 22531 6872 123471 12 1718
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 2430 3159 12165 81067 32 1306
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 3668697 2725058 2104691 2129347 124382 589541
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 386931 372690 74178 352681 16314 107526
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 1367978 3555516 525710 2601877 1104 208980
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 57579 50880 7159 426408 17458 34188
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 423830 179854 21106 210835 2940 80010
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 144125 171684 59431 55590 58487 77160
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1069860 333985 10874089 828647 275204 373445
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 20059667 11539041 10420833 10620393 202563 1769721
27
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 6230651 3876530 2934821 973230 191288 2389915
TIRE AND TUBES 3551 606466 209569 25712 613870 8663 67061
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 98 394 98 31309 98 197
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 5922 1289 423 71473 1236 1807
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 19155 9606 6663 74623 0 22598
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 407023 809898 218155 103897 17166 162488
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 256642 2479762 589064 201486 396672 1946568
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 26282045 12202952 1485323 69472 21853392 12710943
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 390064 174035 83520 47896 238441 657245
IRON AND STEEL 3710 2845984 1236233 4435070 380969 786589 659404
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 7500587 244307 3489091 272869 68914 629938
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 14459 93182 7432 23388 0 4066
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 3985 3290 1298 263319 0 2449
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 15291 64565 25846 70570 1020 3348
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 18250 41052 209625 176300 762 14622
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 95439 69424 311067 103428 615 25438
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 375779 102244 130788 220647 27 62839
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 3320 738 77135 48529 0 642
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 62699 53715 9512 40603 163 12469
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 841 707 67 11750 0 372
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 48650 18396 40484 61749 237 4344
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 287267 75597 11800 47035 146 5335
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 7422 3711 964 45140 289 562
28
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 227 1699 283 79916 113 57
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 42980 92928 194662 45305 1212 33571
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 26421 11804 1580 97910 26432 8249
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 770945 308732 55014 214742 93 205045
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 68596 34614 46389 319001 2905 34469
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 39912 23256 6600 1125393 0 24199
AIRCRAFT 3845 13622 11102 28497 42214 390 2110
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 1331 2312 296 3378 0 404
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 6853 10565 238 12801 0 2617
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 22154 7415 1854 6058 0 7098
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 5475 40975 9714 127870 3532 9007
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 878 1237 160 54218 5186 6463
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 2272 1105 847 32467 0 589
29
Annex A1.8 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO VolatileOrganic
Compounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 195 1997 499 10 6 56
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 141 198 35 9 0 73
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 736 375 72 136 5 73
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 173 76 5 2 2 32
OILS AND FATS 3115 9387 3360 750 2572 5901 9615
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 328 262 51 277 542 1616
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 16 36 5 179 0 16
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 6428 6171 3306 1094 135 4258
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 97 20 3 2 0 10
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 432 439 94 132 12 196
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 745 205 56 24 308 1341
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 3887 1351 253 13355 170 325
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 462 70 6 1 0 48
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 2146 1690 105 176 3 118
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1265 766 100 252 10 24
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 2422 3342 448 917 65 433
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 18 11 3 126 0 26
KNITTING MILLS 3213 217 90 37 73 13 136
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0 0 0 0 0 0
30
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO VolatileOrganic
Compounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 2075 648 904 1261 0 1094
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 748 309 56 5938 0 445
WEARING APPAREL 3220 32 12 3 8 0 1
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 1299 343 126 3819 41 157
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 932 219 52 584 21 788
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0 16 3 285 0 10
FOOTWEAR 3240 16 2 0 134 0 1
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 1036 2342 5901 2509 92 3258
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 1 2 8 41 18 268
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 2968 1923 4293 5818 1755 4373
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 243 172 182 5510 160 547
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 25585 13349 29203 4043 1453 5028
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 201 1472 341 446 8 46
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 417 128 39 700 0 10
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 26 34 129 862 0 14
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 11656 8658 6687 6766 395 1873
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 1106 1065 212 1008 47 307
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 5185 13477 1993 9862 4 792
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 246 217 31 1819 74 146
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1825 775 91 908 13 345
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 476 567 196 184 193 255
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 5291 1652 53782 4098 1361 1847
31
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO VolatileOrganic
Compounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 12664 7285 6579 6705 128 1117
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 20866 12982 9828 3259 641 8004
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 3797 1312 161 3844 54 420
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1 5 1 384 1 2
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 56 12 4 676 12 17
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 295 148 103 1151 0 349
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 3378 6721 1810 862 142 1348
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 3029 29265 6952 2378 4681 22972
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 128688 59751 7273 340 107003 62238
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 3195 1425 684 392 1953 5383
IRON AND STEEL 3710 17867 7761 27843 2392 4938 4140
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 38646 1259 17977 1406 355 3246
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 161 1035 83 260 0 45
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 43 36 14 2855 0 27
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 155 653 261 714 10 34
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 161 362 1850 1556 7 129
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 612 445 1993 663 4 163
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 2573 700 896 1511 0 430
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 37 8 850 535 0 7
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 497 426 75 322 1 99
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 5 4 0 64 0 2
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 479 181 399 608 2 43
32
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO VolatileOrganic
Compounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 2865 754 118 469 1 53
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 67 34 9 408 3 5
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 2 15 2 696 1 0
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 391 846 1772 412 11 306
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 335 150 20 1243 336 105
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 6814 2729 486 1898 1 1812
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 279 141 189 1298 12 140
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 264 154 44 7430 0 160
AIRCRAFT 3845 106 87 222 329 3 16
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 14 23 3 34 0 4
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 84 130 3 157 0 32
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 189 63 16 52 0 61
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 80 599 142 1870 52 132
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 9 13 2 553 53 66
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 29 14 11 408 0 7
33
Annex A1.9 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedLower Bound Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 1081 11103 2774 56 31 313
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 532 748 133 34 2 274
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 1553 791 152 287 11 154
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 618 272 19 8 6 115
OILS AND FATS 3115 36704 13138 2933 10056 23075 37598
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 628 503 97 531 1039 3098
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 25 57 7 280 0 25
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 22751 21841 11702 3871 476 15069
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 188 38 6 4 0 20
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 903 916 197 275 25 409
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 2287 629 172 73 945 4118
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 6529 2269 424 22429 285 546
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 1070 161 14 3 0 112
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 4080 3214 199 334 6 224
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1840 1113 145 366 14 34
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 5572 7688 1032 2109 149 997
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 40 25 6 285 0 59
KNITTING MILLS 3213 467 193 81 157 28 293
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215 3970 1239 1729 2412 0 2092
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 1642 679 124 13038 0 977
WEARING APPAREL 3220 60 23 6 15 1 3
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 3813 1007 371 11208 120 460
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 1622 382 91 1016 37 1370
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0 29 5 514 0 19
FOOTWEAR 3240 30 4 0 257 0 2
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 2582 5833 14701 6250 230 8117
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 2 5 20 98 42 634
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319 5561 3602 8041 10899 3287 8192
34
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 457 323 343 10365 301 1028
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 51745 26998 59062 8176 2938 10169
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 533 3896 904 1180 21 122
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES, 3419 846 259 79 1418 0 20
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 39 51 195 1301 1 21
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 25698 19088 14742 14915 871 4129
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 2056 1980 394 1874 87 571
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADEFIBRES
3513 11759 30563 4519 22366 9 1796
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 501 443 62 3713 152 298
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 2544 1080 127 1265 18 480
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 769 916 317 296 312 412
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 8780 2741 89240 6800 2259 3065
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 105264 60552 54684 55731 1063 9287
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 59277 36881 27921 9259 1820 22737
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 7123 2462 302 7210 102 788
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 2 9 2 692 2 4
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 112 24 8 1347 23 34
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 423 212 147 1648 0 499
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 5959 11858 3194 1521 251 2379
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 5074 49023 11645 3983 7842 38482
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 244955 113734 13844 647 203679 118469
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 6183 2759 1324 759 3780 10418
IRON AND STEEL 3710 41044 17829 63961 5494 11344 9510
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 123489 4022 57444 4492 1135 10371
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 259 1671 133 419 0 73
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 74 61 24 4877 0 45
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 327 1379 552 1508 22 72
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 333 749 3825 3217 14 267
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1252 910 4080 1356 8 334
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 5272 1434 1835 3095 0 882
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 62 14 1439 905 0 12
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 991 849 150 642 3 197
35
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 9 7 1 119 0 4
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 872 330 725 1107 4 78
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 5255 1383 216 860 3 98
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 114 57 15 695 4 9
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833 4 29 5 1377 2 1
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 694 1502 3145 732 20 542
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 606 271 36 2246 606 189
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 13007 5209 928 3623 2 3459
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 843 425 570 3920 36 424
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 772 450 128 21771 0 468
AIRCRAFT 3845 186 152 390 577 5 29
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 20 35 5 52 0 6
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 129 199 4 241 0 49
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 444 149 37 121 0 142
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902 130 971 230 3029 84 213
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 16 23 3 1012 97 121
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 50 24 19 710 0 13
36
Annex A1.10 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 3966 55486 13519 2258 0 3898
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 94058 264715 52612 260 0 23779
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 142986 180019 30470 1053 0 18073
FISH PRODUCTS 3114
OILS AND FATS 3115 2625413 1846622 370432 909298 28353 2342853
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0 32982 2242 0 0 927208
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 248 18650 3097 92096 0 3310
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 2319339 2195872 653396 25921 0 1377738
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 28355 62803 8893 2872 0 13317
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0 11134 0 0 0 954396
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 557575 259935 88931 9351202 0 73140
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 169771 431198 46754 6644 0 13231
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 485347 124457 29818 124199 4963 4036
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 720711 376713 41173 13212 1658 58333
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212
KNITTING MILLS 3213
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
37
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 23955 88257 8631 1524921 0 17152
WEARING APPAREL 3220
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 373934 175698 23816 1276745 0 44446
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233
FOOTWEAR 3240
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 19504 458995 851070 405381 0 1085021
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 3098 9069 13386 1072931 0 10978
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 4229207 2151584 991738 263942 0 427312
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 3 66818 9611 736724 0 9196
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0 5496 98 533096 0 0
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 1471464 1343434 170579 263704 0 395849
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 26272 287726 2797 19799 0 91990
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 270527 415721 39263 893381 0 115610
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0 6002 935 1084025 0 5822
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 218618 117243 14245 395493 0 33112
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 5554 166493 38380 115632 0 45058
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 90451 153530 8897 724354 0 20810
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 13281867 7163377 1614951 7217794 0 1085260
38
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 533911 735750 254995 261201 0 1356243
TIRES AND TUBES 3551
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 940 40077 4856 50029 0 73647
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 761398 1896241 40134 59621 0 382671
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 17056 131880 19791 8535 0 1396555
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 14287866 9965721 625689 21536 0 4398071
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 2507 57224 10573 6414 0 538122
IRON AND STEEL 3710 29526 72064 545900 16418 0 172642
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 69292 34553 7419 25313 0 232161
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 445 13536 3519 56076 0 2381
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 1 4111 195 502961 0 3629
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 0 2978 41 140252 0 342
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 0 11423 339 732145 0 1002
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 2273 23583 4201 74136 0 2072
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 140 9785 2053 152351 0 5077
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 565 9594 1240 29852 0 4653
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 522 17292 4048 87855 0 1496
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 0 6171 733 147464 0 1967
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0 8839 135 175392 0 383
39
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 4628 7358 206 82928 0 8831
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0 0 0 463083 0 1651
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 1211 11560 1958 285218 0 3638
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844
AIRCRAFT 3845 113 7341 901 59632 0 1078
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0 1398 63 65104 0 0
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0 7290 0 789954 0 4054
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 4 13798 15362 442650 0 6640
40
Annex A1.11 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates TotalSuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 35.53 265.27 77.61 22.22 0.00 22.01
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 219.32 551.96 112.11 0.64 0.00 44.42
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 828.83 880.51 151.68 4.14 0.00 74.46
FISH PRODUCTS 3114
OILS AND FATS 3115 2875.93 1882.61 338.91 803.25 90.75 1971.68
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.00 71.89 4.47 0.00 0.00 2133.12
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1.11 149.05 21.17 710.23 0.00 22.70
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 9568.19 8405.41 3066.88 85.86 0.00 5282.89
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 75.05 212.86 22.32 7.80 0.00 38.65
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.00 31.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 3291.84
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 787.44 551.40 162.36 18078.93 0.00 146.62
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 535.67 1180.82 127.15 15.01 0.00 34.29
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 752.47 193.07 42.24 260.32 7.27 5.01
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 7481.59 3965.13 371.74 128.12 15.34 527.98
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212
KNITTING MILLS 3213
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
41
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates TotalSuspendedParticulates
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 220.13 536.67 53.37 12181.55 0.00 133.73
WEARING APPAREL 3220
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 2138.92 976.81 142.20 8438.76 0.00 269.49
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233
FOOTWEAR 3240
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 128.16 3166.62 6153.77 2464.65 0.00 7239.26
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 47.56 147.02 220.89 16653.09 0.00 163.57
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 21219.90 10262.11 4904.09 1259.23 0.00 2173.43
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.02 404.84 66.02 31.31 0.00 69.07
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.00 41.99 0.92 4148.15 0.00 0.00
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 4803.58 3922.13 477.52 780.92 0.00 1139.59
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 91.68 976.08 3.41 50.15 0.00 250.45
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 1480.94 1521.24 140.67 3279.35 0.00 434.39
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.00 17.23 2.27 4614.44 0.00 25.40
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1001.59 386.74 38.72 1471.14 0.00 116.05
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILETPREPS.
3523 11.39 393.49 128.01 325.03 0.00 113.93
42
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates TotalSuspendedParticulates
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 681.67 707.47 49.60 3553.31 0.00 144.01
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 9123.11 4671.79 1063.34 4579.11 0.00 741.06
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 1307.25 1093.10 656.66 738.57 0.00 4263.76
TIRES AND TUBES 3551
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 13.64 607.75 86.96 1321.27 0.00 1217.45
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 6456.71 15348.04 330.22 463.50 0.00 3013.68
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 192.10 1663.19 273.37 108.67 0.00 12899.29
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 88210.97 54281.38 3113.18 116.15 0.00 22877.82
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 18.25 423.35 66.96 32.23 0.00 3290.21
IRON AND STEEL 3710 344.69 558.09 4291.44 145.32 0.00 1525.50
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 1033.85 172.83 54.05 130.36 0.00 1021.66
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 7.34 127.33 30.83 550.36 0.00 28.25
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.01 37.75 1.91 5162.30 0.00 32.21
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 0.00 31.45 0.42 1330.41 0.00 2.88
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 0.00 96.29 3.58 4315.23 0.00 7.46
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 22.69 133.21 36.08 612.90 0.00 16.81
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.72 56.34 14.49 825.49 0.00 30.39
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 6.05 100.55 13.17 347.89 0.00 52.21
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 5.91 129.50 28.33 618.62 0.00 10.30
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825
43
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates TotalSuspendedParticulates
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 0.07 57.68 4.68 1204.95 0.00 15.40
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.00 75.71 0.62 2239.81 0.00 1.37
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 44.60 65.06 2.29 586.33 0.00 74.15
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.00 0.00 0.00 5642.84 0.00 20.00
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 4.10 38.98 6.27 1082.39 0.00 11.94
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844
AIRCRAFT 3845 0.94 60.84 8.27 608.16 0.00 11.20
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.00 30.83 2.71 412.75 0.00 0.00
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 43.65 0.00 7984.18 0.00 38.87
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.05 118.86 107.10 4623.62 0.00 59.59
44
Annex A1.12 Air Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 201.37 1125.53 387.34 164.68 0.00 82.37
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 911.56 4292.74 754.42 1.13 0.00 160.51
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 1628.02 2448.17 380.10 8.02 0.00 211.29
FISH PRODUCTS 3114
OILS AND FATS 3115 20758.14 14536.39 2945.29 6725.64 291.96 17444.28
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.00 170.28 9.53 0.00 0.00 10539.86
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 1.71 252.58 35.33 1189.48 0.00 35.52
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 30330.86 27245.92 9563.41 298.39 0.00 15298.38
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 285.88 539.97 51.31 43.27 0.00 81.06
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 0.00 75.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 9726.49
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 1259.11 871.38 263.95 32971.97 0.00 268.06
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 1016.48 2357.51 273.83 27.13 0.00 65.76
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1178.59 326.96 96.15 341.07 19.74 6.83
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 16424.40 8658.79 814.94 275.06 51.73 1047.18
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212
KNITTING MILLS 3213
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
45
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 358.10 980.85 98.35 27839.34 0.00 273.36
WEARING APPAREL 3220
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 9422.69 3734.32 545.63 25417.69 0.00 903.46
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233
FOOTWEAR 3240
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 375.41 9409.99 17763.09 7313.64 0.00 22167.28
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANEWARE
3312
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 86.21 258.54 401.95 30569.23 0.00 312.95
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 45125.70 22115.00 10599.14 2641.26 0.00 4560.85
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 0.07 1315.21 217.49 110.97 0.00 224.07
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 0.00 88.25 1.68 8862.20 0.00 0.00
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 10068.36 8377.82 1066.53 1654.73 0.00 2437.80
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 209.86 2674.59 5.08 159.00 0.00 863.19
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 3071.68 3932.27 324.11 8260.42 0.00 1057.74
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.00 38.50 4.68 10094.90 0.00 50.53
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 1388.86 576.04 55.32 2300.79 0.00 168.67
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILETPREPS.
3523 31.86 833.07 217.99 697.43 0.00 263.33
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 1182.87 1326.92 93.80 7160.25 0.00 264.99
46
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 75783.00 37989.55 9068.34 41417.25 0.00 6832.88
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 3675.23 3297.91 2102.24 2157.10 0.00 13998.73
TIRES AND TUBES 3551
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 26.75 1005.32 129.03 1945.63 0.00 1799.74
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 11028.19 27501.19 561.67 775.41 0.00 5247.83
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 323.25 2654.97 429.41 179.11 0.00 22558.17
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 179067.42 105145.30 5574.36 211.36 0.00 45691.30
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 25.88 848.16 120.94 67.52 0.00 7111.83
IRON AND STEEL 3710 623.50 1255.21 9761.60 300.36 0.00 3337.31
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2752.62 483.98 177.93 428.66 0.00 5047.78
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 9.31 260.24 57.68 893.07 0.00 43.15
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.01 68.27 2.97 9428.63 0.00 62.49
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 0.00 52.40 0.14 2445.86 0.00 2.63
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 0.00 199.73 7.21 11434.62 0.00 16.29
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 39.41 266.11 74.24 1087.00 0.00 28.27
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 1.22 133.96 30.46 1913.95 0.00 82.27
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 8.87 185.64 25.59 521.49 0.00 69.97
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 21.79 253.71 60.94 1415.08 0.00 25.95
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTINGMACHINERY
3825
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 0.14 111.73 11.29 2545.54 0.00 30.82
47
ISIC Code SO2 NO2 CO Volatile OrganicCompounds
Fine Particulates Total SuspendedParticulates
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 0.00 136.39 1.74 3765.93 0.00 3.22
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 83.87 112.26 4.72 1165.81 0.00 155.67
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.00 0.00 0.00 12171.17 0.00 36.25
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 6.44 99.35 13.65 2868.67 0.00 33.00
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844
AIRCRAFT 3845 1.71 98.31 12.61 1299.95 0.00 17.88
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.00 50.08 3.82 594.13 0.00 0.00
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853
JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 66.50 0.00 15367.30 0.00 80.10
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.08 286.26 282.31 10305.23 0.00 129.61
48
Annex A1.13 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to EmploymentInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/'000 Employees)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 7182.2 17356.1 8906.8 25907.3
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 2556411.0 50566.5 368217.1 46249.8
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 54357.6 85693.0 85749.4 147959.9
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 84938.7 0.0 144803.4 51447.6
OILS AND FATS 3115 95975.3 177784.0 108436.3 219827.2
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 3.2 40.7
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 13.8 15.5
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 602434.9 662258.2 863751.5 170812.8
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 3543.7 1701.6
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 604.1 238.9
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 409.4 596.4
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 2115815.1 35778.0 3802819.9 72870.3
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 5917.1 3247.9
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 12387.7 28632.1
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 714.2 872.2
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 9198.9 47962.4 14285.3 86906.6
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 0.0 0.0
KNITTING MILLS 3213 122.7 247.1
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 2153.8 3622.4
49
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.0 527.1
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.0 0.0
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 95498.5 180341.8
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 15732.8 48087.6
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.0 72.8
FOOTWEAR 3240 5832.4 5718.9
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 11115.1 52412.3
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 257.8 461.8
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.2 1.7
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 3302137.6 1444506.3 11215316.3 1814077.8
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 11389.4 19555.4
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 41969.9 41398.8
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 382.2 306550.1 209.2 74314.0
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 1255448.8 13141.2 1940529.1 142156.2
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 15697.9 4055.8 3054594.1 78574.4
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 55872.2 29999.6 180549.5 65734.0
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 60.1 252.5
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 14183.2 4634.4 3555879.2 16932.1
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 33360.2 37197.7 47118.9 47506.7
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 2635.6 3803.7
50
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 250712.4 111044.4 1258255.8 146528.5
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 6558.0 1137.5 8049.9 18917.5
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 3.4 1506.5
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 57.0 267163.7
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 54766.8 1163.6 1183.5 5496.0
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 2900.9 7198.4
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 176.7 1250.5
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 47.1 840.3
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 241.0 528465.8
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 2860.3 401.1 4196.1 36551.8
IRON AND STEEL 3710 2105.4 0.0 31018255.6 48407.9
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 575085.3 0.0 8312905.1 13223.6
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 0.0 42.0
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.0 72.0
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 123.6 0.0 169.8 2974.6
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 3043.9 0.0 87616.2 5951.9
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 266.7
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.0 728.5
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 15.7 13809.7
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 835.5 683.2
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.3 103.3
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 166.0 7.6 3909.5 832.8
51
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 93.1 0.0 516.4 826.5
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 4477.8 2.2 6196.2 1090.7
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 39.3 182.0 241.1 3087.1
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 12.0 38.0
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 0.0 422.4
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 57.3 0.0 288.1 1578.0
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 646.0 3836.4
AIRCRAFT 3845 132.6 50.9 1153.2 1390.1
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 68.3 75.9
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 49.9 30.3
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0.0 0.0
JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.0 2875077.4
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.0 2279277.3
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 6.8 41.5
52
Annex A1.14 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Total Value of OutputInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 31.52 102.18 39.09 129.61
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 7948.66 140.73 1144.90 120.40
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 300.80 657.42 474.51 1284.59
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 574.42 0.00 979.27 344.55
OILS AND FATS 3115 175.31 315.58 198.08 577.26
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.01 0.12
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.12 0.14
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 2130.73 3131.23 3054.97 769.79
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 18.26 8.77
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 2.75 1.09
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 1.16 1.68
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 5451.00 219.30 9797.25 479.78
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 24.37 13.37
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 28.92 66.84
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 1.53 1.87
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 98.18 587.45 152.47 1097.95
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 0.00 0.00
KNITTING MILLS 3213 1.82 3.67
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 11.62 19.54
53
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 3.20
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.00 0.00
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 607.39 1147.01
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 213.45 652.40
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00 1.08
FOOTWEAR 3240 100.62 98.67
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 100.09 471.96
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 4.49 8.05
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.00 0.03
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 13751.36 6417.93 46704.84 7717.40
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 83.55 143.45
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 237.85 234.61
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 4.06 2881.17 2.23 1291.93
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 3988.90 33.03 6165.59 443.58
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 44.88 7.81 8732.58 206.30
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, &MANMADE FIBRES
3513 211.78 74.19 684.35 174.15
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.26 1.08
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 61.09 13.96 15314.74 67.16
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 110.23 60.54 155.69 83.79
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 13.04 18.81
54
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 158.28 76.72 794.37 102.11
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 21.96 3.45 26.96 68.54
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.02 9.43
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 0.70 3277.07
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 518.30 14.79 11.20 39.36
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 44.74 111.03
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 1.47 10.38
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 0.56 9.92
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 1.18 2587.58
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 23.43 2.95 34.37 341.50
IRON AND STEEL 3710 13.22 0.00 194732.90 308.05
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 2963.03 0.00 42830.90 101.05
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 0.00 0.47
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.00 0.78
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 1.25 0.00 1.72 37.04
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 26.86 0.00 773.24 75.52
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 1.71
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.00 4.99
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 0.17 152.21
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 6.63 5.42
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.00 0.56
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 1.63 0.10 38.49 9.46
55
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 0.93 0.00 5.15 11.13
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 40.49 0.02 56.03 10.69
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 0.36 1.20 2.19 10.93
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.15 0.48
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 0.00 3.73
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.23 0.00 1.17 10.14
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 4.26 25.33
AIRCRAFT 3845 1.03 0.48 8.99 11.89
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 0.69 0.77
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.61 0.37
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0.00 0.00
JEWELLERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 24548.94
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 23236.49
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.09 0.52
56
Annex A1.15 Water Pollution Intensities with respect to Value AddedInter-Quartile Intensity Estimates (Pounds/1987 US $ Million)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
MEAT PRODUCTS 3111 175.23 395.04 217.30 581.81
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3112 29960.63 730.86 4315.43 569.74
PRESERVED FRUITS & VEGETABLES 3113 634.58 1800.92 1001.06 3399.39
FISH PRODUCTS 3114 2056.13 0.00 3505.29 1622.58
OILS AND FATS 3115 685.52 963.50 774.52 1804.56
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS 3116 0.02 0.23
BAKERY PRODUCTS 3117 0.19 0.21
SUGAR FACTORIES & REFINERIES 3118 7541.40 14207.71 10812.62 3315.22
CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS 3119 35.29 16.95
FOOD PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3121 5.75 2.27
PREPARED ANIMAL FOODS 3122 3.55 5.17
DISTILLED SPIRITS 3131 9155.03 401.53 16454.63 720.50
WINE INDUSTRIES 3132 56.42 30.97
MALT LIQUORS AND MALT 3133 54.99 127.09
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES 3140 2.23 2.72
SPINNING, WEAVING, & FINISHING TEXTILES 3211 225.87 1008.29 350.76 2205.60
MADE-UP TEXTILES EXCEPT APPAREL 3212 0.00 0.00
KNITTING MILLS 3213 3.94 7.93
CARPETS AND RUGS 3214 37.10 62.39
57
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
CORDAGE, ROPE & TWINE 3215
TEXTILES, N.E.C. 3219 0.00 7.02
WEARING APPAREL 3220 0.00 0.00
TANNERIES AND LEATHER FINISHING 3231 1782.41 3365.94
FUR DRESSING AND DYEING 3232 371.34 1135.00
LEATHER PRODUCTS 3233 0.00 1.95
FOOTWEAR 3240 192.70 188.95
SAWMILLS, PLANING & OTHER WOOD MILLS 3311 249.33 1175.70
WOODEN & CANE CONTAINERS; SMALL CANE WARE 3312 10.63 19.03
WOOD & CORK PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3319
FURNITURE & FIXTURES, NONMETAL 3320 0.01 0.05
PULP, PAPER, & PAPERBOARD 3411 27811.56 13742.50 94458.63 16596.04
PAPER & PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS & BOXES 3412 221.18 379.76
PULP, PAPER & PAPERBOARD ARTICLES 3419 482.10 475.54
PRINTING & PUBLISHING 3420 6.13 7096.79 3.36 1904.66
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXCEPT FERTILIZER 3511 8793.83 77.96 13592.50 946.24
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES 3512 83.41 13.38 16231.04 420.31
SYNTHETIC RESINS, PLASTICS MATERIALS, & MANMADE FIBRES 3513 480.28 187.01 1552.00 445.61
PAINTS, VARNISHES, & LACQUERS 3521 0.52 2.20
DRUGS AND MEDICINES 3522 85.13 19.70 21343.46 94.19
SOAP, CLEANING PREPS., PERFUMES, & TOILET PREPS. 3523 177.93 131.63 251.31 189.13
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3529 21.63 31.22
58
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
PETROLEUM REFINERIES 3530 1315.62 738.65 6602.74 978.89
MISC. PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS 3540 62.39 7.88 76.59 191.96
TIRES AND TUBES 3551 0.04 17.69
RUBBER PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3559 1.26 5900.87
PLASTICS PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3560 1032.45 24.06 22.31 85.24
POTTERY, CHINA, & EARTHENWARE 3610 64.08 159.02
GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS 3620 2.59 18.31
STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 3691 0.93 16.61
CEMENT, LIME, AND PLASTER 3692 2.25 4925.42
NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. 3699 45.34 4.33 66.51 618.65
IRON AND STEEL 3710 30.36 0.00 447336.23 804.68
NONFERROUS METALS 3720 9468.14 0.00 136862.79 231.90
CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, & GENERAL HARDWARE 3811 0.00 0.75
FURNITURE & FIXTURES OF METAL 3812 0.00 1.33
STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS 3813 2.64 0.00 3.63 99.42
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS 3819 55.55 0.00 1598.83 126.84
ENGINES AND TURBINES 3821 3.50
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3822 0.00 10.22
METAL & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY 3823 0.29 257.63
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 3824 13.21 10.80
OFFICE, COMPUTING, & ACCOUNTING MACHINERY 3825 0.00 1.05
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, N.E.C. 3829 2.97 0.14 70.06 17.55
59
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Four Digit ISIC Description ISIC Code Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile Lower-Bound Inter-Quartile
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 3831 1.70 0.00 9.45 21.34
RADIO, TV, & COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT 3832 68.99 0.03 95.46 15.47
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & HOUSEWARES 3833
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. 3839 0.64 3.09 3.90 17.61
SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING 3841 0.28 0.87
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT 3842 0.00 7.13
MOTOR VEHICLES 3843 0.70 0.00 3.54 20.28
MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES 3844 12.50 74.22
AIRCRAFT 3845 1.81 0.72 15.77 17.60
PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT 3851 1.04 1.16
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OPTICAL GOODS 3852 0.94 0.57
WATCHES AND CLOCKS 3853 0.00 0.00
JEWELERY AND RELATED ARTICLES 3901 0.00 57592.27
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3902
SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS 3903 0.00 42533.10
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, N.E.C. 3909 0.15 0.91
60
Annex A2 TRI Chemicals, 1989
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
71556 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
79345 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
79005 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
57147 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE
120821 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
95636 1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
106887 1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE
96128 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE
106934 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
95501 1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE
107062 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
540590 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE
78875 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE
122667 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
106990 1,3-BUTADIENE
541731 1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE
542756 1,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE
106467 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
123911 1,4-DIOXANE
82280 1-AMINO-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE
95954 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
88062 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
94757 2,4-D
615054 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE
39156417 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE SULFATE
120832 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL
105679 2,4-DIMETHYLPHENOL
95807 2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE
51285 2,4-DINITROPHENOL
121142 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
61
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
606202 2,6-DINITROTOLUENE
87627 2,6-XYLIDINE
53963 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
117793 2-AMINOANTHRAQUINONE
532274 2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
110805 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
109864 2-METHOXYETHANOL
88755 2-NITROPHENOL
79469 2-NITROPROPANE
90437 2-PHENYLPHENOL
91941 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
119904 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE
119937 3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE
101804 4,4'-DIAMINODIPHENYL ETHER
80057 4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL
101144 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE) (MBOCA)
101611 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (N,N-DIMETHYL) (BENENAMINE
101779 4,4'-METHYLENEDIANILINE
139651 4,4'-THIODIANILINE
534521 4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL
60093 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
92671 4-AMINOBIPHENYL
60117 4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
92933 4-NITROBIPHENYL
100027 4-NITROPHENOL
99592 5-NITRO-O-ANISIDINE
75070 ACETALDEHYDE
60355 ACETAMIDE
67641 ACETONE
75058 ACETONITRILE
107028 ACROLEIN
79061 ACRYLAMIDE
62
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
79107 ACRYLIC ACID
107131 ACRYLONITRILE
309002 ALDRIN
107051 ALLYL CHLORIDE
134327 ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
7429905 ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST) m
7664417 AMMONIA
6484522 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
7783202 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
62533 ANILINE
120127 ANTHRACENE
7440360 ANTIMONY m
7440382 ARSENIC
1332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
7440393 BARIUM m
98873 BENZAL CHLORIDE
55210 BENZAMIDE
71432 BENZENE
92875 BENZIDINE
98077 BENZOIC TRICHLORIDE
98884 BENZOYL CHLORIDE
94360 BENZOYL PEROXIDE
100447 BENZYL CHLORIDE
7440417 BERYLLIUM m
91598 BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
57578 BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
92524 BIPHENYL
108601 BIS (2-CHLORO-1-METHYLETHYL) ETHER
111444 BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER
103231 BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE
542881 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
75252 BROMOFORM
63
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
74839 BROMOMETHANE
141322 BUTYL ACRYLATE
85687 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
123728 BUTYRALDEHYDE
4680788 C.I. ACID GREEN 3
569642 C.I. BASIC GREEN 4
989388 C.I. BASIC RED 1
1937377 C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38
2602462 C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6
16071866 C.I. DIRECT BROWN 95 m
2832408 C.I. DISPERSE YELLOW 3
3761533 C.I. FOOD RED 5
3118976 C.I. SOLVENT ORANGE 7
842079 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14
97563 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 3
492808 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 34
128665 C.I. VAT YELLOW 4
81889 C.I.FOOD RED 15
7440439 CADMIUM m
156627 CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
133062 CAPTAN
63252 CARBARYL
75150 CARBON DISULFIDE
56235 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
463581 CARBONYL SULFIDE
120809 CATECHOL
133904 CHLORAMBEN
57749 CHLORDANE
7782505 CHLORINE
10049044 CHLORINE DIOXIDE
79118 CHLOROACETIC ACID
108907 CHLOROBENZENE
64
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
510156 CHLOROBENZILATE
75003 CHLOROETHANE
67663 CHLOROFORM
74873 CHLOROMETHANE
107302 CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
126998 CHLOROPRENE
1897456 CHLOROTHALONIL
7440473 CHROMIUM m
7440484 COBALT m
7440508 COPPER m
1319773 CRESOL (MIXED ISOMERS)
98828 CUMENE
80159 CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
135206 CUPFERRON
110827 CYCLOHEXANE
1163195 DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE
117817 DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
2303164 DIALLATE
25376458 DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
334883 DIAZOMETHANE
132649 DIBENZOFURAN
84742 DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
25321226 DISCHLOROBENZENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
75274 DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE
75092 DICHLOROMETHANE
62737 DICHLORVOS
115322 DICOFOL
1464535 DIEPOXYBUTANE
111422 DIETHANOLAMINE
84662 DIETHYL PHTHALATE
64675 DIETHYL SULFATE
131113 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
65
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
77781 DIMETHYL SULFATE
79447 DIMETHYLCARBAMYL CHLORIDE
106898 EPICHLOROHYDRIN
140885 ETHYL ACRYLATE
541413 ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
100414 ETHYLBENZENE
74851 ETHYLENE
107211 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
75218 ETHYLENE OXIDE
96457 ETHYLENE THIOUREA
151564 ETHYLENEIMINE
2164172 FLUOMETURON
50000 FORMALDEHYDE
76131 FREON 113
76448 HEPTACHLOR
87683 HEXACHLORO-1,3-BUTADIENE
118741 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
77474 HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
67721 HEXACHLOROETHANE
1335871 HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE
680319 HEXAMETHYLOPHOEPHORAMIDE
302012 HYDRAZINE
10034932 HYDRAZINE SULFATE
7647010 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
74908 HYDROGEN CYANIDE
7664393 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
123319 HYDROQUINONE
78842 ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
67630 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURING)
7439921 LEAD m
58899 LINDANE
108394 M-CRESOL
66
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
108316 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
12427382 MANEB m
7439965 MANGANESE m
7439976 MERCURY m
67561 METHANOL
72435 METHOXYCHLOR
96333 METHYL ACRYLATE
78933 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
60344 METHYL HYDRAZINE
74884 METHYL IODIDE
108101 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
624839 METHYL ISOCYANATE
80626 METHYL METHACRYLATE
1634044 METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER
74953 METHYLENE BROMIDE
101688 METHYLENEBIS (PHENYLISOCYANATE)
90948 MICHLER'S KETONE
1313275 MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE m
505602 MUSTARD GAS
121697 N,N-DIMETHYLANILINE
71363 N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
117840 N-DIOCTYL PHTHALATE
759739 N-NITROSO-N-ETHYLUREA
684935 N-NITROSO-N-METHYLUREA
924163 N-NITROSODI-N-BUTYLAMINE
621647 N-NITROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE
55185 N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE
62759 N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
86306 N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
4549400 N-NITROSOMETHYLVINYLAMINE
59892 N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE
16543558 N-NITROSONORNICOTINE
67
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
100754 N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE
91203 NAPHTHALENE
7440020 NICKEL m
7697372 NITRIC ACID
139139 NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
98953 NITROBENZENE
1836755 NITROFEN
51752 NITROGEN MUSTARD
55630 NITROGLYCERIN
90040 O-ANISIDINE
134292 O-ANISIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
95487 O-CRESOL
95534 O-TOLUIDINE
636215 O-TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
95476 O-XYLENE
2234131 OCTACHLORONAPHTHALENE
20816120 OSMIUM TETROXIDE m
104949 P-ANISIDINE
120718 P-CRESIDINE
106445 P-CRESOL
156105 P-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
106503 P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
106423 P-XYLENE
56382 PARATHION
87865 PENTACHLOROPHENOL
79210 PERACETIC ACID
108952 PHENOL
75445 PHOSGENE
7664382 PHOSPHORIC ACID
7723140 PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE)
85449 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
88891 PICRIC ACID
68
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
1336363 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
1120714 PROPANE SULTONE
123386 PROPIONALDEHYDE
114261 PROPOXUR
115071 PROPYLENE
75569 PROPYLENE OXIDE
75558 PROPYLENEIMINE
110861 PYRIDINE
91225 QUINOLINE
106514 QUINONE
82688 QUINTOZENE
61072 SACCHARIN (MANUFACTURING ONLY, NO PROCESSOR REPORTING)
94597 SAFROLE
78922 SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL
7782492 SELENIUM
7440224 SILVER m
100425 STYRENE
96093 STYRENE OXIDE
7664939 SULFURIC ACID
75650 TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
127184 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
961115 TETRACHLORVINPHOS
7440280 THALLIUM m
62555 THIOACETAMIDE
62566 THIOUREA
1314201 THORIUM DIOXIDE m
7550450 TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE m
108883 TOLUENE
584849 TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE
91087 TOLUENE-2,6-DIISOCYANATE
8001352 TOXAPHENE
68768 TRIAZIQUONE
69
Chemical Abstract # Chemical Name Metals
52686 TRICHLORFON
79016 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
1582098 TRIFLURALIN
126727 TRIS (2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) PHOSPHATE
51796 URETHANE
7440622 VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST) m
108054 VINYL ACETATE
593602 VINYL BROMIDE
75014 VINYL CHLORIDE
75354 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
1330207 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
7440666 ZINC (FUME OR DUST) m
12122677 ZINEB m
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS m
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
BARIUM COMPOUNDS m
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS m
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS m
CHLOROPHENOLS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS m
COBALT COMPOUNDS m
COPPER COMPOUNDS m
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
GYLCOL ETHERS
LEAD COMPOUNDS m
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS m
MERCURY COMPOUNDS m
NICKEL COMPOUNDS m
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
SILVER COMPOUNDS m
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS m