the importance of iron in our daily life

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The Importance of Iron in Our Daily LifeAugust 18th, 2012 by tinaroth

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Iron is the most used metal in our lives. Iron is indeed an incredibly useful substance and we use it

abundantly because it extremely strong than copper or wood and less brittle when compared to

strong. Iron can also be easily shaped into various form if it is heated properly, allowing us to make

tools as our needs and unlike the wood, it can handle very high temperature.

The unique property of iron is that you can magnetize it and make useful in the making of electric

motors and generators. The most interesting thing is that we will not have to worried about the

shortage of this material because it occupy 5 percent of the earths crust and some ores contains

about !" percent of iron. In addition, those ores can easily be extracted from earth.

#ets compare iron with another element, aluminum. $efining aluminum needs huge amount

electricity and to shape it, you have to either extrude it or cast it. Iron is, however, much easier to use

and also harder than aluminum. The substance has been very useful to people for a long time, while

aluminum is not effective as iron and it is not abundant on earth.

The only real problem about Iron is rust which is controllable. %ne can easily control it by

galvanizing, chrome plating or painting. To control it, you must be sure that iron is not in contact of

air because air moisture is the reason why rust forms on the iron.

The day will come when we will be very advanced in terms of technology and iron will be completely

replaced by plastics, aluminum, things like glass fibers and carbon, but it is not these days. These

days we use iron because economic equations tell us that iron inexpensive iron has many

advantages over those expensive alternatives.

Iron is a metal which is the most common element found in the earth and the sixth most common

element in the universe. It forms much of the outer and inner core of the earth and is also found in

the rocky planets. This metallic element has an atomic number of &' and the group and period

number in the periodic table are (III and ) respectively.

*tomic +tructure atomic number is &', which means it has &' electrons and the outer orbital holds &

free electrons that form ionic bonds with the non-metal elements. In the nuclease, it has &' protons

and " neutrons.


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/hysical properties

0 It is malleable and ductile.

0 It is a grayish or silvery-white metal.

0 1as a very high tensile strength.

0 The melting point of pure iron is &,!2! degree 3ahrenheit 4,5' degree centigrade6 and boiling

point is 5,)"" degree 3ahrenheit 4""" degree centigrade6.

0 Iron can easily be bent into a desired shape or thickness, which means it is very workable.

0 1as a density of !.7' g8cm at &" degree centigrade temperature.

0 9rystalline structure is cubic.

0 Its atomic mass is 55.7)!.

0 It is one of the naturally occurring magnetic elements. 4other two are :ickel and 9obalt6

9hemical properties Iron rusts in moist air, but does not in dry air. The element dissolves

immediately in dilute acid. It is a chemically active metal and it forms & ma;or series of chemical

compounds, including ferrous or the bivalent iron 4II6, compounds and ferric or the trivalent iron 4III6,

compounds.

*pplications Iron is the most used metal of the earth because it has high strength and is not

expensive. Its applications go from scredrivers to washing machine, from food containers to family

car, from cargo ships to paper staples. +ome forms of iron include carbon steel, cast iron, pig iron,

alloy steels, wrought iron and iron oxides.

Characteristicsune !th, 2012 by "ra#

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$echanical properties

the results on iron are so consistent that
http://www.ironmap.com/ironmap/ironmagnifier.htmhttp://www.ironmap.com/ironmap/ironmagnifier.htm


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iron is often used to calibrate measurements or to relate the results of one test to another. Those

measurements reveal that mechanical properties of iron crucially depend on purity /urest research-

purpose single crystals of iron are softer than aluminium. *ddition of only " parts per million of

carbon doubles their strength. The hardness increases rapidly with carbon content up to ".&? and

saturates at @".'?. The purest industrially produced iron 4about 22.22? purity6 has a hardness of

&"A" =rinell.

%hase #iagram an# allotropes

Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal. There are at least four allotropic forms of iron,

known as B, C, D, and E> at very high pressures, some controversial experimental evidence exists for

a phase F stable at very high pressures and temperatures. *s molten iron cools down it crystallizes

at 57 G9 into its D allotrope, which has a body-centered cubic 4bcc6 crystal structure. *s it cools

further its crystal structure changes to face-centered cubic 4fcc6 at 2) G9, when it is known as C-

iron, or austenite. *t 2& G9 the crystal structure again becomes bcc as B-iron, or ferrite, is formed,

and at !!" G9 4the 9urie point, Tc6 iron becomes magnetic. Iron is of greatest importance when

mixed with certain other metals and with carbon to form steels. There are many types of steels, all

with different properties, and an understanding of the properties of the allotropes of iron is key to the

manufacture of good quality steels.

Isotopes

:aturally occurring iron consists of four stable isotopes 5.7)5? of 5)3e, 2.!5)? of 5'3e, &.2?of 5!3e and ".&7&? of 573e. The nuclide 5)3e is predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this

process had never been observed experimentally for these nuclei, and only the lower limit on the

half-life was established t8&H."&& years. '"3e is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life 4&.'

million years6.


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lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae 4see silicon burning process6,

nickel-5' 4) alpha particles6 is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since

addition of another alpha particle would result in zinc-'", which requires a great deal more energy.

This nickel-5', which has a half-life of about ' days, is therefore made in quantity in these stars, but

soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the

supernova remnant gas cloud, to first radioactive cobalt-5', and then stable iron-5'. This last nuclide

is therefore common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same

atomic weight.

&ucleosynthesis

Iron is created by extremely large, extremely hot 4over &.5 billion kelvin6 stars, through a process

called the silicon burning process. It is the heaviest stable element to be produced in this manner.

The process starts with the second largest stable nucleus created by silicon burning calcium. %ne

stable nucleus of calcium fuses with one helium nucleus, creating unstable titanium. =efore the

titanium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable chromium. =efore the

chromium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable iron. =efore the iron

decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable nickel-5'. *ny further fusion of

nickel-5' consumes energy instead of producing energy, so after the production of nickel-5', the star

does not produce the energy necessary to keep the core from collapsing. Jventually, the nickel-5'

decays to unstable cobalt-5' which, in turn decays to stable iron-5' Mhen the core of the star

collapses, it creates a +upernova. +upernovas also create additional forms of stable iron via the r-

process.

'istoryune !th, 2012 by "ra#

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(rought iron

Iron ob;ects of great age are much rarer than ob;ects made of gold or silver due to the ease of

corrosion of iron. =eads made of meteoric iron in 5"" =.9. or earlier were found in Nerzah, Jgypt

by N. *. Mainwright. The beads contain !.5? nickel, which is a signature of meteoric origin since

iron found in the Jarths crust has very little to no nickel content.


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9ast iron was first produced in 9hina about 55" =9, but was hardly in Jurope until the medieval

period. Puring the medieval period, means were found in Jurope of producing wrought iron from

cast iron 4in this context known as pig iron6 using finery forges. 3or all these processes, charcoal

was required as fuel.

forced air was

usually provided by hand-operated bellows.


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extremely hot and large stars thought silicon burning process. In this burning process, Iron is the

heaviest stable metal created from the calcium nucleus.

3rom all available elements in the universe, Iron is the sixth most abundant. Its really tough to find


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from meal products rather than from plant products. To run human body actively, we need to

transport oxygen through our body. 1emoglobin, the red agent of our blood does this transportation.

Iron is the most essential part of hemoglobin.

=ut iron is the reason for retinitis, con;unctivitis and choroditis. +iderosis, a benign pneumoconiosisdevelops for inhalation in excessive iron oxide fumes or dusts. *lso, excessive inhalation is iron

oxide fumes increases the chance of lung cancer. *naemia, a more common problem for humans is

caused by iron. *ny adult male needs ! mg and female needs mg daily. * proper diet usually

serves the amount but if it isnt sufficient then iron pill must be taken after consulting with doctors.

Iron isnt only essential for human body. Jxcessive iron attachment caused serious hazards. *lso,

iron does a negative impact on environment we live. Iron 4III6-%-arsenite caused great problem on

environment. Iron 4III6-%- /entahydrate is also hazardous. Mhen iron containing chemicals enter into

the environment they persists and most of the time affects the eco-balance and caused various

health problems. 3actories and industries must be strongly advised to not let the iron containing

chemicals enter into the environment.

Iron $etals %roperties an# (ors)eptember 12th, 2012 by tinaroth

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Iron is actually a bright, shiny and white soft metal that can be easily mulled. =ut normally its surface

is discolored by corrosion. In the presence of moisture, iron combines readily with oxygen in the air.

It is found in nature as the metal only in meteorites and in very rare circumstances where iron

minerals have been reduced by environmental factors. In practice iron usually is obtained from ores

which contains oxides, occasionally carbonate and sulphur and phosphorus as low as possible.

Iron comes with atomic number &' and atomic weight 55.75. Iron is in the middle of transition metals

of the periodic table. Iron remains in ferrite or B-iron from in room temperature. The density of body-

centered cubic structure B-iron is !.7' g8cc but at 2"G9 it turns to face-centered cubic C-iron. Iron

melts at 55G9 and to boil it needs """G9. The thermal conductivity of iron is .! and their

electrical resistivity is 2.!.

Iron metal is very good at electricity and heat conduction. Iron makes most useful alloys with cobalt

and nickel and three of them contain so much common in physical properties. Iron occurs as the

cations 3eRR, ferrous iron, and 3eRRR, ferric iron. Iron is a very good reducing agent because of its

atomic structure and electron giving nature.


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Qsually irons oxides are ferrous oxide, 3e% and ferric oxide, 3e&%. 3errous oxide is presented as

3e%) which comes as a hard black substance and an important ore of iron, magnetite.

Iron compounds can be different in colors like ferrous ion is greenish in solution and ferric ion is light

violet. The d-electrons interact with light in interesting way and display different colors in differentsituations.

Iron is the best metal for weapons and tools building. Iron also does the important works of our body

ferromagnetism and oxygen transport in the blood.

Iron $etal- Outstan#ing In#ustrial Applicationsan# .asy se &ature

December 3th, 2012 by tinaroth

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Iron is one of the most useful metals in the history of earth. It is the fourth common element in the

earth. 3rom the very begging of the civilization iron is being used in most of the sector of our life. Iron

forms the inner core of our beloved earth. *t the starting we used iron to build shelter or hunt our

food. Mith the passage of time civilization developed so did the purpose and use of iron.

:ow-a-days, experts are mixing different chemicals with iron and increasing the application of it.

9arbon is being added with iron to change its properties. 9arbon is one of the hard substances and

depending on the amount its become much stronger when added with iron. /ure iron is relatively

soft but when added with carbon we find stronger steel.

Mith the low combination of carbon with iron we find steels.

#ow carbon steels are used in ;oists in building construction, wire, nails and body panels for

automobiles. The construction for these steels consumes low cost and they adapts easily for good

reason. Mhenever we intend to build anything we need to use wire and nails. #ow carbon steels

come with ductility which provides the opportunity of easy manipulation and reparability.

Me can use medium carbon steels when theres a need of more strength and less ductility. Me can

apply these steels in farm equipment, engine components, gears, and structural fixtures. Jngine

components and farm equipments need to be strong and durable but less brittle.


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Though the study was between a small number of babies but they demand that it represents the

whole scenario. If under weight babies arent dieted properly with iron theres chance of displaying

behavioral problems in future.

)hortcomings, Application an# singApproach of Iron $etalanuary th, 2014 by tinaroth

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%ften iron metal is known as the metal that is used to build weapon and tools. It comes with ability

by means of alloys and heat treatment. *s a result it suits easily as primary metal to almost every

application of technology. In here, well discuss about using approaches, application and

shortcomings of this metal.

Qsually we all are familiar with the use of iron metal in our daily life. It comes as covered with

protective coating or buried deep within any ob;ect. Mhatever we need a concrete structure,

electrical machines or transformers mostly depend on iron. *utomobiles have become an essential

part of our daily life which depends largely on iron. The list will be a long one if all of the application

of iron is included.

9ost efficiency, strong, tough, easily formed and worked nature has made it preferable than other

alternatives. /lastics can be competitive in some terms where cost efficiency is the main concernrather than durability and strength but in all means theres no other metal which can be comparable

with iron.

The main lacking of this metal is its weight and propensity to rust. *luminum and plastics can be

used to easily avoid it. =ut the advantages of iron are so great that these considerations prevail only

in limited fields of application. Iron in collaboration with cobalt and nickel is known as iron family.

The remarkable property of the iron family for which there is no substitute at an equivalent cost is

that they can be induced to provide a strong magnetic field with only small excitation by an electriccurrent. *lso, iron plays important role as a carrier of oxygen in blood. Iron metal is easy to find and

use in different aspects of our life.

T'. $I5ACL. O6 I5O&

Iron is one of the elements highlighted in the Qur'an. In Surat al-Hadid, meaning Iron, we areinformed:


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And We also sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has many uses formankind (Qur'an, 57:25

The word "anzalna," translated as "sent down" and used for iron in the verse,

could be thought of having a metahorical meaning to e!lain that iron hasbeen given to benefit eole. ut, when we ta#e into consideration the literalmeaning of the word, which is, "being h$sicall$ sent down from the s#$," asin the case of rain and Sun ra$s, we reali%e that this verse imlies a ver$significant scientific miracle. ecause, modern astronomical findings havedisclosed that the iron found in our world has come from giant stars in outersace.&

(ot onl$ the iron on earth, but also the iron in the entire Solar S$stem,comes from outer sace, since the temerature in the Sun is inade)uate for the formation of iron. Thesun has a surface temerature of *,+++ degrees elsius, and a core temerature of aro!imatel$ +million degrees. Iron can onl$ be roduced in much larger stars than the Sun, where the temeraturereaches a few hundred million degrees. hen the amount of iron e!ceeds a certain level in a star, thestar can no longer accommodate it, and it eventuall$ e!lodes in what is called a "nova" or a

"suernova." These e!losions ma#e it ossible for iron to be given off into sace.&/

0ne scientific source rovides thefollowing information on this sub1ect:

There is also evidence for older suernovaevents: 2nhanced levels of iron-*+ indee-sea sediments have beeninterreted as indications that asuernova e!losion occurred within /+light-$ears of the sun about 3 million$ears ago. Iron-*+ is a radioactive isotoeof iron, formed in suernova e!losions,

which deca$s with a half life of 4.3 million$ears. An enhanced !resence of thisisoto!e in a geologic layer indicatesthe recent nucleosynthesis ofelements near"y in s!ace and theirsu"se#uent trans!ort to the earth(!erha!s as !art of dust grains$5+

6ll this shows that iron did not form onthe 2arth, but was carried fromSuernovas, and was "sent down," asstated in the verse. It is clear that thisfact could not have been #nown in the 7 thcentur$, when the Qur'an was revealed. (evertheless, thisfact is related in the Qur'an, the ord of 6llah, ho encomasses all things in His infinite #nowledge.

6stronom$ has also revealed that other elements also formed outside the 2arth. In the e!ression"We also sent down iron" in the verse, the word "also" ma$ well be referring to that idea. However,the fact that the verse secificall$ mentions iron is )uite astounding, considering that thesediscoveries were made at the end of the + thcentur$. In his boo# (ature's 8estin$, the well-#nownmicrobiologist 9ichael 8enton emhasi%es the imortance of iron:

%f all the metals there is none more essential to life than iron$ &t is the accumulation of ironin the center of a star which triggers a su!ernoa e!losion and the su"se#uent scattering

Iron ingot

Surat al-Hadid is the 37th in the Quran. The numerical value of theword ;al-Hadid< in 6rabic is 37. The numerical value of ;hadid< on its

own is *. 6s can be seen from the eriodic table to the side, * is thenumber of the iron atom. ith the verse revealed in Surat al-Hadid

6lmight$ 6llah indicates how iron formed, and with the mathematicalcode contained in the verse He reveals to us a scientific miracle.
http://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dp


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of the ital atoms of life throughout the cosmos$It was the drawing b$ gravit$ of iron atoms tothe center of the rimeval earth that generated the heat which caused the initial chemicaldifferentiation of the earth, the outgassing of the earl$ atmoshere, and ultimatel$ the formation ofthe h$droshere. It is molten iron in the center of the earth which, acting li#e a gigantic d$namo,generates the earth's magnetic field, which in turn creates the =an 6llen radiation belts that shield theearth's surface from destructive high-energ$-enetrating cosmic radiation and reserve the crucialo%one la$er from cosmic ra$ destruction>

Without the iron atom, there would "e no car"on)"ased life in the cosmos? no suernovae, noheating of the rimitive earth, no atmoshere or h$droshere. There would be no rotective magneticfield, no =an 6llen radiation belts, no o%one la$er, no metal to ma#e hemoglobin @in human bloodA, nometal to tame the reactivit$ of o!$gen, and no o!idative metabolism.

The intriguing and intimate relationshi between life and iron, between the red color of blood and thed$ing of some distant star, not onl$ indicates the relevance of metals to biolog$ but also thebiocentricit$ of the cosmos>54

This account clearl$ indicates the imortance of the iron atom. The fact that articular attention isdrawn to iron in the Qur'an also emhasises the imortance of the element. In addition, there isanother hidden truth in the Qur'an which draws attention to the imortance of iron: Surat al-Hadid 3,

which refers to iron, contains two rather interesting mathematical codes.

"6l- Hadid" is the 37th sura in the Qur'an. The abjadof the word "6l-Hadid" in 6rabic, when thenumerological values of its letters are added u, is also 37. BCor abjadcalculations see the section on(umerological alculations BAbjadD in the Qur'an.D

The numerological value of the word "hadid" alone is *. 6nd * is the atomic number of iron.

9oreover, iron o!ide articles were used in a cancer treatment in recent months and ositivedeveloments were observed. 6 team led b$ 8r. 6ndreas Eordan, at the world famous haritF Hositalin German$, succeeded in destro$ing cancer cells with this new techni)ue develoed for the treatmentof cancer-magnetic fluid h$erthermia Bhigh temerature magnetic li)uidD. 6s a result of thistechni)ue, first erformed on the *-$ear-old (i#olaus H., no new cancer cells were observed in the

atient in the following three months.

This method of treatment can be summarised as follows:

*$ 6 li)uid containing iron o!ide articles is in1ected into the tumour b$ means of a secial s$ringe.These articles sread throughout the tumour cells. This li)uid consists of thousands of millions ofarticles, 4,+++ times smaller than the red blood coruscles, of iron o!ide in 4 cm& that can easil$flow through all blood vessels.5

2$The atient is then laced in a machine with a owerful magnetic field.

+$ This magnetic field, alied e!ternall$, begins to set the iron articles in the tumour in motion.8uring this time the temerature in the tumour containing the iron o!ide articles rises b$ u to 53

degrees.

In a few minutes the cancer cells, unable to rotect themselves from the heat, are either wea#ened ordestro$ed. The tumour ma$ then be comletel$ eradicated with subse)uent chemothera$.5&

In this treatment it is onl$ the cancer cells that are affected b$ the magnetic field, since onl$ the$contain the iron o!ide articles. The sread of this techni)ue is a ma1or develoment in the treatmentof this otentiall$ lethal disease. In the treatment of such a widesread disease as cancer, the use ofthe e!ression "iron in which there lies great force and whichhas many uses for mankind"
http://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dphttp://www.miraclesofthequran.com/scientific_30.html#dp


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BQur'an, 37:3D in the Qur'an is articularl$ noteworth$. Indeed, in that verse, the Qur'an ma$ beindicating the benefits of iron for human health. B6llah #nows best.D

&. a%i, 4&+ 2vident 9iracles in the Quran, 44+-444? and www.wam$.co.u#announcements&.html, from Jrof. Kighloul Laghib 2l-(aggars seech&/. Ibid.5+. Jriscilla Crisch, ;The Galactic 2nvironment of the Sun,< 6merican Scientist, Eanuar$-Cebruar$ +++,www.americanscientist.orgtemlate6sset8etailassetid447&Mfullte!tNtrue.

54. 9ichael E. 8enton, (atures 8estin$ BThe Cree Jress: 4//D, 4/.5. www.inm-gmbh.decgi-binframeframeloader.lMsracheNenOurlNhtt:www.inm-gmbh.dehtdocstechnologienhighlightshighlightsPen.htm.5&. "(anotechnolog$ successfull$ hels cancer theraies," II Cast Trac#, (anotech (ews from 2astern German$, IndustrialInvestment ouncil, 0ctober ++&? www.iic.deuloadsmedia(6(0PCTP(ov++&P+4.df

$ole of Iron in the =ody

Iron is an essential element for most life on Jarth, including human beings.

Ironis needed for a number of highly complex processes that continuously take place on a molecular level and that

are indispensable to human life, e.g. the transportation of oxygen around your bodyS

Iron is required for the production of red blood cells 4a process known as haematopoiesis6, but its also part of

haemoglobin 4that is the pigment of the red blood cells6 binding to the oxygen and thus facilitating its transport from

the lungs via the arteries to all cells throughout the body.

%nce the oxygen is delivered the iron 4as part of haemoglobin6 binds the carbon dioxide which is then transported

back to the lung from where it gets exhaled.

Iron is also involved in the conversion of blood sugar to energy.


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If iron stores are low, normal haemoglobin production slows down, which means the transport of oxygen is

diminished, resulting in symptomssuch as fatigue, dizziness, lowered immunity or reduced ability for athletesto keep

up with their training programs.

+ince our bodies cant produce iron itself, we need to make sure we consume sufficient amounts of iron as part of ourdaily diet.

+patone,naturalliquid iron supplement can provide your bodys daily absorbed iron needs whilst being extra gentleon the stomach.

Supernova

By scientifc standards, the ormation o iron is one o the most violent

processes imaginable. A type o star known as a red giant begins to turn all

o its helium into carbon and oxygen atoms. Those atoms then begin to turn

into iron atoms, the heaviest type o atom star can produce. hen most o a

star!s atoms become iron atoms, the star becomes what is known as a

supernova. "t explodes, showering space with iron, oxygen and carbon atoms

ar and wide.

#rom here, gravity takes over, orming the atoms into planets such as $arth.

rwittich%iStock%&etty

"mages

$arth!s 'ain Building Block

Born o these violent explosions, $arth!s core is likely mostly molten iron, and

its crust is estimated to be about () percent iron. The lie on $arth also
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contains iron, rom plants to humans. The abundant metal is truly one o

$arth!s essential building blocks.

*urestock%*urestock%&

etty "mages

"ron #rom 'eteorites

+ot all iron on the $arth!s surace got here with its initial planetary ormation.

'assive chunks o rock known as asteroids have broken apart throughout thehistory o our solar system, sometimes through collisions with other

asteroids, showering down smaller chunks o rock. The meteorite ragments

that came into $arth!s atmosphere, and did not burn up in the intense heat,

brought more iron to the planet!s surace.


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andy-A/S"%iStoc

k%&etty "mages

"ron and 'ankindThough it has been an essential part o $arth since the planet!s inception,

humans did not begin producing iron into usable implements and products

until about 0))) B.1. The historic period known as the "ron Age began in

south2central Asia, replacing what had been the key metal, bron3e.

1ivili3ations learned that iron, when mixed with carbon, is more durable than

bron3e. "ron weapons also hold a sharper edge.

4emera

Technologies%*hotob5ects.net%&etty "mages

Ancestor o Steel


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"ron continued as the key metal abric in human civili3ation until the (67)s,

when innovators began to learn that i a bit more carbon was added to iron

during the production process, a durable yet 8exible metal resulted. By the

(69)s, production innovations would make this new metal alloy called steel

more economically viable to mass produce. The demand or steel

skyrocketed during the railroad boom o the (6))s, as the metal made an

ideal material or rail production.

-ead more : http:%%www.ehow.com%about;7anuary )?, 0)(7 )6:(?pm $T

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http://www.ehow.com/about_5371252_origin-iron.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/about_5371252_origin-iron.html


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"ron ore oxidi3es, or rusts, when it comes in contact with oxygen.

1redit:@enis Selivanov = Shutterstock

/iew ull si3e image

From being a crucial building block of steel to nourishing plants and helping carry oxygen inyour blood iron is always busy helping sustain life on Earth.

Iron is a brittle, hard substance, classified as a metal inGroup 8 on the eriodic !able of the

Elements. !he most abundant of all metals, its pure form rapidly corrodes from exposure to

moist air and high temperatures. Iron is also the fourth most common element in Earth"s crust byweight and much of Earth"s core is thought to be composed of iron. #esides being commonly

found on Earth, it is abundant in the sun and stars, according to the $os %lamos &ational

$aboratory.Iron is crucial to the sur'i'al of li'ing organisms, according to (efferson $ab. In

plants, it plays a role in the production of chlorophyll. In animals, it is a component ofhemoglobin ) a protein in blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body.

&inety percent of all metal that is refined these days is iron, according to the *oyal +ociety of

hemistry. -ost of it is used to make steel ) an alloy of iron and carbon ) which is in turn

used in manufacturing and ci'il engineering, for instance, to make reinforced concrete. +tainlesssteel, which contains at least /.0 percent chromium, is highly resistant to corrosion. It is used in

kitchen cutlery, appliances and cookware such as stainless steel pans and skillets. !he addition of

other elements can pro'ide steel with other useful 1ualities. For instance, nickel increases its
http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-60198p1.htmlhttp://www.shutterstock.com/http://www.livescience.com/28507-element-groups.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/25300-periodic-table.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/25300-periodic-table.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.htmlhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-60198p1.htmlhttp://www.shutterstock.com/http://www.livescience.com/28507-element-groups.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/25300-periodic-table.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/25300-periodic-table.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.htmlhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/iron


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durability and makes it more resistant to heat and acids2 manganese makes it more durable,

whereas tungsten helps it maintain hardness at high temperatures, according to(efferson $ab.

Just the facts

Atomic number number o protons in the nucleus: 0?

Atomic symbol on the *eriodic Table o $lements: #e

Atomic weight average mass o the atom: 77.6C7

@ensity: 9.69C grams per cubic centimeter

*hase at room temperature: Solid

'elting point: 0,6)).C degrees #ahrenheit (,7


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6such as spinach, kale and broccoli7 and meat, according to the %merican *ed ross. eople

absorb up to 4/ percent of heme iron, compared with 3;/ percent of non;heme iron, the %*

reports, adding that foods rich in 'itamin such as tomatoes or citrus fruits can help absorbpeople absorb non;heme iron.

1redit: &reg -obson%1reative 1ommons, Andrei 'arincas = Shutterstock

/iew ull si3e image

Who knew?

" you ever wondered why blood is red, you may want to know that iron has inact a lot to do with its color. The red hue o blood cells comes rom theinteraction between iron and oxygen, according to the Fniversity o1aliornia, Santa Barbara. The blood looks red because o the way in whichthe chemical bonds between the two elements re8ect light.

*ure iron is actually sot and malleable, according to the Fniversity o @enver.

"ron is the ourth most abundant chemical element in $arth!s crust at C.?

percent.

"n 0))9, researchers discovered a huge plume o iron2rich wateremanatingrom hydrothermal vents in the southern Atlantic cean.

"ron is necessary or the growth o phytoplankton G tiny marine bacteria thatuse carbon dioxide rom the atmosphere to uel photosynthesis. Someresearchers have thereore argued that ertili3ing the oceans with extra iron
http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/health-and-wellness/iron-rich-foodshttp://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-95882p1.htmlhttp://www.shutterstock.com/http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/iron.htmhttp://www.livescience.com/39027-iron-plume-atlantic.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/7296-plan-dump-iron-ocean-criticized.htmlhttp://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/health-and-wellness/iron-rich-foodshttp://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-95882p1.htmlhttp://www.shutterstock.com/http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2419http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/iron.htmhttp://www.livescience.com/39027-iron-plume-atlantic.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/7296-plan-dump-iron-ocean-criticized.html


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could help suck up excess carbon dioxide. But a study published online in+ovember 0)() in the *roceedings o the +ational Academy o Sciencesound that this might not be such a good idea, as all this extra iron couldactually trigger the growth o toxin2producing algae that contribute to thecontamination o marine wildlie.

About E) percent o all metal that is refned today is iron, according to the-oyal Society o 1hemistry.

"ron is a crucial component o a meteorite class known as siderites, accordingto Hos Alamos +ational Haboratory.

An iron pillar dating to about C)) A.@. still stands today in @elhi, "ndia,according to Hos Alamos +ational Haboratory. The pillar is about 0!here is

some research suggesting that people who ha'e more ferritin in their blood system and markersof higher iron in the body may be more at risk in terms of some cardio'ascular diseases,> said

(udith 9ylie;*osett, a professor at the epartment of Epidemiology and opulation %nd whether thatAs causing the risk or thatAs a biomarker for something else going on

is unclear,> 9ylie;*osett told $i'e +cience. 6Ferritin is a type of protein that stores iron, while

the ferritin test measures the amount of iron in your blood.7

In a study of more than ,B// Finnish men ages C3 to D/ years, published in BB3 published in

the =ournal irculation, researchers found a link between high le'els of iron and increased risk ofheart attack. In a more recent study, published online in (anuary 3/C in the (ournal of &utrition,

researchers found that heme iron, found in meat, increased the risk for coronary heart disease by

0 percent, but no such association was found between non;heme iron and coronary heart diseaserisk.

Interestingly, recent research has also linked the accumulation of iron in the brain to %lheimerAs

disease. In a study published in %ugust 3/4 in the (ournal of %lheimerAs isease, researchers

found that the amount of iron in the hippocampus ) an area of the brain associated with the

formation of memories ) was increased and associated with tissue damage in the hippocampusarea in people with %lheimerAs disease, but not in healthy older people.
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/health-and-wellness/iron-rich-foodshttp://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/3/359http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/ironhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtmlhttp://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/health-and-wellness/iron-rich-foodshttp://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/3/359


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>!he accumulation of iron in the brain may be influenced by modifying en'ironmental factors,

such as how much red meat and iron dietary supplements we consume and, in women, ha'ing

hysterectomies before menopause,> study author r. George #artokis, a professor of psychiatryat the +emel Institute for &euroscience and ri#ing noma#s left the steppe, causing more migrations an# +ars:

The Christian "ibles first boo *enesis says that Tubal>Cain, se/en generations from A#am, +as

?an instructor of e/ery artificer in brass an# iron:? )melte# iron artifacts ha/e been i#entifie# from

aroun# 4000 "C: A remarable iron pillar, #ating to about 300 AD, remains stan#ing to#ay in Delhi,

In#ia: This soli# pillar is +rought iron an# about :! m high by 30 cm in #iameter: Corrosion to the

pillar has been minimal #espite its egoat at the fountain in the center of

the primiti/e +orl# @%ara#ise is repeate# in the myths all o/er the +orl#, also in the *enesis:

6rom the 6ountain of Life there originate# four ri/ers of +ater or mil, +hich often +ere #epicte#

as four mai#ens: These ri/ers carrie# life, an# the iron, all o/er the +orl#:

Accor#ing to this 6innish myth, +hen #ealing +ith a +oun# ma#e by an iron bla#e by his

incantations the sorcerer maes it no+n to the /ictim an# also to the +eapon that he is a+are of

the origin of the iron an# so is able to control 1:

(hat is the origin of IronB

The matter of fact is that the main element of all the hea/enly bo#ies inclu#ing stars, re# giants,super re# giants, +hite #+arfs, superno/a, interstellar galactic materials etc, are all ma#e up of

iron: @6or more information, you can refer to the article Death of the ni/erse:

The scientists belie/e that iron is an ehot

inner core soli#: Isolate# from the mantle by the li=ui# outer core, the inner core spins faster than
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-study-suggests-that-iron-247864http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-study-suggests-that-iron-247864


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the rest of the planet, gaining a full turn in about 400 years: This #ifferential is the cause of the

earths magnetic fiel#: @*arrison, 1EEE, p: !3>!!: .ssential #uring the formation of the earth the

iron +as place# #eep +ithin our .arth an# the subse=uent cooling forme# the crust 2:

)cientists ha/e only recently #isco/ere# the rele/ant facts about the irons formation process:

'o+e/er, the /erse 2! of chapter ! Chapter of Iron states that the iron is sent #o+n from the

hea/ens for the benefit of humanin#-

>An# (e sent #o+n iron, +herein is great might, an# many uses for men 4: Chapter!- /erse2!

To percei/e the inspiration in this +on#erful 7uranic statement, the reference must be ma#e to

the recently #isco/ere# scientific facts:

)cientific ie+point

Iron is a type of atom, +hich +as create# in re# giant stars: Iron atoms as state# abo/e are

belie/e# to be common an# of intense combinations at the center of the .arth: 6rom the Anglo>

)a


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6e>!E !3:! #ays

6e>G0 1!00000:0 years 3

7uranic ie+point

The 7uran informs us that Iron +as actually #escen#e# from the sy an# only came to form part

of the .arth9s maeup: After speaing of #escent, this is to say that it is a principal component of

a meteorite class no+n as si#erites an# is a minor constituent of the other t+o meteorite classes

as science to#ay e 03 M gi/es 2G +hich is the atomic number of iron an# the number

of its protons:

)hei Ab#ul $aNi# en#ani, a professor of Islamic stu#ies in ing Ab#ula;i; ni/ersity in e##ah,

)au#i Arabia says about his meeting +ith the professor Armstrong: %rofessor Armstrong +ors at

the &ational Aeronautics an# )pace A#ministration @&A)A, +here he is a +ell>no+n scientist

there: 'e +as ase# a number of =uestions about the 7uranic /erses #ealing +ith the e


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IRON METEORITES

THE HEARTS OF LONG-VANISHED ASTEROIDSThe sixth in a series of artices b! Geoffre! Not"in# Aeroite Meteorites

In the second episode of Meteorwritings, U


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%ne of the questions I am most frequently asked is U1ow do we know they are realXU *n experienced meteorite

researcher, hunter, or collector can usually identify a genuine iron meteorite ;ust by looking it and holding it. Mhile

melting in our atmosphere, iron meteorites typically acquire small oval shaped depressions on their surfaces known

as regmaglypts. These features are not found on earth rocks. Iron meteorites are very dense - much heavier than

almost all terrestrial rocks - and will easily adhere to a strong magnet. Iron meteorites also contain a relatively highpercentage of nickel - a metal very rarely found on Jarth - and they display a unique feature that is never seen in

terrestrial material.

The Widmanst"tten #attern In Iron Meteorites

In the early 7""s, a =ritish geologist remembered only as UNU or possibly UMilliamU Thomson discovered a

remarkable pattern while treating a meteorite with a solution of nitric acid. Thomson was attempting to remove

oxidized material from a specimen of the Yrasno;arsk pallasite. *fter applying the acid, Thomson noticed a lattice-like

pattern emerging from the matrix. The same effect was also noted by 9ount *lois von =eckh MidmanstZtten in 7"7,

and is today best known as the MidmanstZtten /attern, but is sometimes also referred to as the Thomson +tructure.

The intricate pattern is the result of extremely slow cooling of molten asteroid cores. The interlocking bands are a

mixture of the iron-nickel alloys taenite and kamacite.


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%ome Famous Iron Meteorites

9*:[%: PI*=#%

9oconino 9ounty, *rizona, Q+*

3irst discovered 72

I*=, coarse octahedrite

*bout &5,""" years ago a building-sized iron meteorite crashed into the desert between the present-day towns of

3lagstaff and Minslow in northern *rizona. The size and inertia of the impactor resulted in a massive explosion which

excavated a crater almost '"" feet deep and ),""" feet in diameter. $esearch conducted by the seminal meteorite

scientist 1.1. :ininger revealed that a large part of the original mass vaporized upon impact, while hundreds of tons

of fragments fell around the crater within a radius of several miles. The site is erroneously named


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Nano$artices% Iron &Fe'

!o order Iron nanoparticles or for additional information, please fill out the Infor(ationRe)uest For(.

&asic characteristics'

+ame: "ron nanoparticles

*ackaging: Antistatic plastic bags

'olecular

#ormula:#e

Appearance: Black powder

App!ications'

'icrowave2

absorption

materials

"ron nanoparticles have the ability to absorb electromagneticwaves. They can be used as an absorbing material throughout the

electromagnetic spectrum. This makes #e nanoparticles useul

within military and commercial applications as a high2perormance

invisible material or absorbing extremely high reIuency $4#

millimeter wave '', visible light and inrared. "ts useulness

also extends to radioactive shielding or mobile phones and other

devices, as well as a structural material.

'agnetic2

conductive paste

ith high saturation magneti3ation and high magnetic

conductivity, iron nanoparticles are well suited as a magnetic

conductive paste or structural bonding material or small and

complex magnetic heads.

4igh2

perormance

magnetic

recording

materials

ith advantages including high coercivity, high saturation

magneti3ation intensity up to (C99km0%kg, signal2to2noise ratio

and good oxidation resistance, #e nanoparticles improve

perormance o tape and large2capacity hard disks.

'agnetic 8uid

'agnetic 8uid made o iron particles provides excellent properties.

They are widely used in sealants, shock absorption materials,

medical eIuipment and displays.

Attri(utes'

*roduct

name

Average

particle

si3e

KnmL

@iameter

-ange

KnmL

*urity

KML

Specifc

surace

area

Km0%gL

Bulk

density

Kg%cm


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"ron 07 N()) EEO


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They go all 8uorescent i you treat them right

6Image: #ryce ickmark7

!he story of Iron -an, in which a man gains spectacular abilitiesby infusing his body withtechnology,is still =ust fantasy. #ut the first Iron lants ha'e been made. % team of biologists and

engineers has made bionic plants that ha'e been upgraded with an in=ection of nanotechnology.

!he idea is two;foldHcolon2 to boost plants" ability to photosynthesise, and to produce a newclass of bionic materials that grow and repair themsel'es using little more than sunlight. #ut the

results ha'e been recei'ed with a mixture of amaement and scepticism, largely because the

underlying mechanisms are something of a black box.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13815-iron-man-the-science-behind-the-fictionhttps://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.htmlhttps://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.htmlhttps://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13815-iron-man-the-science-behind-the-fictionhttps://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.htmlhttps://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/04/iron-man-2-science-cures-tony-starks-heartache.html


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!he team say they ha'e persuaded nanomaterials to burrow deep into plant cells, reaching the

tiny chloroplasts that make the plant"s energy.


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!his is a mar'ellous demonstration of how nanotechnology can be coupled with synthetic

biology to modify and enhance the function of li'ing organisms,J says synthetic biologist (ames

ollinsof #oston @ni'ersity. !he authors show that self;assembling nanoparticles can be usedto enhance the photosynthetic capacity of plants.J

5thers contacted byNew Scientistwere sceptical, demanding to understand how the enhancedphotosynthesis works. -any items need to be addressed to =ustify the 'alidity of these studies,J

says -arek @rbanof lemson @ni'ersity in +outh arolina. !here are a lot of big statements inthis paper but only a fraction are scientifically =ustified.J

ump to: navigation, search
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Iron oxi,e nano$articesare iron oxideparticles with diameters between about and //

nanometers.!he two main forms are magnetite6Fe45C7 and its oxidied form maghemite6L;

Fe3547. !hey ha'e attracted extensi'e interest due to their superparamagneticproperties and theirpotential applications in many fields 6althoughoand&iare also highly magnetic materials,

they are toxic and easily oxidied7.

%pplications of iron oxide nanoparticles includeterabit magnetic storagede'ices, catalysis,

sensors, and high;sensiti'ity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging6-*I7 for medicaldiagnosis and therapeutics. !hese applications re1uire coating of the nanoparticles by agents

such as long;chain fatty acids, alkyl;substituted aminesand diols.Mcitation neededN

ContentsKhideL

(Structure

0'agnetic properties


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ions Fe3O

and Fe4O

they can be in ferromagnetic,antiferromagneticorferrimagnetic states.In theparamagnetic state, the indi'idual atomic magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and

the substance has a ero net magnetic moment if there is nomagnetic field. !hese materials ha'e

a relati'e magnetic permeabilitygreater than one and are attracted to magnetic fields. !hemagnetic moment drops to ero when the applied field is remo'ed. #ut in a ferromagnetic

material, all the atomic moments are aligned e'en without an external field. % ferrimagnetic

material is similar to a ferromagnet but has two different types of atoms with opposing magneticmoments. !he material has a magnetic moment because the opposing moments ha'e different

strengths. If they ha'e the same magnitude, the crystal is antiferromagneticand possesses no net

magnetic moment.M4N

9hen an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetiation6M7

increases with the strength of the magnetic field 6H7 until it approachessaturation. 5'er somerange of fields the magnetiation has hysteresisbecause there is more than one stable magnetic

state for each field. !herefore, a remanent magnetiationwill be present e'en after remo'ing the

external magnetic field.M4N

%single domainmagnetic material 6ex: magnetic nanoparticles7 that has no hysteresis loop is

said to be superparamagnetic. !he ordering of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic,antiferromagnetic,and ferrimagnetic materials decreases with increasing temperature.

Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their magnetiation

beyond the urie temperature and antiferromagnetic materials lose their magnetiation

beyond the&Qel temperature . -agnetiteis ferrimagnetic at room temperature and has aurie temperature of 80/ K.-aghemite is ferrimagnetic at room temperature, unstable at high

temperatures, and loses itssusceptibilitywith time. 6Its urie temperature is hard to determine7.

#oth magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature.M4N

!hissuperparamagnetic beha'ior of iron oxide nanoparticles can be attributed to their sie. 9hen the

sie gets small enough 6R3/ nm7, thermal fluctuationscan change the direction of magnetiation

of the entire crystal. % material with many such crystals beha'es like aparamagnet, except thatthe moments of entire crystals are fluctuating instead of indi'idual atoms. M4N

%ynthesis.edit/

!he preparation method has a large effect on shape, sie distribution, and surface chemistry ofthe particles. It also determines to a great extent the distribution and type of structural defects or

impurities in the particles. %ll these factors affect magnetic beha'ior. *ecently, many attempts

ha'e been made to de'elop processes and techni1ues that would yield Smonodispersecolloids"

consisting of nanoparticles uniform in sie and shape.

Coprecipitation.edit/

#y far the most employed method is coprecipitation. !his method can be further di'ided into two

types. In the first, ferrous hydroxidesuspensions are partially oxidied with different oxidiingagents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow sie distribution with mean

diameters between 4/ and // nm can be obtained from a Fe6II7 salt, a base and a mild oxidant

6nitrateions7.MCN!he other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(magnetic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remanencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_domain_(magnetic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superparamagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9el_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghemitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_oxide_nanoparticles&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodispersehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_oxide_nanoparticles&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprecipitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_hydroxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(magnetic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remanencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_domain_(magnetic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superparamagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9el_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghemitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-teja-3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_oxide_nanoparticles&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodispersehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_oxide_nanoparticles&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprecipitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_hydroxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide_nanoparticles#cite_note-4


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hydroxides in a1ueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in sie.M0NIn

the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs:

0#e


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murinefibroblastcell line to se'en industrially important nanoparticles showed a nanoparticle

specific cytotoxicmechanism for uncoated iron oxide.MN+olubility was found to strongly

influence the cytotoxic response. $abelling cells 6e.g. stem cells, dendritic cells7 with iron oxidenanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time bymagnetic

resonance tomography.M8N

eferences.edit/

(. >ump up to: abcdLaurent, Sophie; Forge, Delphine; Port, Marc; Roch,Alain; Robic, Caroline; Vander Elst, Luce; Muller, Robert N !"##$% &Magnetic'ron ()ide Nanoparticles* S+nthesis, Stabiliation, Vectoriation,Ph+sicoche-ical Characteriations, and .iological Applications& Che-icalRe/ie0s 108!1%* "#12344# doi*4#4#"45cr#1$226e PM'D4$627$89

0. >ump up to: ab.uscho0, : -agnetic iron o)ide nanoparticles& Progressin Cr+stal Materials 55* ""doi*4#4#415@pcr+sgro0"##$#$##7

C. Jump up 1Sugi-oto, ? !49$#% &For-ation o> uni>or- spherical-agnetite particles b+ cr+stalliation >ro- >errous h+dro)ide gels4& ournalo> Colloid and 'nter>ace Science 74* ""8 doi*4#4#415##"49898!$#%9#4$87

7. Jump up 1'assart, -.J 1abuil, /.>.1hem.*hy.(E69, 6C,E?9.

?. Jump up 1Laughlin, R !4981% &An e)pedient techniue >ordeter-ining solubilit+ phase boundaries in sur>actant0ater s+ste-s4&ournal o> Colloid and 'nter>ace Science 55* "79 doi*4#4#415##"49898!81%9##7#$

9. Jump up 1.runner, ?obias ; Gic=, Peter; Manser, Pius; Spohn,Philipp;


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Grou0!$gen 4*

Iron

2lectronic configuration

Iron @6rA &d*5s

0!$gen @HeA s5

hemical om!osition

.lement ontent (/

Iron */./&

0!$gen &+.+&

0ro!erties 1etric &m!erial

9olar mass 43/.*/ gmol -

0ro!erties 1etric &m!erial

9elting oint 43** 34C

the importance of iron in our daily life

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