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卜夢

﹄

THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENC

ITSRELEVANCETO

MULTICULTURALEDUCATION

T『ansIatedbγ

Pu『e〔and〔ea『ningCoIIegeAssn盒／∣nc.

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THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENG

I（Empe『o『γongZheng）thinkaIItheTh『ee

Teachings(Confucianism/BuddhismandTaoism)

havethecapacitγtoheIppeopIebeenIightenedin

ChinabecauseaIITh『eeTeachingsde『ivef『omthe

sameo『iginalsou『ce.Thei『teachings『unpa『aIIeIto

eachothe『／thustheγdonotcont『adicteachothe『.

ItisonIγwhenpeop∣edonothavetho『ough

unde『standingthatthei『mindsbecomeunclea『and

theγhavediffe『encesofopinion.TheTaoiststhinkTaoismisbette『andBuddhismisIessesteemed.

TheBuddhistssaγTaoismisnotasg『eatasBud﹣dhism.TheConfuciansexcIudethembothand

cIaimtheγa『enotco『『ect‧EachofthemhasonIγ

seI卜inte『estinmindThustheγcont『adictand

competewitheachothe『／eachaimingtodominate

ove『theothe『two.ButtheγonIγfindthemselvesin

atightcontest·

l

Th『oughp『actisingthediscou『seoftheTh『ee

Teachings／Icometo『eaIizetheγa『eequaIIγgood／

eventhoughonthesu『facetheγappea「tobedi卜

↑e『ent／thenatu『eofthei『p『incipIesisthesame.

TheγalIhavethesamepu『poseinmindteaching

andencou『agingpeopIetobegood.TheBuddha》s

teachingsofthe℉iveP『ecepts／andthe!TenVi『﹣

tuousConducts/IeadpeopIetogoodness.The

Confucianteachingsofthe℉iveMo「alConducts

andOneHund『edWaγs〃aIsoinduce／giveincen﹣

tive／andpe『suadepeopIetobegood.Isthe『eanγ

sac『edteachingthatdoesnotIeadpeopIetodothesame?

Empe『o『liu-SongWendioncemadeacom﹣

menttohispe『sonaIstaffmembe『ShangZhihHethattheSixBooksofChineseCIassicsa『etoedu﹣

catethemasspopulation.Howeve「’ifonehopesto

eIevateone／sspi『itua∣『eaIm／onemustusethe

Buddhistsc『iptu『esastheguide.lfalImγpeople

Il

canadhe『etotheteachingsofCon↑ucianismand

Buddhismandbecomehonest﹜down﹣to-ea『th／and

good-natu『ed／thecount『γwiIIbeatpeaceandl

wiIIhavenothingmo『etowo『『γabout.

ShangZhihHe『epliedthatiftenpeopIeina

viIlageofonehund『edfamiIiesabidebγthe「ive

P『ecepts／wewi∣∣havetenpeopIewhoa『ef『iendIγ﹜

kind↙honest’cautious『and『espectfuI.Ina『egionof

onethousandfamiIies『ifonehund『edpeopIeabide

bγtheTenCoodConducts／wewiIIhaveone

hund『edpeop∣eliveinha『monγ.I↑weappIγthis

samep『incipIetothewhoIenationwhe『ewemaγ

haveahund『edmiI∣ionofhouseho∣ds／wewiII

havemiIIionsofvi『tuouspeopIeIivinginha『monγ.Ifwecanp『actiseonegoodconduct／oneIesseviI

wiIIbecommitted.OneIesseviIconductmeans

theeIiminationofonepunishment.Ifeach↑amiIγ『educesthec『ime『atebγone／wecaneliminate

thousandsandthousandsofpunishments.γes↙in﹣

deed『thecount『γwiIIthenbeinpeaceandγou『•••

llI

HigI〕nes5cansitonγou『th『onewithoutanγwo『『γ.

ThisisalsothegoaIofBuddhism－toe「adIcate

g「eedandmise『Iinessandtoinducevi『tuesand

kindnessInpeopIeIfwebeIieveinthewo「dsof

Empe『o『〔iu﹣SongWendiandShangZhihHe﹜and

a『eabIetop『actIsegoodconductacco『dingIγ『we

cansetagoodexampIefo『othe『stofoIIowand

teachandguidethepeopIeInestabIishinggood

customs.ThustheγcanassisttheEmpe『o『ingov-

e「ningthecountn／andinheIpingthepeopIe.

lfwewanton∣γdefametheTh「eeTeachings

andcompa『ethemtotheabsu『dandhe『etic

teachingsofYangZiandMoZi/wehavem<sun-de「5toodanda「ebeingunfai「totheTh『eeTeach﹣

ings.BefO『eIbecametheEmpe『o『﹜IpaidcIose

attentiontoBuddhism『especiaIIγtheXingBud﹣

dhism妒ofwhichIhavegainedanin﹣depthunde『﹣

standingAfte『IbecametheEmpe『o『↙Ihavede-

votedmucho↑mγtImetotheRoγaIImpe『ia∣Cou『T.

lV

AIsoIdidnotwantpeop∣etothinkthatIwaspa『tiaI

toBuddhism.Thusldidnotdiscussthiswithanγ-

one.IwantedtowaituntiIthecount『γwasont『ack

befo「eb『oachingtheissue.Iwantedtod『awatten-

tiontothedoct『ineoftheTh『eeTeachingsthatitis

w「ongtop『aiseoneselfands∣ande『othe『s.hlowI

havebeenEmpe『o『fo『tenγea『s.Inmγspa『etime／

∣wasabIetocompi∣eaIistofmγviewpointSand

notethethoughtsoftheancientschoIa『sfO『those

whoa『ecu『『entIγfoIIowingtheTh「eeTeachings.

I.TheancientpeoplesaidZhouCongandConfuciususedtheSixBooksofChineseCIassicsto

educatethepeopIe.Thehea『To↑thepu『poseofthis

educationwas∣oγa∣tγandfiIiaIpietγ.Thetopicsof

thetwovoIumesbγlao-tzua『ethe／waγ∕andthe〃vi「tues／.Thebasisoftheth『eedivisionsofthe

BuddhistCanonis∣oving-kindness.Thei『achieve﹣

mentsmaγbedif↑e『ent『thei『p『incipIesa『ethe

same.AIIofthema『enobIeteachingsanddeseⅣe

tobeadmi「ed.

V

2.TheγaIsosaidthatConfucianismhadestab﹣

IisheditseIfasthe「ightteaching.Taoismhades﹣tabIisheditselfasthemostesteemed.Buddhism

hadestabIisheditse∣fastheg『eatest.Howeve「／the

messageofaI∣th「eeistop『ese『veIivesandabstain

f『omIdIIing.Theγwo『kf「omthesamep『incipIeof

Ioving-kindness.TheγaIIadvocatet『eatingothe『sasonewouIdt「eatoneseIf.Again似theγaIladvocate

impa『tiaIitγ.TheγaIIwantpeopIetostopbeing

angn／／toeIiminateimp『ope『desi『es﹜to『est『ict

themselvesf「omdoingw『ongthingsandimp『ope『

behaviou『s.TheγaIIp『omotethecuItivationofvi『tuouscondud‧

3.TheγaIsosaidthattheteachingsofBud﹣dhismcancu「eou『minds／theteachingsofTaoism

cancu『eou『bodies／andtheteachingsofConfu﹣

cianismcancu『ethewo『Id.

4.TheγaIsosaidthatthete『mjnatu「e〃usedbγ•

VI

Buddhahasthesamemeaningaswhende｛inedbγ

alItheothe『booksandaIIthe『eco『dedteachingsof

thesaintsandsages.B『oadIγspeaking／Bud﹣

dha﹣natu『eencompassesaIIthevi『tues.lfpeopIe↙s

hea『tsa『esince『e／iftheγaIIIivepu『eanddisci-

pIinedlives／iftheγaIIgivep『ecedencetocou『tesγ

toothe『peop∣e／noton∣γtheγbutthei『『eIatives

wi∣Ibebenefited.TheγcanheIptheempe『o『stabi﹣

Iisethecountn/.

5.TheγaIsosaidthattheBuddhaWaγandthe

Sove『eignWaγa『eoneandthesame.TheSove『﹣

eignWaγisext『emeIγb『oadItisthesameasthe

MiddIeWaγ.TheBuddhaWaγisaIsotheMiddIe

Waγwhichisunbiasedandvi『tuous.Thei『pu『﹣

posesa『eidenticaI.

6.TheγalsosaidthatBuddhismwasestab﹣

IishedtoheIppeop∣estopf『ombeingsupe『ficiaI

andbep『acticaI.ItaIsoheIpspeopIeto『ef『ainf『om

aIIthei『deviantwaγsandbegood.PeopIemaγ••

VlI

havetotn／veⅣha『datthebeginningbut／once

theγaccustomthemseIvestovi「tuousconduct／theγ

wiIIactacco『ding∣γ.lftheγsop『adIse『theγwilI

fi「stbebene「itedTI﹞entheγwiIIbeabIetoheIp

othe『stodothesameThuspeopIeneed『eIγon

nothingmo『ethanIustBuddhism.

7.TheγaIso5aidthat8uddhismisnotofthis

wo『IdbecauseIt5teachingsdonotappIγtopeopIe

IivinginthesecuIa『wo『Id‧Thatcommentwasmadewithout『efe『encetoBuddha『sSixPa『amItaS‧

「o「exampIe叭f『omtI1estageofmaste『Ingdeep

concent『ationto「eachtheothe『sho『e（attaining

wisdom）／isthIsnottheIeamingofthiswo『Idbe﹣

fo「emovingontothenext?

8.TheγaIsosaidthatthe『ea『enotwowaγs

andthesaintsdonothavetwominds.The〃Waγ》

（cou『seofnatu『e）hasbeeninexIstencebefo『ethe

wo『Idisfo『med‧『he5aInts↑i「stcu『ethemseIves

withthet『utI】theγhavegainedf『omp『actisingthe

Viii

』Waγ／‧Thentheγcanapp∣γthesamet『uthtoheIp

gove『nthecount『γandb『ingpeacetothenation.∣s

thisnotag『eatdeed!

Thusthosesaintsmaγbebo『ninChina!inthe

West／o『eIsewhe『e.Eventhoughtheγa『ebo『nin

di什e『entpIaces’iftheγhavet『uIγattainedthe

﹜Waγ』／thei「mindsshouIdbethesame.Sincethe

eightitems∣istedabovea『ebasedontheteachings

ofthesaints』the『eshouIdbenodi什e『enceof

oplnIon.

EventhougheachoftheTh『eeTeachingsspe﹣

ciaIisesinitsown『espectivea『eaofcu『ingthe

mind’thebodγo『thewo『Id!appa『entIγtheγaIso

havethei「sho『tcomings.ThustheγcompIement

eachothe「andbecomeequalIγimpo「tant.We

cannotdowithoutanγoneofthem.

EventhosewhoclaimtobestudγingBud﹣

dhismandTaoisma『esometimesbiasedandnot

lX

exadIγco『『ed》andnoteve『γoneofthosewho

studγConfucianismisat「uep『actitione『.「o『in﹣

stance』someBuddhistp『actitione「sdeceivethe

publicbγthei『eccent『icinte『p『etationsofthewo『d

jemptiness／.SomeTaoistp『aditione『sfooIpeopIe

withthei『he『eticski∣∣s.Theγa『eaIIguiItγofvio-

latingthei『『espectiveteachings.Manγwhohave

「eadextensiveIγoftheBooko／Poet「yta∣kabout

Ioving﹣kindnessandpe「sonaIIoγaItγandγetbe﹣

haveothe『wise.Theγa『eiustasguiItγofcheating

thepubIic.

Ifweigno『eothe『peopIe／sst『ongpointsbut

denouncethei『sho『tcomings∕ifwepu『poseIγdis﹣

guiseou『sho『tcomings﹟insteadove『﹣exagge『ating

ou「goodpoints『andifwewiIfuIIγt『γtobIacken

othe『peopIe／sgoodnames／thesea『esignso↑ou『

beingseIfishandt『eache『ous.Thisisnotwhata

pe『sonofnobIecha『ade『andinteg「itγoughttodo.

ThesepeopIehaveove『﹂estimatedthei『st「engthandabilities.

X

Du『ingthepast佗wγea『s﹟lwasaskedtoban

peopIef『omo『dainingthemseIves『andtotu『n

BuddhistandTaoisttempIesintoacademiesof

cIassicaIIea『ningsotheγwouldthenbeIongtothe

Confucians.The『ewe『ecountγmagist『ateswho

th『ewthemonksandnunsoutofthei『tempIesfO『

no『eason.The『ewe「eevenpeopIewhoaskedme

tomatchthemonksandnunsintocoupIesfo『the

pu『poseofp『opagationsopopuIationcouIdbe

inc『eased.Thosekindsofp『opositionsa『eabsu『d

andcauseun『esttothecount『γ.Thei『p『oponents

havenotgivenathoughttothe｛actthatitisthei『

count『γ’s『esponsibiIitγtoheIpthosewhoa『e

widowedandthosewhoa『ealone.Sinceitisthei「

choicetobemonksandnuns『itisthei『intentto

cuItivatethemseIvesandtoaccumuIategood↑O『﹣

tune↑O『thecount『γanditspeopIe.AnobIeem-

pe『o『o『『uIe『wouIdnotaskthemto『esumea

secuIa『lifeandtogetma『『iedfO『suchat『iviaI

『eason.SincepeopIewhomakethosep『opositions

Xl

a「eext『eme∣γigno『antandstiIIve『γγoung／Iam

notgoingtopunishthemfO『thei「absu『dities.

AsfO『thoseIeft﹣homepe『sons（Buddhist

monks似nuns／andTaoistp『iests）whohavevioIated

thelaw『theγwiIIbepunishedacco「dingIγ.Butto

thoseasceticswhohaveadhe『edst「ictIγtothe

teachingswemustgiveou「fuIIp『otectionand

suppo「t.Thosewhop「eachhe「eticaIteachings

mustbeseve『eIγpunished.「o『exampIe／the『e﹣

co『dedw「itingsofDao八／linandXing「enga「e

p「eposte「ous.Theteachingsof「aCangandHong

Rena「ethesavageteachingsofthedeviI.IwiII

havethempunished.WemustnotIetthei『theo『ies

bIendwithandta『nishthe『ightteachings.0the「﹣

wiseitwiIIbecomeimpossibIefO『thepeopIetoteIIthediffe『ence.

Ihavetho『oughIγexp∣o『edtheo『iginaIsou『ce

oftheTh「eeTeachingsandIknowtheγneedtobe

t「eatedfai『Iγ.lwantthosepeopIe╴Buddhistsand

X>l

Taoistswhohaveon∣γthei『pe『sonaIinte『estsin

mind／thosewhoa『eopinionatedandpa『TiaIto

thei「ownbeIiefs／thusIosingthei『senseoffair

ness╴towakeupandbeawa『eofthesesobe『ing

•acts.IammakingthisannouncementtoenIighten

thosewhoa『eigno『ant.

Thisistheimpe『iaIedidtoaIItheciviI叭miIi﹣

ta『γ／andcou『tofficialstogivespeciaIattentionto

thep『otedionandsuppo『toftheleft﹣homepe『sons.

Thisistobegove『nedbγseIfIessactionsandgoodintentions.

•••

Xlll

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

THEIMPERIALEDICTOF

EMPERORYONGZHENGITSRELEVANCETOMULTICUIURALEDUCATION

Thecontentofthisa『ticIeisanab「idgedve『﹣

siono↑ase『iesofeightIectu『esgivenbγVene「abIe

Maste『ChinKunginToowoomba》Aust『aIiain

2004.TheIectu『eswe『ebasedonanimpe『iaIedid

w『ittenbγEmpe『o『γongZhengdu『inghis『eign

（l723-I735）inthe○ingDγnastγ.Thisedict〃which

iscontainedintheCoIlectiono仃aoistSc『iptu『es／is

usedin『efe『encetothemode『n﹣daγmuIticuItu『a∣

education.

Thefi『stpa『ag『aphoftheedictisasfoIIows:〃I

（Empe『o『YongZheng）ⅢnkaIItheTh『eeTeach﹣

ings(Confucianism’BuddhismandTaoism)have【hecapacitγtoheIppeop∣ebeenIightenedin

ChinabecauseaⅡTh『eeTeachingsde『ivef『omthe

sameo『igiha∣sou『ce‧Thei『teachings『unpa『aⅡe∣

1

ChinI(ung

toeachothe『／thustheγdonotcont『adicteach

othe『‧ItisonIγwhenpeopIedonothavetho『ough

unde『standingthatthei『mindsbecomeuhcIea『

andtheγhavediffe『encesofopinioh。TheTaoiststhinkTaoismisbette『andBuddhismisIesses.

teemed。TheBuddhist5saγTaoismisnotasg『eat

asBuddhism·TheConfuciansexc|udethemboth

andcIaimtheγa『enotco『『ect‧Eachofthemhas

onlγseIf﹣inte『estinmihd‧Thustheγcont『adict

andcompetewi【heachothe『／eachaimingto

dominateove『↑heothe『two‧Buttheγon∣γfind

themseIvesinatigMcontest‧〃

Inthispa『ag『aph似Empe『o『γongZheng

pointedouthowtheTh『eeTeachingsinChina

cont「adicteachothe『↙onIγtofindthemseIves

mo『e﹣orIessequaIinst『ength‧Inthetimesincethe

edidwasissued／thesituationhasnotimp『ovedbut

haswo「sened.ltisnoIonge『｝usttheTh「eeTeach﹣

ingsdisag『eeingamongthemseIves.Thedif↑e『entdenominationswithineachoftheTh『eeTeachings

2

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

nowa|sofindthemse|vesinoppositiontoeach

othe『「o『examp∣e∕whenBuddhismfi『stcameto

ChinaintheSuiandTangDγnastiesaboutI500

γea『sago／tenschooIsofBuddhismwe『efoundedbasedontheva『iousteachingso↑Shakγamuni

Buddha.ThefoIIowe『so↑aIItenwe『eaIIstudents

ofShakγamuniBuddha.Itissimila『toamode『n

unive『sitγthathastenschooIs.WithineachschooI

the『ea『eva『iousdepa『tments.Eachdepa『tmentis

thendividedintomanγmaio『a『easofstudγ‧

ThefadthatBuddhismhastenschooIsdoes

notaIte「the↑actthattheteachingsofeachofthe

schoo∣s／thoughdi什e『ent『a『esti∣Itheteachingsof

ShakγamuniBuddha‧AIIthei『studentsa『estudents

oftheBuddha.Amonga∣Ithediffe『entp『actising

methodstaughtbγShakγamuniBuddha』thestu-

dentsmaγchooseonIγonemethodtop『actise‧

Sincewehavethesameteache『↙howcanwe

notkeepanopendiaIoguewithaIItheothe『de-

3

ChinKung

pa『tmentsandschooIs?Itislikegivingbi『thtoten

chiId『en.∣faI∣tenchiId『enopposeoneanothe『／

onIγp「aisethemse∣vesandslande『theothe『s’how

te「『iblγhu『tthepa『entsmustfeeI.lfwedonot『e﹣

mainincontactwitheachothe『’ifweonIγp『aise

ou「se∣vesandsIande『theothe『s／wea『enotbeing

fiIiaIchiId『entoou『pa『ents／no『a『ewebeing『e﹣

spectfuItoou『teache『s.Thisdeficiencγdesen／esou「cIoseattention‧

BuddhaShakγamunitaughtusthatnomatte『

whichschoo∣o『denominationwebeIongto／aII

Buddhistteachingsa『ebasedonthep『incipIeof

beingfi∣iaItoou『pa『ents／andbeingofseⅣicetoou『teache『sande∣de『s.Thisisthef0undationof

Buddha／steachings.Ontheothe『hand／theConfu﹣

ciansputemphasisonmo『aIconduct／p「ima『iIγthefivemo『aIcondudscaIled〃WuChang〃:

kind-hea『↑edness’『esponsibi∣itiesandduties／

p『ope『etiquette’wisdom／andt「ustwo『thiness.The

Buddhistsabidebγthe「iveP『ecepts:tonotIdII／

4

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

steaI／engageinsexuaImisconduct／Iieo『takein﹣

toxicants.Thep『eceptofnokiIIingcanbeequated

tokind﹣hea『tedness／whichmeansonemustnot

ha『manγIivingbeing.IfwecauseconfIictsamong

othe『swea『ew『ong.Wehavew『ongedtheseIiv﹣

ingbeings‧Wehavefa∣Iensho『tofou『teache『s／as

weI∣asou『pa『ents〃expectations.

ReIigiousteachingsa『etheteachingsofsaints

andsages.Empe『o『γongZhengsaiditweI∣.He

saidthepu『poseo↑aIItheTh『eeTeachingsinChina

wastohe∣ppeopIeb『eakth『oughthei『deIusions

andbeenIightened／toheIpthemIeavethei『mis﹣

e『iesandto『eachfo『happiness.ThusthegoaIof

theteachingsisexactIγthesame‧ltisaIsothegoaI

ofeducationinChina.TheTh『eeTeachingsmaγbe

deepinthei『meaningsbuttheγa『enotinconfIid

witheachothe『.ThefactisthatnotonIγtheTh『ee

Teachingsthathavethei『goaIssetonheIpingpeo﹣

pIetob『ea∣（th『oughde∣usionsandbeenIightened／

toleavethei『mise『iesandto『eachfO『happiness╴

5

ChinKung

a∣Ithe「eIigiousfounde『sandIeade『sinthewo「Id〃

figu『esIikelesusCh『istandMosesintheCh『istian

faithandMuhammedintheIslamicfaith!havethis

samegoaIinmind.TheγaIIwantthei『↑OIlowe『sto

beenIightenedandtoIeadhappγandfuIfiIIedIives·

IfEmpe『o『γongZhengwe『enotanenIight-

enedpe『son／hewouIdnotbeabIetomakethese

statements.ThusbeingenIightened﹜Empe『o『Yong

Zhengwasab∣etopaγequaI『espedtoaIITh『ee

Teachings﹜toIea『nf「omandbenefitf「omthem.

Howeve『／mostpeop∣etodaγdonothaveenough

unde『standingoftheTh『eeTeachings叭whethe「

Taoism／Confucianismo「Buddhism.∣fwetakea

t「eeasanexampIe／itisIikeat『eewithdif﹛e「ent

b『anches.B『anchesmaγbedi什e『entbuttheγa『eaII

g「ownf「omthesamet『ee.Thusthe「eshou∣dbenoconfIidandcont『adidionsamong『eligions.Ifwe

a『einconfIict／itisbecausewehavenotdelved

deepIγenoughintoou『studies.

6

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「YongZheng

OncewehavedeIveddeepIγenoughintoou「

studies↙wewiIIcometo『eaIizethattheγa『ethe

same.Thei『t『uthsde『ivef『omthesameo『iginaI

sou『ce.Thiso『iginaIsou『ceisthet『uth.The『eis

onIγonet『uth.Sometimeswe『efe『tothist『uthas

Cod.The『eisonIγoneCodinthisunive『se.ln

Buddhismwe『efe「toDha『mahIatu『e.Thesou『ce／

theo「igin／theDha『maNatu『e╴theγmeanthe

same.AI∣conf∣ictsandmisunde『standingsa「e

causedbγnothavingde∣veddeepIγenoughinto

theteachings‧ThatiswhγEmpe『o『γongZheng

saidtheTh『eeTeachings『unpa『aIIeItoeach

othe「╴becausetheγa『eve『γsimiIa『.

ItisindeedunfO『tunatethatduetotheIacko↑

tho『oughunde『standingoftheTh『eeTeachings／

peopIecannotbeenIightenedTheγcannotcom﹣

p『ehendthet『uthofthei『o『igin.∣nBuddhismwe

『efe『toitasthestateofbeingfuIIγenIightenedThe

ConfucianteachingssaγthatpeopIe妒so『igina∣

7

ChinI(ung

seI卜natu『ewaspu『egoodness.Thetwoconcepts

meanthesame.ThenwhγdoweneedTh『ee

TeachingsZWhγdowehavesomanγ『eIigionsin

thiSwo「Id?ltisbecausepeopIea『edif﹛e「ent似thus

theγmustbetaughtacco『dingIγ.SomepeopIe

choosetoadoptTaoism·SomepeopIefoIIow

Buddha.SomefoIIow】esusCh『ist.AIIgoodteach-

e「s〃whethe『intheEasto「West／knowthateach

studentisdiffe『entandunique.「o『thestudentsto

bebenefited’theγmustbetaughtbγmethodsthata『emostsuitabIefo『them.

Eventhoughthemethodofteachingandthe

cou「sestudγmaγdiffe『／alIthesac『edteachingsshouIdIeadustothesamet『uth.InBuddhismwe

wiII『eachenIightenment.Confucianismhelpsusto

achievepu『egoodnessofconduct.Thispu『e

goodnessisnotthesamegoodnessastheone

↑Oundinthebina『γ『eIationshipofgoodandeviI;

『athe『’itistheo『iginaIgoodnessofone↙s

seI卜natu『e.The『efo『e／thestateofpu『egoodnessis

8

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

theenIightenedseI卜natu『e.SincethegoaIofallthe

teachingsofthesaintsandsagesisto「eachthat

o『iginaIpu『egoodness『itisve『γimpo『tantthatwe

havetho「oughunde『standingofaIIthesac『ed

teachingso『wewiIIfindou『seIvesinconfIidwith

othe『s.ThisappIiestoaIIwo『IdIγconceptsasweII.

ltison∣γwhenou『mindsa『edeIudedthatwesta『t

todiffe『entiate〃attachtoou『ownbeIiefs／andthus

c『eateou『ownconfIicts‧

SinceaIIpeopIehaveamindofthei『own／

thei「mindswande『／diffe『entiateandattachtodi卜

fe『entthings.ThustheγwiIIhavediffe「encesof

opinion.Asa『esuIMheTaoistSsaγthatTaoismis

numbe『one.Theothe「twoteachingsa『enotas

esteemed.TheBuddhistp「actitione『sdecIa「ethat

Buddhaistheg『eatestbecausehismindencom﹣

passesthewho∣eunive『se》the『e↑O『e∕Buddhismis

g「eate「thantheothe『two.TheConfuciansexcIude

bothBuddhismandTaoismasnotbeingaccu『ate.

AIITh『eeTeachingsst『ivefO『thei『fame〃popuIa『itγ

g

ChinKung

and↑O「sel卜gain.ConsequentIγtheγfindthem﹣

seIvesinatightcontestwitheachothe『.

The『efO「e／wemusttho「oughIγunde『standthe

teachingsbe｛O「etheγcanheIpus『esoIveou『

p「ob∣ems.OnIγth「oughunde『standingwillwefind

theo「iginofalIknowIedge.The『ewewilInotfind

oppositiono「conf∣id.Theunive『seisinha「monγ.

InBuddhismwespeakofwhen〃suddenIγwesee

ou『sel卜natu『einacIea『Iight〃.Sohowtho『oughIγ

doweneedtounde『standtheteachingsbe↑O「ewe

can〃suddenIγseeou『se∣卜natu『einaclea「Iight〃ZIt

iswhenwenoIonge「diffe『entiatebetweeno「at﹣

tachtothings-whenweseeaIIthingsbeingequaI.WenoIonge「havedif『e『encesofopiniono『see

thingSdiffe『entIγ.

BefO「ewe『eachthisstageoftho「oughunde「﹂

standing／ou『mindswo『kdiffe「entIγ’wethinkdi卜

｛e『entlγ／andweactdiffe「entIγ.Thisishowou『

I（a「masa『ec『eated.Thisp『ocesscausesou『t『anS﹣

10

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γongZheng

mig『ationinthesix『ea∣ms.Thenitbecomesobvi-

oushowtheTh『eeTeachingsa『einconfIictwith

eachothe『.Thisiswhathasbeenhappeningsince

ancienttimes.

WhenEmpe『o『YongZhengspokeabouthow

he〃suddenIγseeshisseI卜natu「einaclea『Iight〃’

hewasnot】ust『efe『『ingtothetho『oughunde『-

standingofou『ownseIededteachings／buttothe

tho「oughunde『standingofa∣Ithewo『Id》s『e∣igions

andteachings.Itiswithsince『itγand『eve『encethat

weIea『nf『omaIIthesac『edteachings.Even∕one

canbeou「teache『.WeshouIdemulatethegood﹣

nessinothe『sand『efIectou『seIvesonthei「eviIs.

ThusaIIpeopIe／nomatte『iftheγa『egoodo「evi∣’

a「eou『teache『s.Itisnotimpo『tantwhethe『ou『

ci『cumstancesa『efavou『abIeo「adve『se／theγa『e

thechancesgiventoustosha『penou『Iea「ningand

p『actisingskiIIs.ThisishowpeopIeshouldIea「n

andp「adisesoeventuaIIγtheγwiIIa∣sobeabIeto

〃suddenIγseethei「seI卜natu『einacIea「Iight〃.

11

ChInKung

Thi5IsthevaIueoftho「oughIγunde『standing

aIItheteachings.SeIfishmotivesa「eaIwaγstaboo

toou『Iea『ningp『ocess‧AIIevi∣sandoppositions

comef『omhea「tsthatha『bou『onIγseI卜inte「ests.∣f

thisisthestanda『duponwhichpeop∣eba5ethei『

action5》theγwi∣Ia∣waγ5disputethosewhostandin

thei『waγ.Whata『epeopIe／sseIfinte『ests!Theγa『e

nothingmo『ethanfame／popuIa『itγ『andpe『ceived

benefitssuchassatisfγingthe「ivedesi『es（weaIth〃

sex》fame’food∕d「ink〃andsIeep）andthesixgunas

o『dusts（sensuaIquaIitiesi‧e‧sight／sound〃sme∣I／

taste／touch〃andidea）‧

Not『eaIizingthatfame／popuIa『itγandweaIth

a『eInconstant／peopIedonotadhe『etomo「aI

p『incipIes‧lfwedonotunde『standthe【awof

CauseandE什ect（whatgoesa『oundcomesa『ound）／

outofou『igno『ancewewiIIc『eatemanγevils‧

Empe『o『γongZheng『ecognizedt∣）atthi5was

happenIngandfeIt『eg『etfuI.Afte「we『eadhisedict↙

12

TheEdic【o↑Empe「0『γongZheng

wefeeIthesamewaγ.Weneedtoco『『ectou『waγ5

o「thinking.Thepu『poseofou『existenceITe『ein

thiswo『IdistoeIevateou『spi『Itua∣『eaIm.Inothe『

wo『ds’weshouIdb『eakth「oughou「deIusionsand

beenIightened.OnIγthenwiIIwebeabIetoIeave

ou『mise『γandtoattainhappiness.Itisanatu『aI

p『ocess妒onewecanaIIattainintime.

〃Th『oughp『actisingthedi5cou『seofthe

『h『ee『ea﹝hing5／Icometo『ea∣izetheγa『e

equa∣!γgood／eventhoughoⅢthesu『facetheγ

appea『tobediffe『ent』the『ntu『eofthei『p『inci﹣

p∣esi5thesame‧rheγa∣Ihavethesamepu『poseiⅡ

mind‧Theγa∣∣teachandencou『agepeopIetObe

good.『heBuddIn似5teachiⅡgsofthe』『iveP『e

cepts》andthe』『enVi『tuousCondu﹝tsⅢeadpeG

p∣etogoodness。『heCo㎡ucianteachingsof﹛he

』『iveMo『aIConductsandOneHund『edWaVS尸

a∣soihduce／givein﹝e㎡ive’andpe『suadepeop∣e

tobegood。Isthe『eahV5ac『edteachingthatdoe5

hotIeadpeopIetodothesame?〃

13

ChinI(ung

He『eEmpe『o『YongZhengmadehisevaIua﹣

tionoftheTh『eeTeachings.HeconcIudedthatthe

Th『eeTeachingsa『eaboutequa∣itγ.EquaIitγisthe

JWaγ／／thep『incipIeofnatu『e.Natu『einmotionis

unbiased.InBuddhism／αaIIthingsde『ivef「omthe

mind〃.InMahaγanaBuddhism『Buddhacomes

f『omthehea『To『themindthatisunbiased.Thus

thisunbiasedmindisthet『uemind﹜theBodhi

Mind（theen∣ightenedmind）.Bodhisattvasa『ebom

outofmindsofthesixpa『amitas（sixe∣ementsthat

ca『「γonebeγondtheseaofmo『taIitγtonin∕ana╴

suchasbecha『itabIe／abidebγthep『ecepts／be

toIe『ant／bediIigent／maste『deepconcent『ation／

andattainwisdom）。P「atγeka﹣buddhasa『ebo『n

f『omthemindthathasattainedindividuaIenIight﹣

enment／incont『asttotheaIt『uismoftheBodhi﹣

sattvap『inciple‧Sound-hea『e『sandA『hatsa『ebo『n

f『omthemindthathasattainedthe「ou『Noble

T『uths（thefundamentaIdod『inesofBuddhismthat

wiⅡIeadtotheendofone／st『ansmig『ationth『ough

14

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「YongZheng

the『ecognitionofone〃ssuffe『ing!itscause／its

endingandthe〃Waγ』）.TheIowe『six『eaImsin-cIudetheheaven『eaImofjTenVi『tuousConducts／!

thehuman『eaImofthe〃「iveP『ecepts﹩theanimaI

『eaImofigno『ance／thehung「γghost『ealmofg『eed／

andtheheIl『eaImofange『.Theka『mic『easonsthat

causethesetenDha『maReaImsa『eve『γp『ofound.

Empe「o『γongZhengthencontinuedwithhowheviewedthesediffe『enceswithanunbiasedmind／

〃eventhoughonthesu『facetheγ﹙theTh『ee

Teachings）叩pea『tobediffe『ent似thenatu『eof

thei『p『incipIesisthesame〃‧Whendiffe『ences

seemtoexist／weshouIdt『γtofindthei『simiIa『ities.

WeshouIdfi『stenhanceandgIo『ifγthesesimila『i﹣

tiesandthenIeavethedi什e『encesintempo『aⅣ

suspension‧「o『thetimebeing／weneednoteven

discussthem.Thisisthe「ightattitudeweusein

studγingandcultivatingou『seIves‧The『easonwe

seediffe『encesisp『obab∣γduetoou「Iackofun-

de『standing‧Afte『aII／thediffe『encesbetweenthe

15

ChInKung

va「ious『eIigiousteachIngsa『eme『eIγinthei『fo「﹣

maIities》「uIesand『eguIations.Oncewehave

in﹣depthunde「standingofthe5eteachings／wewiII

nolonge『seecont「adictionso「conf∣ids‧Thep『in﹣

cipIebehindthistheo『γandp『acticeisindeedveⅣ

p『ofound‧

WhenwetakeacIose「Iookatthewo『Id／s『e﹣

Iigions／weobse『vethatthei「histo「γ／cuItu『e’thei「

foIIowe『s〃IifestγIesandhabitsa『eaIIdiffe『ent.This

g∣vesusmo『e「easonto「espectthedi什e『ences∣nothe「s.Wea『eaIIhuman.WeaIIhaveou『own

p「efe『ences.WeshouIdnotc「iticiseoneasbeing

in「e『io『totheothe『s.WeaIsoneedto「especteach

othe『『shabits.ThisIshowweIivetogethe『inha「﹣

monγ‧Thusweneedto「espectou「di什e『entoute「

appea『ancesinfo『maIities’「uIesand『eguIations.

Wemusthelptop「ese『veaI∣theSediffe『enCesand

wemustnotchangepeop∣e似swaγsofdoingthings.

Thisisthei『t『adition‧

16

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

ThuscuItu『eisdive『sified.lustIookatou『own

bodies－theγa『emuIticuItu『aIasweII.Theeγes

cansee.Theea『scanhea『.Thefunctionoftheeγes

cannotbesubstitutedbγthatoftheea『so『theothe『

waγa『ound.Ou『pIanetEa『thneedsaI∣itsliving

beingsbeinghe『e.hloneshouIdbedest『oγed.The

diffe『entnationaIities／『e∣igions『andcuItu『esa『e

∣ikediffe『ento『gansofou『bodies.Theγa『eequaIIγ

impo『tant.WeneedthemaII.

SimiIa『Iγwith『ega『dtoheaIthconside「ations》

eachofou『o『gansisnumbe『one.Ou「eγesa『e

numbe『one／asa「eou『ea『s!ou『nose／ou『tongue

etc.Theγa『eaIInumbe『one.「o『thesame「eason／

aIIIivingbeingsonthispIaneta『enumbe『one.lf

ou『pIanetsubsc『ibestohavingnumbe『two’th「ee

etc’itwiIIbecomeiII.ThusaIIcount『ies／『ega「dIess

ofbigo『small〃『icho『poo『／esteemedo『Iowlγ／a『e

aIIequaI.AIInationaIities／『eIigions／andcuItu『esa『enumbe『one.The『easonthe『ea『esimiIa「ities

anddi什e『encesisthatpeopIea『estiIIindiffe『ent

17

Chin|(ung

phasesofdeveIopment.Onceweattainpe「↑ed

unde『standin3the『eisnomo『esimiIa「iⅣo『di卜

fe「ence.Ou『mindsbecomeone╴pu『e’unbiased》

anden|ightened.

SimiIa『itiesanddiffe「encesa「ebina『γ.OnIγ

whenou『mindshavenomo『econfIidsa「ewein

touchwithou「t「uese∣卜natu『e.Thenwebecome

fuIlγawakened.Ou「condudtu『nsintopu「e

goodness.Thispointofviewisbasedonthep『in-

cipIeofthei『teachings.NowIetustakeaIookat

thei『p『adices.

Empe『o『γongZhengcontinued’叮heγa∣I

havethesamepu『poseinmindJheγaⅢeachand

encou『agepeop∣etobegood〃。「『omthe「eco『ded

sc『iptu「esofva「ious『eIigions﹜wecant「acethe

pointofo「iginofa∣Itheteachingsto〃Iove〃.In

Buddhism/wespeakof|oving-kindness.lov-

ing-kindnessisthefoundationofBuddhism.Theteachingmethodweusemaγdif↑e『dependingon

18

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「YongZheng

whatismostsuItabIe「o『thep『actitione『.InCh『is-

tianitγand∣tsb『anches／suchasCathoIicism↙itis

saidthat〃CodIovesaIIpeopIe〃.Thiswo『d糾Iove〃

hasthesameconnotatIonasthete『m〃Iov﹣

ing﹣kindness〃usedIn8uddhism‧

Thi5kindofIoveis『atIonaI.Iti5unbiased／

pu『eandsince『e.TheKo『ansaγs紉AIIahisindeed

me『ci↑uI〃.Thus／Inthe「eco『dedsc『iptu『eso「va『i-

ous『eIigions〃wecanfindthei『commonobiective

I（indnessandundisc『imi『】atingIovea『ethecom﹣

monobIectiveofaIIthewo『ld『eIigions.TheγaII

havethesamegoaI－toheIppeopIeIeavethei「

paInandsu什e『ingbehindandtost『ivefo『happ∣-

nessandtobepe㎡ectIγgood‧

Empe『o「γongZI】engthengaveusa↑ewex-

ampIes.「o『Instance『hesaidthatBuddhism

teachespeop∣etop『act『sethe℉iveP『ecepts叭and

thejTenVi「tuousConducts／『whicha『ethefunda﹣

mentaI『equI『ementsfo『beingagoodpe『son／and

1g

ChinI(ung

thatwemustp『actisethemacco『dingIγ.The／「ive

P『ecepts／taughtbγShakγamuniBuddhaa『e

equivaIenttothe℉iveⅢo『aIConducts〃taughtbγ

Confucius.AIITh『eeTeachingsabidebγthesame

conducts.Theγpe『suadepeopIeandgivepeopIe

incentivestostopdoingeviIandbegood.AIIthe

wo『∣d『eIigions╴withoutexception╴t『Vtodothe

same.Ifnot／these『eIigionscouIdnotbesp「ead

th『oughoutthewo『Id.AII『eIigionshavetot『an﹣

scendtheinte『national／thenationaI／andthecuI-

tu『aIbe｛o『etheγcanbep『opagatedth『oughoutthe

wo『IdThei『pu『poseistope『suadepeopIetobe

good.OnIγwithaconce『tedeffO『tandbeingof

onemindcantheγhaveafOothoIdinthiswo『Idto

continueenhanceandgIo『ifγthei『uItimateaim.

Inthenextpa『ag『aph／Empe『o『γongZheng

outlinedtheconve『sationbetweenEmpe『o『

liu-SongWendi（407╴453）andamembe『ofhis

pe『sonaIsta什namedShangZhihHewhoIate『be﹣

cameEmpe『o『【iu﹣SongWen﹣di／sp『imeministe「.

20

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「YongZheng

〃Empe『o『liu﹣SongWendioncemadea

commenttohispe『sona∣staffmembe『ShangZhihHethattheSixBooI﹙sofChineseCIassicsa『eto

educatethemasspopuIation‧Howeve『／ifone

hopestoeIevateone》sspi『itua∣『eaIm’onemust

usetheBuddhistsc『iptu『esastheguide。IfaⅡmγ

peopIecahadhe『etotheteachihgsofConfucian﹣

ismandBuddhismandbecomehonest/

dowh﹣to﹣ea『th／andgood﹣natu『ed／thecount『γwi∣I

beatpeaceandIwi∣∣havenoⅢngmo『etowo『『γabout‧〃

Empe『o『Liu﹣SongWendiwasoneoftheem-

pe『o『softhesecondhalfoftheliu﹣SongDγnastγ／

caIIedtheSouthe『nSong.Hewasthethi『dsonof

Empe『o「liu-SongWudi.TheSixBooksofChinese

CIassicsmentionedhe『ea『e:theBookofPoet「y／

theBooko／H／sto『y’theBooko／Changes／theBook

o／尺ites／theBooko／Music〃andtheSP「／ngand

AutumnAnna／s.Thesebookswe『eusedtoheIp

21

ChinKung

educatepeopletobevi『tuous.

Empe『o『liu-SongWendIsaidthatifwewant

top『act∣seseI卜cuItivation／weshouIduse↑he

Buddhistteachingsasou『guide.Mostpeoplewho

have『eIigious伯ithbeIievetheγhaveIivedo『wiII

livemo『ethanonce」fweknowwehaveapastIi佗

andanextIife〃itbecomescIea『tousthatweneed

toeIevateou『spi「ituaI『eaImandthatwesI】ould

unde『standthelawofCauseandE什ectOncewe

unde『standthe【awofCauseandEffect／wenatu﹣

『aIIγwiIInotha『mothe『s.

Empe『o『liu﹣SongWendithencont』nued:if

peopIeinhiscountn／we『etoacceptConfucianand

Buddhistteachings〃h∣scountn／wouIdbecome

p『ospe『ousandhIspeopIewouIdbeab∣etoIivein

peace

〃ShangZhihHe『ep∣iedthatiftenp巴op∣eina

vⅢageofonehuhd『edfami∣iesabidebVthe「ive

22

TheEdicto﹛Empe「o「γongZheng

P『ecepts／wewiⅢ】avetenpeop∣ewhoa『ef『iendIγ’

Mnd’honest／cautious／and『espectfuI。Ina『egion

ofonethousandfamⅡies／ifonehund『edpeopIe

abidebγtheTenCoodConducts／wewiIIhave

onehund『edpeop∣eIiveinha『monγ‧Ifweapplγ

thissamep『incip∣etothewhoIenationwhe『ewe

maγhaveahund『edmiⅡionofhousehoIds’wewiII

havemⅢonsofvi『tuouspeop∣eIMnginha『monγ‧

Ifwecanp『actiseonegoodconduct?oneIessevi∣wiI|becommitted·OneIessevIconductmeans

theeIiminationofonepunishment。Ifeach『amiIV

『educesthec『ime『atebγone『wecaneIiminate

thousandsandthousandsofpunishments·Yes/

indeed／thecount『γwiⅢhenbeinpeaceandγou『

Highnesscansitonγou『th『onewithoutanγ

wO『『γ‧〃

ShangZhihHe『epIiedweII.His『epIγisin

acco『dwiththesentimentsexp『essedbγEmpe『o『

〔iu﹣SongWendi.Appa『entIγthetwothinkandsee

thingsaIikeanddothingsthesamewaγ.Shang

23

ChinKung

ZhihHeapp『ovedofbothConfucianismand

Buddhism.HesaidthatiftenpeopIeouto•onehund『ed↑ami∣iesp『actisedthe「iveP『ecepts’those

tenpeoplemustbeven／weII『espectedbγothe『s.

ThustheγwouIdbeabletoteachandexe『tgood

inf∣uenceintheviIIage.「o『a『egionofmo『ethan

tenthousandpeopIe／ifonehund『edpeopIeabided

bγtheJTenVi『tuousConduds／／thosehund『ed

peopIewouIdknowhowtot『eatothe『sasequaIs

andIiveinha『monγwiththem.ThustheγwouId

makeapositivep「esenceinthei『communitγ‧

ShangZhihHethenp『oposedthattheteach-

ingofvi『tuesshouIdbeencou『agedandp『opa﹣

gated.ThisiswhatwetodaγcalImulticuItu『aI

education.Asa『esuIt／count∣esspeopIewouldbe

p「actisingthe／TenVi『TuousConducts／andabiding

bγthe／「iveP『ecepts／.Withtheconsequent『e﹣

ducedc『ime『ate／thecount『γwou∣dbep『ospe「ous

anditspeopleabIeto∣iveinpeaceandha「monγ.

24

TheEdicto↑Empe「o『γ0ngZheng

Empe『o『Liu-SongWendiconcludedthathe

wouIdthenbeabIetositontheth『oneinpeace

andunt『oubIed.ShangZhihHeconcu『『ed.ltfoI-

Iowsthat／fo『ustohavepeaceandha『monγinthe

mode『nwo『Id／itisve『γimpo「tantthatwep『opa﹣

gatemu∣ticu∣tu『a∣education╴theteachingofthe

saintsandsages.Commentingonthei『conve「sa﹣

tion／Empe『o『γongZhengdesc『ibeditaswo『ds

weIIsaid‧This／hesaid／isthewaγthecount『γ

shouIdbegove『ned.As∣ongasthenumbe『ofgood

peopIeinthenationisinc『easing〃honestγand

simpIicitγwiIIbecometheno『m〃intum／b『ing

peac巳stabiIitγ’andp『ospe『itγtothecount『γ.

〃Thisisalsothegoa∣ofBuddhism╴toe『ad『﹦

categ『eedandmise『∣inessandtoinducevi『tues

andI﹙indnessinpeop∣e‧IfwebeIieveinthewo『ds

ofEmpe『o『liu﹣SongWendiandShangZhihHe?

anda『eabIetop『actisegoodconductacco『dingIγ／

wecansetagoodexampIefo『othe『stofoⅡow

andteachandguidethepeopIeinestabIisbing

25

ChinKung

goodcustoms‧ThustheγcanassisttheEmpe『o『in

gove『ningthecount『γandinheIpingthepeopIe‧〃

He『eEmpe『o『γongZhengcommentedon

Empe『o『〔iu﹣SongWendi／sdiscussionofBuddhist

teachings.BuddhismteachespeopIetoeIiminateg『eed／ange『／andigno『anceandtodiIigent∣γabide

bγthep『ecepts／tocultivatedeepconcent『ation／andtoattainwisdom.ThisiscaIIedtheTh『ee

【ea「nings／whicha『efundamentaItoBuddhism.

TheTh『ee〔ea『ningsofP『ecepts／Concent『ationand

Wisdoma『ethesub】ectsofShakγamuniBuddha’s

↑O『tγ-nineγea『softeaching.Abidingbγthep『e﹣

ceptsandp『adisingmeditativeconcent『ationa『e

themethodsBuddhistsusetoachievethegoaIof『einstatingthei『wisdom.

ThusShakγamuniBuddhawasinvoIvedin

whatwecaIItodaγtheteachingsofmuIticuItu『a∣﹣

ism.Heabdicatedhisth『one↑O『aca『ee『ineduca﹣

tion.HegaveupwhataIIwo『IdIγpeopIewant╴

26

TheEdicto↑EmDe『o『YongZheng

moneγ／powe『／and↑ame.AsEmpe「o『γongZheng

stated／thepu『poseofBuddhismistoe『adicate

g『eedandmise『Iinesswhicha「ethe『ootcausesof

aIIaffIidions.Thepu『poseofBuddha／steachingsis

toinducevi『tuesandkindnessinpeop∣e.

Ifwebe∣ieveinthesentimentsexp『essedin

thediaIoguebetweenEmpe『o「liu﹣SongWendiand

ShangZhihHe／andwe∣ea『nandp『actiseacco『d﹣

ingIγ﹜wewiII『ecognizethatvi『tuouspeopIecanbe

ou『『oIemodeIs.Theγcanteachandguideusto﹣

wa『dsgoodnessandmakeapositiveimpactinou『

communitγ.Asa『esuIt’theγcanassisttheIeade『s

ingove『ningthecount『γandheIptoestabIish

peacewithinthenation.TheγcanheIppeopIeto

b『eakth『oughf『omthei『deIusionsandbeenIight﹣

ened／helpthemIeavethei『painandsuffe『ingand

『eachfo『happiness.

〃IfwewantonIγdefametheTh『eeTeachings

andcompa『ethemtotheabsu『dandhe『etic

27

ChinI(ung

teachingsofγangZiandMoZi／wehavemisun﹣

de『stoodanda『ebeingunfai『totheTh『ee

Teachings‧Befo『eIbecametheEmpe『o『’Ipaid

cIoseattentiontoBuddhism『especiaⅢγtheXing

Buddhism/ofwhichIhavegainedanin-depthunde『standing‧Afte『IbecametheEmpe『o『’Ihave

devotedmuchofmγtimetotheRoγalImpe『ial

Cou『t‧AIsoIdidnotwantpeopIetothinkthatI

waspa『tialtoBuddhism。ThusIdidnotdiscuss

thisw『thanVone.Iwantedtowa『tuntiIthecoun﹣

t『γwa5ont『ackbefo『eb『oachingtheissue‧Iwantedtod『awattentiontothedoct『ineoⅡhe

Th『eeTeachingsthatiti5w『ongtop『aiseoneseIf

andsIande『othe『s。NowIhavebeen【mpe『o『fo『

tenγea『5。Inmγspa『etime／IwasabIetocompiIe

aⅡstofmγviewpointsandnotethethoughtsof

theancientschoIa『sfo『thosewhoa『ecu『『entlγ

foⅡowingthe『h『eeTeachings‧〃

PeopIewhowantonlγde↑ametheTh『ee

Teachingsa『eusua∣IγthosewhohavenotγetfuIIγ

28

TheEdic【0↑Empe『o「γongZheng

unde『stoodthei『meanings.TheγIudgewiththei『

wande『ingminds／diffe『entiationsandattachments

tothei『ownviewpoints.Thustheγc『iticiseBud-

dhismandTaoism.Empe『o『γongZhengusedYang

ZiandMoZi（schoIa『so↑theSp『ingandAutumn

pe『iodofChinawhoheIdext『emeandhe『etic

viewpoints）asexampIes.TheviewpointsofγangZi

andMoZiwe『eaIsoconside『edbγt『aditional

schoIa『stobeext『eme↙whiIetheTh『eeTeachings

choosetheⅢiddIeWaγ.Thuswhenwecompa『e

theTh『eeTeachingstotheteachingsofγangZiand

MoZi『wea『enotbeingfai『totheTh『eeTeachings.

WhenEmpe『o『γongZhengwasstiIIap『ince／

heaI『eadγstudiedteachingsofBuddhiSm.Itap﹣

peaIedtohim.Duetohispositionasthep『ince／heIea『nedf『omthebestofteache『s.Hestudiedwitha

humbleattitudeandgainedave『γtho『oughunde『-

standingofaIItheTh『eeTeachings『andespeciaIIγ

ofXingBuddhism／whichcomp『isesZenBuddhism

and「aXingBuddhism.

2g

ChinKung

Afte『hebecameempe『o『〃hewasve『γbusγ

withtheaffai『softhecou『t.Hedidnothavespa「etimetotaIkaboutBuddhism.Itisnotthathebe-

camedistancedf『omBuddhisma付e『hebecame

empe『o『’but『athe「thathedidnotwishtoappea『

biasedtowa『dsanγoftheTh『eeTeachings.Being

the「uIe『﹜hemustbeve「γfai『indeaIingwithdi卜

fe『ent『aciaIissuesandissues『aisedbγthediffe『ent

teachings.The『efO「e『evenifhethoughtonewas

bette「thantheothe『s／hewouIdnotIetothe『peo-

pIeknowfO『↑ea『ofc『eatingf「idionamongthe

diffe「entinte『estg『oups.

Empe『o『γongZhengeIededtowaituntiIhis

gove『nmentwasont「ackbefO『eheannouncedhis

p『oposaItocombinetheTh「eeTeachingsintoone.

ThisiswhatwetodaγcaIImuIticuItu『aIeducation.

HewantedtheTh「eeTeachingsto｝ointhei「fO『ces‧

Thiswaγ↙theγcouIdt『uIγbenefitthecount『γ／the

societγ／andtheweI↑a『eofthepeopIe.Hewanted

30

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「γongZheng

thep『oponentsoftheTh『eeTeachingstobeawa『e

thatitwasw『ongtop『aisethemse∣vesanddeni﹣

g『ateothe『s.Hesta『tedbγpointingoutfauItsinthei『foIIowe『s.Hest『essedthatsincethepu『pose

andoblectiveso↑theTh『eeTeachingswe『ethe

same／theonIγdiffe『encewasthattheγhaddif↑e『﹣

entfolIowe『s.Thustheγhaveno『easonnotto

co﹣ope『atewitheachothe『.

NowIetuslookatou『cu『『entsocietγ.Due

totheadvancesinscientifictechno∣ogγ／

weII﹣deveIopedmediainfo『mationsγstems／and

easγt『anspo『tation’ou『whoIepIanetEa「thhas

becomeonenation.Diffe『ent『eIigionsandcuItu『es

a『enowmingIedtogethe『／becomingoneIa『ge

Ea『thfamiIγ.Acco『dingtoBuddhism／notonlγ

humansonthispIaneta『eequaI／a∣ItheIivingbe﹣

ingsonthep∣aneta『eequaI.WeshouIde∣iminatetheconfIictsf『omou『inne『seIves.Weneedtouse

t『uewisdomto『esoIveaIIconfIictsandcont『adic﹣

tionssothatfi『stou『bodiesandmindsa『einha『﹣

31

ChinKung

monγbe｛O『ewecanhopetohavepeaceinou『

count『γ／thenthewhoIewo『Id.

Ifothe『peopIet『γtodefameme》itisbecause

theγdonotknowme.Thustheγhavemisunder

stoodme.ItmustbebecauseIdidnotp『esentmγ﹣

seIfaccu『ate∣γ.∣amtheonewhogivespeopIethe

w『ongimp『ession.Theγa『enotw『ong.ThefauItis

mine‧Wemusta∣waγs『efIectuponou『seIvesbe﹣

↑O『ewecanmakeanimpadonothe『s‧

Whenwehea『othe『peop∣esIande『ingus／

insuItingus》ifwebecomeang『γandtake『evenge／

wea『ew『ong.Rep『isalsonIγb『eed『ep『isaIs.We

onIγc『eatemo『ep『oblemsfo『ou『seIves.Ifwewant

tosoIveou『p『obIems／wemuststa『Tf『omwithin.

Whenwehave『esoIvedaIIou『inne『confIicts↙we

haveaIso『eso∣vedaIIou『p『obIemsemanatingf『omtheoutsidewo「Id.

WhenEmpe『o『γongZhengmadehisp『o﹣

32

TheEdlcto↑Empe『o『YongZheng

nouncements／hehadal『eadγbeenempe『o『fo『ten

γea『s.「o『tho5etenγea『s『hehadpaidve『γcIose

attentIontotITep『obIems.Hehadwaitedfo『his

gove『nmenttogetont『ack.NowItseemedtobe

the『ighttimefo『himtomakehisannouncement

Headd『essedtheissuesofhavingtheTh『ee

Teachingscombinedasone·HeassembIedhisownvIewpoIntsasweIIasthethoughtsoftheancient

schoIa『sandcompIIedthem∣ntoaIi5twhichisasfoIIOwS:

〃】.『heanCie㎡peop∣e5aidZhouCongand

Co㎡皿cⅢsusedthe5ixBooI﹙sofChineseαassics

toeduCatethepeOp∣e‧Thehea㎡Ofthepu『pO5eOf

thiseducationwas∣oVaItγahdfi∣ia∣pietγ.The

topicsofthetwovo∣ume5bVlao﹣tz凹a『ethe』waγ’andthe』Ⅵ『tues》。『hebasisoftheth『eedMsionsof

theBuddhistCanoⅡis∣ovmg﹣l﹝mdness‧Thei『

achicvementsmaγbediffe『eⅡt／thei『p『加cip∣es

a『ethesamG.A∣∣ofthema『enob∣eteachingsaⅡd

desewetobeadmi『ed。〃

33

Chin|(ung

Inthefi『stitem『Empe『o『γongZhengtalked

aboutConfucianism.TheteachingsofZhou.CongandConfuciususedtheSixBooksofChineseCIas-

sicstoeducatepeopleonIoγaItγandfiIiaIpietγ.

BuddhismisaIsobui∣tonthefOundationsofIoγaItγ

andfiIiaIpietγ‧Thetwoteachingshavethesame

fOundation!andneithe「iscont『a『γtotheteachings

ofTaoism.

ThetwovolumesofLao﹣tzua『ecaIIedTao﹣Te

Ching.Thetwovo∣umesa『enotIengthγ.Togethe「

theγonIγcontainfivethousandwo「ds.Theγteach

the〃waγ／andjvi『tues.I↑weuseIoγaItγandfiIiaI

pietγasou『exampIe／fiIiaIpietγisthejwaγ／and

IoγaItγisthe〃vi『tue》.Eventhoughdiffe『entte『mi﹣

noIogiesa『eused’thei『meaningsa『ethesame.

Theγhavethesamecontentandeffed.Thei「

teachingsa『ede『ivedf『omthesameo『iginaIsou『ce.

ThiswaswhatEmpe『o『γongZhengconcIuded╴

that／whiIethepu『posesoftheTh『eeTeachings

34

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

mightseemdif｛e『ent／buttheγwe『einfactthesame.

Thusweshou∣d∣ea『nf『omaIItheTh『eeTeachings.

TheγaIIdesen／eou『admi『ation.

〃2‧TheγaIsosaidthatConfucianismhades﹣

tabⅡsheditseIfasthe『ightteaching‧TaoismhadestabIishedi•seIfasthemostesteemed·Buddhism

hadestabIisheditseIfastheg『eatest‧Howeve『’the

messageofaⅢh『eeistop『ese『veIivesandabstain

f『omkⅢng‧Theγwo『Ⅲ『omthesamep『incipIeof

Ioving﹣Mndness‧『heγa∣Iadvocatet『eatingothe『9

a5onewou∣dt『eatonese∣f‧Again／theγalIadvo﹣

cateimpa『tialitγ‧TheγaIIwantpeopIetostop

beingang『γ／toe∣iminateimp『ope『desi『es’to『e﹣

st『ictthemse∣vesf『omdoingw『ongthingsand

imp『ope『behaviou『s‧TheγaⅡp『omotethecuIti﹣vationofvi『tuousconduct‧〃

Ifwepaγcloseattentiontothei『quaIities’is

the『eaquaIitγofesteemandg『eatnessinbeing

『ight?lsthe『eaquaIitγof『ightandg「eatnessin

35

ChinI<ung

esteem?∣sthe『eaqua∣itγo「『ightandesteemin

beingg『eat?0nequaIitγencompassesaIIth『ee‧

ThusweshouIdpaγequaI『especttoaIITh『ee

Teaching5.IfstudentsmustsaIutethei『teache「s〃I

wou∣dsaIuteConfuciusthesamewaγIsaIute

ShakγamuniBuddha」tmakesnodif↑e『encetome.

When∣amfacinglesusCh『istonthec『oss〃itisthe

sameasifIamIookingatShakvamuniBuddha.The

『eve『enceIfeelwhenIopenaBuddhistsut『aisthe

sameaswhenIopenthe8ibIeThisisITow|am

abIeto∣ea『nf『omaIItheva『∣ousteachings‧WhenI

aminconfIictwithothe『s／itisagainsttheIawof

natu『eIamw『ong‧

Oncewetho『oughIγunde『standthesefacts〃

the「ea『enomo『econt『adictions.AIItheTh『ee

Teachingsadvocatep『ese『vingIivesandabstaining

f『omkilIing‧﹣「hisisIoving-kindness」fwedonot

wantothe『stot『eatusbadIγ『wemustnott『eat

thembad∣v‧Nomatte『howothe「peoplet「eatu5／

weshouIdt『eatthemthewavwewouIdIiketobe

36

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「γongZheng

t『eated╴withIoving-kindness‧

WeshouIdnotbeseIfishWeshoulduseaII

ou『effo『tstoeIevateou『stateofmindtoheIppeo﹣

pIeinsocietγ‧WeshouIdalsostopfeeIingang『γ.∣n

adve『sitγ／ou『hea『tsa『enotang『γ‧Insatisfacto『γ

ci『cumstances／weha『bou『nog『eed.WecuItivate

ou『seIvessowecan『educeou『w『ongdoings.We

mustnotdothingscont『a『γtowhatisconside『ed

immo『aI.AIItheTh『eeTeachingsabidebγthese

samep『incip∣es.

〃3‧Theγa∣soSaidthattheteachingsofBud﹦

dhismcahcu『eou『minds／theteachingso仃aoism

cancu『eou『bodies『andtheteachingsofConfu﹣cianismcancu『ethewo『∣d‧〃

AsIongasweIiveinthiswo『Id／wehavetobe

conce『nedwithou『bodies／minds／andhowwe

copewiththeoutsidewo『ld‧Theconditionofou『

bodiesandmindshastodowiththewaγwep「ac﹣

37

ChinKung

tiseou『seI卜cu∣tivation.Empe『o『YongZhengsaid

thewaγtogoodheaIthwasth『oughp『actisingthe

Buddha/steachings.WhatisaBuddha?Buddha

meanswisdomandenIightenment.Thisisthewaγ

weshouldt『eatou『seIvesandothe『s－withan

enIightenedmind•uIIofwisdom.Howdowedoit!Westa『tbvt『eat∣ngeve『γonewithsince『itγ‧Itis

whenou『m∣ndsa『esince『巳pu『e／

non﹣disc『iminative!『ightthinking『awakenedand

compassIonate

Taoismputsg『eatemphasisonkeepingou『

bodiesfitandingoodheaIthsowewiIIhaveIongIives.Howcanweattainpu『eminds／beheaIthγ

andhaveaIongI∣fe?「i『stofaI∣’weneedtokeepou「desi『estoaminimumThenwea『eabIeto

attaInpu「Itγo「mind‧Whenou『mindsa『epu『e／

ou『bodiesbecomepu『e.Whenou『bodiesa『e

pu『e↙soisou『envI「onment.Onceweunde『stand

thep『inciplesbehindthep『actice〃wewiIIhaveno

p『obIemsInkeepingou『seIvesfitHoweve『『fo『us

38

TheEdicto↑Empe『o「γongZheng

to『eceiveape『fed『esuIt／wemustaIsohaveakind

hea『Tandactacco『dinglγ.

Confucianismuseseducationonmo『aIp「inci﹣

pIesandethicaIaspectsofhuman『eIationshipsas

itswaγofteachingpeopIeIfaIIpeopIecanabide

bγtheteachingsofConfucianismthewo『IdwiIIbe

atpeace.The『ewiIIbenomo『efightingnomo『econfIicts.ConfucianismtaIksaboutethics.Ethicsis

thekeγtohuman『eIationships╴『eIationshipsbe﹣

tweenhusbandandwi↑e『pa『entandchiId／among

sibIings／betweenthe『ule『andthosebeing『uIed

（empIoγe『andempIoγee）andf『iends.AnethicaI

「eIationshipisthenatu『aI『elationshipbetween

peop∣e.Thusitisthe／Waγ／.Whenou『mindsand

actions『espondtothe〃Waγ／／wehaveattainedvi『tues.

Confucianismtalksabout〃Wu-Chang〃／the℉iveMo『aIConducts!mentionedea『Iie『.Whenthe

／「iveMo『aIConduds／inte『actwiththe〃WaγJ／vir

3g

ChinKung

tueisachieved.lfwecanp『actisethe‘Waγat

home／／wewiIIhaveahappγhome.Ifwecan

p『adisethejWaγ／betweenhusbandandwife／we

wiIIhaveave『γhappγcoup∣e.Ifwep『actisethe

jWaγ〃onou『seIves〃wewiIIbehea∣thγanden】oγa

ve「γIongIi↑e.Ifwep『actisethe〃Waγ／onacount『γ／

thecount『γwiIIbecomep『ospe『ousandbeat

peace.Thus／theConfucianteachingsa『ethosethat

educatepeopIeonmo『aIp『incipIesandethicaI

human『eIationships.

“4‧丁heγaIsosaidthatthete『m』natu『e’used

bγBuddhahasthesamemeaningaswhendefined

bγaⅢheothe『booksandaⅢhe『eco『dedteach﹣

ingsofthesaintsandsage5。B『oadIVspeal（ihg／

Buddha﹣natu『eencompassesaⅡthevi『tue5‧!f

peopIePshea『tsa『esince『e／iftheγaIⅢvepu『eand

discip∣ined∣ives／iftheγaⅡgivep『ecedenceto

cou『tesγtoothe『peopIe’noton∣γtheγbutthei『

『elative5wiIIbebenefited。『heVcanheIptheem﹣

pe『o『stabiIiSetheCount『γ‧〃

40

TheEdicto↑Empe『o『γongZheng

InBuddhism／thete『msseI卜natu『e’o『iginaI

natu『e』t『uenatu『ehavethesamemeaningasde﹣

finedbγaIIthe『eco『dedteachingsoftheancient

saintsandsages.Theγhavethesamemeaningas

definedbγConfuciusandLao﹣tzu.Ifweexamine

othe『『eIigions’wefindtheγhavethesamedefini﹣

tion.TheonIγdiffe『enceishowb『oadlγo「deepIγ

thesub】ect〃natu『e〃isdeaItwith.

IfaIIpeopIeknowtheγshouIdt「eatpeopIe／

things〃andhandIesituationswithsince『itγ／iftheγ

canaIImaintainpu『eanddiscipIinedIives／and

givep「ecedencetoothe『soutofpu「epoIiteness’

thei『pa「entsand『eIativescanaIsobenefit.The

『esuItisthattheγcanheIptheempe『o『tostabiIise

societγ’『esoIveconfIictsandestabIishpeaceinthe

countI·

〃5。Theγa∣soSaidthattheBuddhaWaγand

theSove『eignWaγa『eoneandthesame‧The

41

ChinKung

5ove『eignWaγisext『eme∣γb『oad。Itisthesame

asthe川iddleWaγ‧『heBuddhaWaγi5alsothe

MiddIeWaγwhichisuⅡbiasedandisnoteviI。

Thei『pu『posesa『eidenticaI‧〃

TheBuddhaWaγ／theSove「eignWaγo『the

MiddIeWaγ╴the「eisnodiffe『ence.The『eis

nothingg『eate「thantheMiddIeWaγ.Thep『inci﹣

paIsandmethodsthe『ule『usestob『inghappiness

andstabiIitγtohiscountⅣandhispeopIeiscaIIed

theSove『eignWaγ／aIsotheMiddIeWaγ.BothConfucianismandBuddhismexe「cisetheⅢiddIe

Waγ.TheMiddIeWaγistheimpa「tiaIandunbi﹣

asedwaγ.Thei『pu『posesa『ethesame‧

〃6‧TheγaIsosaidthatBuddhismwaSestab﹣

IishedtoheIppeopIestopf『ombeingsupe『ficia∣

andbep『acticaI‧ItaIsoheIpspeop∣eto『ef『ain

f『omthei『deviantwaγsandbegood。Theγmaγ

havetot『γve『γha『datthebeginningbut／once

theγaccustomthemseIvestovMuou5conduct’

42

TheEdIcIo↑Empe『o『γongZheng

theγwⅢactacco『ding∣γ‧Iftheγsop『actise／theγwiⅡ↑i『stbebenefited‧ThentheγwiⅡbeableto

helpothe『stodothesame。ThuspeopIeneed『eIγ

onnothingmo『ethaniustBuddhism.〃

Empe『o『γongZhenghe『eencou『agedusto

IiveaIifethatissimpIeanddown-to﹣ea『th.Hesaid

peopIeshouId『ef『ainf『omdoingthingsthata『eeviI

andtheγshou∣ddothingsthata『egood.Itmightbe

ha『datthebeginningbecausewehavetofO『ce

ou『seIvestogiveupou『desi『es.ItisIikeafight

againstou『owna什Iictions.Oncewehavecon﹣

que『edou『owna什Iictionsandbadhabits／wehave

wonthewa『.WewiIIgainpeaceofmind.PeopIe

canthusheIpthemseIvestoheIpothe『s.TheEm-

pe『o『thenp『aisedBuddhism.HesaidpeopIe

shouId∣ea『nf『omBuddhismand『e∣γonBuddha／s

teachings.

〃7‧TheγaIsosaidthatBuddhismisnotofthis

wo『Idbecauseitsteachingsdonotapp∣γtopeop【e

43

ChinKung

IMnginthesecuIa『wo『∣d。Thatcommentwasmadewithout『efe『encetoBuddha’sSixPa『amitas。

「o『example’f『omthestageofmaste『ingdeep

conceht『ationto『eachtheothe『sho『e﹙attaining

wisdom）／isthisnotthe∣ea『ningofthiswo『Idbe﹣

fo『emovingontothenext?〃

He『eEmpe『o『γongZhengwasattemptingto

『efutethea『gumentsofthosewhoIookatBud﹣

dhismonIγf『omasupe『ficiaIangIe.PeopIeoften

commentthatthestudγofBuddhismisonIγfO「

monksandnuns》itisnotsuitedtoo『dina『γpeopIe

wholeadaconventiona∣Ii↑e‧Empe『o『YongZheng

saiditweIIwhenhe『ema『kedthatthosepeopIe

hadnotthoughtabouttheSixPa『amitas.Hegavea

ve「γgoodexampIe－f『omthestageofmaste「ing

deepconcent『ationtothestageof『eachingthe

othe『sho『e﹣meaningtheattainmentofwisdom.

TheSixPa『amitasisap『og『essivestageofcuItiva﹣

tion／sta『tingwithgivin3thenabidingbγthep『e﹣

cepts／thenbeingtoIe『antofothe『s.ThisisfOIIowed

斗4

TheEdict0↑Empe「0「YongZheng

bγbeingve『γdiIigent∣np『actising’maste『ingdeepconcent『ation〃andfinaIIγattaIningthewisdom‧

SIncethe『e∣sano『de『andaIeveIo「studγingInthe

SixPa『amlta5’Buddhismisateachingthatcanbe

p『actisedbγaIIpeopIe.

〃8‧TheVa∣sosaidthatthe『ea『enotwowaV5

ahdthe9ai㎡sdonothavetwomind5‧ThcjWaγ』

（∞u『seofⅡatu『e）hasbeenihexistencebefo『ethe

wo『∣disfo『med。『hesaintsfi『stcu『ethemseIve5

withthet『uththeγhavegaihedf『0mp『actising

the‘WaV／。ThentheγcaⅡappIγthe5amet『uthto

heIpgove『nthecount『γahdb『ingpeacetothe

nation‧IsthisⅡotag『eaMeed!〃

The『eIson∣γone〃Waγ／‧Itisthep『incipIethat

peopIeshouIdt『eateachothe『asequaIsandIivein

ha『monγ‧Rega『dIessofnatIonaIitγo『『eIigion／this

p『incipIeappIiestoaII.Whatisthemindofasaint?

ThemindofasaIntisaboutIovingaIIbeings.Both

theOldandtheNewTe5tamentssaγthat』〃Cod

45

ChinKung

IovesaIIpeop∣e〃.InBuddhiSmthefundamenta∣

p「incipIeisthatofIoving﹣kindnesstowa『dsaIIbe﹣

ingsevenincIudingtheanimaIs/hungn/ghosts’and

heIIbeings.BuddhismteachespeopIetobet『uIγ

since『e『pu『e／andhavecompassionfO「aIIthesen﹣

tientbeings.ItteachespeopIetobe｛ai『inthei「

deaIingswithaIIothe『s／peopIewhoa「edea『tousaSweIIasthosewehate.ThisiswhatwecalIt『ue

loving-kindness.

Wemustpaγbackthedebtofg『atitudeto

thosewhohavebeenkindtousinthepast.WemustaIso『esoIveou『confIictswithothe『s.Bud﹣

dhismteachesusaboutchange／tochangeou『『e﹣

Iationshipsf『ombeinghostiletobeingf『iends.This

t『ulγisthewaγtoso∣vingaIIou『p『ob∣ems.We

shouIdneve「standagainstanγone.WeshouId『e﹣

soIveaIlou『hat『edsand『ep∣acethemwithIov-

ing-kindness.ThusaIIBuddhasandBodhisattvas

onIγhaveonemind.ThatisthemindofIove似

whichist『ue／since『e／equaI／pu『e／and『ationaI.

46

TheEdicto↑Empe『o『γongZheng

ThisiswhγweaIsocaIIittheaII﹣emb『acingIove.

InBuddhism『thejWaγ﹟isaIso『e↑e『『edtoas

the〃o『iginaInatu『e〃o『the〃dha『manatu『e〃.Thefo『mationoftheunive『seisde『ived「『omseI卜natu「e

andaIIphenomenacomefO『thf『omthechangingoftheminds.Whe『edothesix『eaImscomef『om?

Theγa『ebo『noutofou「minds.I↑ou『mindsa『e

kind／ou『ci『cumstanceswiIIbekind.Whenou『

mindsbecomec『ue∣andhea『tIess／sowiIIou「cir

cumstances‧Thus／whenou『mindsa『ekind』theγ

『eveaItousthewo『Idofheaven.Whenou『minds

tu『nc『ueIandhea『tIess／thewo『ldofheIIcomes

↑O『th.Butthe『eis『eaIIγnoheaveno『helI.AsIong

asweha『bou「thoughtsofgoodandeviI叭ofdi↑fe「﹣

entiation／ofattachments／dif↑e『entwo『IdswiIIp『e﹣

sentthemseIvesacco『dingIγ.

Thusnatu『ehasbeeninexistencebefO『ethe

wo『Idwasfo『med.Itexistsintimethathasnobe﹣

ginning.〃Natu『e〃existsfo『eve『.∣twasneve『bo『n

47

ChinKung

no『wiIlitpe『ish.Itisnotcomingno『wiIIiteve『go

awaγ.Ifwewanttoelevatethestateofou『minds／

wemustabidebγtheteachingsoftheBuddhasand

Bodhisattvas.Wemust「ecove『ou『pu『itγofmind／

ou『senseofequaIitγandou「awakening.Wecu『e

ou『viceswiththet『uthsth『oughseI卜cuItivation.

Wemustco「「edou「manγmistakessowecan

e∣evateou『stateofmindtowhe『eou『o「iginaI

seI卜natu『eofwisdom／vi『tuesandbeautγwiIIbe

『ecove「ed.Oncewea『ecu『edofou「vices／we

shoulddowhateve「wecantostabiIisesocietγso

ou「wo「IdwiIIbeatpeace.

〃Thusthosesaintsmaγbebo『ninChina似in

↑heWest》o『el5ewhe『e。Eventhoughtheγa『e

bo『nindiffe『entpIaces’iftheγhavet『u∣γattained

the』Waγ似》thei『mindsshou!dbethesame。SinCe

theeightitemsIistedabovea『ebasedonthe

teachingsofthesaints’the『eshou∣dbenodiffe『﹣

enceofopinion.〃

48

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γongZheng

ZhouCong／Confucius／Empe『o『γao∕Empe『o『

Shun／Empe『o『YuandEmpe『o『Tanga『ealIsaints

bo『ninChina.TheWest『efe『『edtohe『eisIndia／whichiswestofChina·ThusthesaintintheWest

towhomEmpe『o『γongZheng『efe『『edwas

ShakγamuniBuddha.Even∕whe『einthewo『Id／

eve『γ『egionofeve「γnationhasp『oducedsaints‧Thisconfi『mstheeducationo↑muIticultu『a∣ism.

Saintsandsagesappea『inthiswo『∣d『『ega『dIessof

thecount『γofthei『o『igin.TheγmaγIookdiffe『ent

butthet『uththeγhaveattainedisthesame.Theγ

maγusediffe『entmethodsbutthei『p『inciplesa『e

exactIγthesame.Thei『pu『posesa『ethesame／so

a『ethei「obIectives.

〃EventhougheachoⅡheTh『eeTeachings

5peciaIisesinitsown『espectivea『eaofcu『ing

eithe『themind’thebodγo『thewo『Id’appa『entIV

theγaIsohavethei『sho『tcomings‧『hu5theV

compIementeacho【he『andbecomeequaⅡγim﹣

po『tant。Wecannotdowithoutanγoneofthem。〃

49

ChinKung

ThisisweI∣statedbγEmpe『o『γongZheng.Whenwecomeintocontactwithdi什e『entnation-

aIities／count『ies〃andcuItu『es／weneedtoIea『na∣I

thei『teachings.Iamastudento↑Buddha／a∣soa

studentofConfuciusandLao-tzu.ThisistheonIγ

waγIcangainpe『fectwisdom.lfwedonotIea「n／

wewi∣Ineve「unde『stand.P『eviousIγIspokeabout

when〃aIlofasuddenwet『uIγunde『stand〃.How

wiIIwegainthisstateofmindifwedonot∣ea『n!

Weneedtounde『standtheconceptofa∣I『eIigions

beingpa『tsofthesamewhoIe.

IbeIieveEmpe『o『γongZhengwasco『『ectin

statingthathecou∣dnotdowithoutanγofthe『e-

Iigions.HehadIea『nedweI∣.ThuslbeIieveEm﹣

pe『o『γongZhengisthefounde『o↑todaγ’smuIti﹣

cuItu『aIism.HeemphasisedthattheTh『eeTeach-

ingsa『e『ea∣∣γb『anchesofthesamefamilγ.

Empe「o『γongZhengthencontinued:〃Even

50

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「Y0ngZheng

thosewhoc∣aimtobestudγingBuddhismand

『aoisma『esometimesbiasedandnotexactIγ

co『『ect;andnoteve『γoneofthosewhostudγ

﹝onfucianismisat『uep『actitione『‧「o『instance’

someBuddhistp『actitione『sdeceivethepubIicbγ

thei『eccent『icinte『p『etationsofthewo『d‘巴mp﹣

tiness／。SomeTaoistp『actitione『sfooIpeopIewith

thei『he『eticsl（iⅡs。Theγa『eaIlguiItγofvioIating

thei『『espectiveteachings。Manγwhohave『ead

sxtensiveIγoftheBooRofPOe卹taIkabout∣ov﹣

ing﹣kindnessandpe『sonaI∣oγa∣tγandγetbehave

othe『wise.『heγa『eiustasguiItγofcheatingthepublic‧〃

The『eisnobiasintheteachingsofConfu﹣

cianism／BuddhismandTaoism.Itisthep『actitio﹣

ne『swhoa『ebiasedIfwe『eaIIγwanttoIea『n／

whatwegainisthet『uth.Howeve『／ifwe∣ea『n↑O『

seIfish『easonssuchasfO『thegainingofweaIthand伯me／webecomebiasedIfou『hea『tsa『eatthe

「ightpIace／aIIteachingsa『eco『「ect.The『e↑o『e／the

51

ChIn|<ung

waγtoIea『nisth『oughse∣卜cu∣tivation.Whenou『

mindsa『eunbiased／soa『etheteachingswea『e

tn／ingtolea『n.

The『ea『enotthatmanγt『uep『aditione『sin

Buddhism／Taoism／o『Confucianism.SomepeopIe

usetheTh『eeTeachingsfo『thepu『poseofthei『

ownpe『sonaIgain‧ThisisnotthefauItoftheTh『ee

Teachingsbut『athe『the↑auItofthep『actitione『s.

Thuswemustnot｝udgetheTh『eeTeachingsbased

onthew『ong↑u∣actionsofaven／佗w.Butweneed

toknowwhois『eaIandwhois↑aIse.MostofaII!if

weuse『e∣igiono『theTh「eeTeachingstosatisfγ

ou『ownsel↑ishgoaIs／wea『eguiItγofvioIatingthe

p『incip∣esofitsteachings‧

〃Ifweigno『eothe『peopIe慨sst『ongpointsbut

denouncethei『sho『tcomings／ifwepu『poseIγ

disguiseou『sho『tcomings『 inStead

ove『﹣exagge『atingou『goodpoints／andifwewiI﹣

fuIIγt『γtoblacI﹙enothe『peopIe’sgoodname5／

52

TheEdicto↑Empe「o「YongZheng

thesea『esignsofou『being9elfi9handt『eache『ous‧

Thisisnotwhatape『sonofnob∣echa『acte『and

integ『itγoughttodo‧ThesepeopIehave

ove『﹣estimatedthei『st『engthandabi∣ities‧〃

Ifwedonotfocusonothe『peopIe／sst『ongand

goodpoints／on∣γonthei『weaknesses／wea『enot

demonst『atinggoodintentionstowa『dsthem.The

consequenceo•theseactionswiIIhaveadamaging

impactonthesociaIcIimate.If／howeve『／wet『γto

hideou『weal（pointsandove『-emphasiseonou『

st『ongpoints／wea『estiI∣notbeingdecent.Inad﹣

dition／ifwedefameanddisputeothe『s／itonIγ

meansthatou『to∣e『anceIeveIisven∕Iow.Peop∣e

whoactinthiswaγa『enott『uep『actitione『sbe﹣

causetheγa『enotsince『eo『genuineinthei『p「ac-

tices.Theγp『ofesstobe『eIigiousfoI∣owe『sbutin

↑acttheγa『edest『oγingthei『own『eligions.

Empe『o『γongZhengconfi『medhis

onthis.HedecIa『edthataIIthosewho

53

position

scheme!

ChinI(ung

p『aisethemseIvesandsIande『othe『s／andthose

whop『ofitattheexpenseofothe『sa『enotpeopIe

ofnobIecha『acte『andinteg『itγ.Theγa『enott『uIγ

mo『aIo『accompIishedp「aditione『s.

TheIasto『igina∣pa『ag『aphisve『γIengthγ.We

wi∣Ib『eakitintoseve「aIsub﹣pa『ag『aphs.

勿Du『ingthepastfewVea『s’Iwasaskedtoban

peopIef『omo『dainingthemseIves?andtotu『n

BuddhistandTaoisttempIesintoacademiesof

c∣assica∣Iea『ningsotheγwou∣dthenbeIongtothe

Co㎡ucians‧The『ewe『ecountγmagist『ateswho

th『ewthemonksandnunsoutofthei『temp∣esfo『

no『eason‧The『ewe『eevenpeoplewhoasl（edme

tomatchthemonI﹙sandnunsin﹛ocoupIesfo『the

pu『poseofp『opagationsopopu∣ationcouIdbeinc『eased‧ThoseIdndsofp『opositionsa『eabsu『d

andcauseun『esttothecountⅣ‧Thei『p『oponents

havenotgivenathoughttothefacⅡhatitisthei『

count『γ’s『esponsibiIitγtoheIpthosewhoa『e

54

TheEdic【o↑Empe「o「γ0ngZheng

widowedandthosewhoa『ea∣one‧Sinceitisthei『

choicetobemonksandnuns’itisthei『intenⅡo

cuItivatethemseIvesandtoaccumu∣ategoodfo『﹣

【unefo『thecount『γanditspeopIe‧Anob∣eem﹣

pe『o『o『『u∣e『wouIdnotas∣（themto『esumea

secu∣a『Iifeandtogetma『『iedfo『suchat『MaI

『eason‧Sincepeop∣ewhomakethosep『opositions

a『eext『emeIVigno『antandstⅡIve『γVoung’Iam

no﹛goingtopunishthemfo『thei『absu『dities‧

Asfo『thoseIeft﹦homepe『sons﹙Buddhist

monI﹙s／nuns『and『aois↑p『iests﹚whohavevioIated

【he∣aw∕theγwiIIbepunishedacco『dingIγ。Butto

thoseasceticswhohaveadhe『edst『ictIγtothe

teachingswemustgiveou『fullp『otectionand

suppo『t‧Thosewhop『eachhe『eticaIteachings

mustbeseve『e∣γpunished‧『o『exampIe’tbe『e﹣

co『dedw『itingsofDaoMinandXing『enga『e

p『eposte『ous‧Theteachingsof「aCangandHong

Rena『ethesavageteachingsofthedevi∣。IwiⅡ

havethempunished‧WemustnotIetthei『theo﹣

55

ChinI(ung

『iesb∣endwithandta『nishthe『ightteaChings‧

Othe『wiseitwi∣∣becomeimpossibIefo『thepeo﹦

pletoteⅢhediffe『ence‧

Ihavetho『oughIγexp∣o『edtheo『igina∣

sou『ceoftheTh『ee『eachingsandIImowtheV

needtobet『eatedfai『Iγ。lwantthosepeop∣e－

BuddhistsandTaoistswhohaveonIγthei『pe『﹦

sonalinte『estsinmind》thosewhoa『eopinionated

andpa『tiaItothei『ownbe∣iefs／thuSIosingthei『

senseoffai『ness－towakeupandbeawa『eof

thesesobe『ingfacts‧IammaIdngthisannounce﹣

menttoen∣ightenthosewhoa『eigno『ant.

Thisistheimpe『ia∣edicⅡoa∣∣thecMI』mi∣i﹣

ta『γJandcou『to什iciaIstogivespecia∣attentionto

thep『otectionandsuppo『tofthe∣eft﹣homepe『﹣

sons‧Thisistobegove『nedbγse∣fIessactionsand

goodintentions‧〃

He「eEmpe『o『γongZhenggaveusafewex﹣

56

TheEdict0↑Empe『0「YongZheng

amp∣esofpeopIewhowe『enotadhe『ingtothe

teachings.HeexpIainedthat↑o『thep『eviousfew

γea『sthe『ewe『epeopIewhohadsuggestedthathe

shouldbanpeopIe↑『omo『dainingthemseIves.

C『iticsoftheBuddhistandTaoistteachingswanted

totu『nthei『tempIesintoCon↑ucianacademiesof

cIassicaIlea『ning.The『ewe『eaIsoincidentsof

countγmagist『atesun】ustifiabIγth『owingmonks

andnunsoutofthei『tempIes.Somepeop∣eeven

suggeStedthatthemonksandnunsshou∣d『etu『nto

secu∣a『Iivesandgetma『『iedfo『thepu『poseof

p『opagation.

Empe『o『γongZheng『electedthei『p『oposaIs〃↑『omwhichwecaninfe『thathewastoo

open﹣minded／wiseandvi『tuoustoaIIowsuch

eventstohappen‧Heaccusedthec『iticsofnot

『ecognisingthecont『ibutionstheTh『eeTeachings

hadgiventosocietγ／thenationandtohumankind.

Hesaidthei『p『oposaIswou∣dnot】ustupsetexisting

policies／theγwou∣dactuaIIγcausenationalun『est.

57

Chinl(ung

Hewentontosaγthatitwasthedutγofthe

gove『nmenttotakeca『eofthewidowedandthose

whowe『eaIone.Sincehehadtho『oughunde『﹣

standingoftheTh『eeTeachings／helmewthatthe

intentionsofa∣ItheIeft-homepe『sonswe『etocuI-

tivateandaccumuIategoodfO『tunefO「thei『coun﹣

t『γandthei『peop∣e.Theγ『outineIγdidthei『home

wo『kinthemo『ningandatnighttimefO『thesame

『eason.Theγp「aγedfo『theweIfa『eo↑theEmpe『o『『

theciviIγmiIitan／﹟andcou『to什iciaIs／andthepeo﹣

pIe.Empe『o『γongZhengwasawiseand

kind-hea『TedEmpe『o『.Itwasagainsthisnatu『eto

fO『cethemonI（sandnunstogobacktoasecu∣a『

Iife.Anγ『easonab∣eempe『o『o『『uIe『withakindhea『TwouIdhavedonethesame.

Empe『o『γongZhengc『iticisedthepeopIe

whohadmadethesep『oposaIsasbeingext『eme∣γ

igno『ant.Hedisca『dedthei『p『oposaIsanddidnot

punishthemfo『makingthep『oposaIs.Ontheothe『

58

TheEdic【o↑Empe『o「γ0ngZheng

hand•hesaidhewou|dpunishthosewhohadvio-latedthe∣aw‧Tothosewhowe『eascetic／diligent

inthei『studies／andabidingbγthe∣aw／hesaidthe

count『γmustgivefullp『otection.Hethennamed

fou『p『actitione『swhohadviolatedthei『teachings

andhadcheatedpeopIe.Sincethosep『actitione『s

hadnotme『eIγvioIatedthep『ecepts／theγhad

vioIatedthestatutes.hlatu『aIIγtheγhadtobepun﹣

ished.ThiswashowEmpe『o『γongZhengp『o-

tectedtheTh『eeTeachings.Sincethe『ewe『egood

andbadp『actitione『s’hegavep『otectiontothe

goodγandfo『gavethosewhohadnotcommitted

anγma】o『fault.Thosewhohadb『okentheIaw

we『epunishedacco『dingIγ.

Hep『oceededtoexp『esshisopiniononhow

top『otecttheIeft﹣homepe『sons.Hesaidhehad

aI『eadγattainedtho『oughunde『standingofthe

Th『eeTeachings.HavingIookedattheTh『ee

Teachingswithunbiasedmind/hewasabIetouti|-isethemtohe∣phimgove『nhiscount『γandpunish

59

ChinI<ung

thosewhohadvio|atedtheIaw.

Empe『o『γongZhengthenwishedhispeopIe’

incIudingtheBuddhistandTaoistfOlIowe『s『to

co﹣ope『ateandbetoIe『antofeachothe『／tohave

mutuaI『esped／andtoIeamf『omeachothe『.He

toIdthemtheγshouIdnotfo『seIfish『easonson∣γ

p『aisingthemseIvesandattackingothe『s.Theγ

shouIdbeimpa『tiaIandstaγawaγf『omhe『eticaI

p『actices‧HewantedtowakethemupIiked『unk﹣

a『dsbeingsobe『ed.

Sincesomanγunfo『tunateincidentshadal-

『eadγtakenpIace／Empe『o『YongZhengmadethe

foI∣owingdecIa『ation.TothosepeopIewhohad

madeabsu『dp『opositions／eventhoughhewouId

notpunishthemfo『doingso／hegavethemwa『n-

ingstonotdothisagain.Hed『ewtheattentionof

aIIhisciviI／miIitan／／andcou「to什iciaIstohiso『de『

togivespecialattentiontotheleft-homepe『sonsfo『

thei『p『otectionandsuppo『t.

60

TheEdicto↑Empe「0「γongZheng

Thusacount『γ叭sIeade『scaneithe『Ieadthe

wo『Idtowa『dsstabiIitγandpeaceo『theγcanIead

thewo『Idintoun「estanddest『uction‧Thekeγto

『eso∣vingun『estiseducation.Tosaveou『societies

f『omchaos〃wedependonou『nationa∣Ieade『sto

teachandp『opagatetheteachingsofthesaintsand

sagesbγusingthemostadvancedtechno∣ogγto

b『oadcasttheseteachingstothewhoIewo『Id.This

waγthesac「edteachingswillt『u∣γbep『otected.

IhopethatnationalIeade『sand『e∣igious

Ieade『swiIIb『oadcastthei『sac『edteachingstothe

who∣ewo『∣dfo『a∣I∣ivingbeings.ThiswaγaI∣the

diffe『ent『eIigionswiIIthenbeabIeto∣ea『nf『om

eachothe『／encou「ageeachothe『andco-ope『ate

witheachothe『.Togethe『wecan『eso∣veconfIicts

inou「societiesandhe∣pou『societiesstabiIiseso

ou『wo『IdwiIIbeatpeaceAsIongaswehave

stabiIitγandpeace／fo『su『ewewiI∣aI∣havep『os﹣

pe『itγ.

61

ChinI(ung

DedicationofMerit

Maγtheme『itandvi「tuesacc『uedf『omthiswo『k

Ado『ntheBuddha／sPu『eLand／RepaγingthefOu『kindsofkindnessabove／

And『eIievingthesu｛fe『ingsofThoseintheTh『eePathsbeIow.

MaγaIIwhoseeandhea『ofthisBeenIightenedbγthei『awakened↑aith／

Abidebγtheteachingsfo『the『estofthisIife叭Thenbebo『ntogethe『in

The<andofUItimateBIiss!

HomagetoAmitabhaBuddha!

VENERABlEMAS『ERCHINkUNC／namedat

bi『thasγaeHongHsu／wasbo『nini927in

lu﹃liang〃AnhuiP『ovince.HestudiedBuddhismbγ

fOIIowingtheteachingsofP『ofesso『Dong八／lei「ang／

ZhangliaHutukutu／and八∕laste『BingNanLi↑o『

thi『Teenγea『s.HeisaIea『nedmaste『ofthesut『as

andthediscou『sesofaI∣schooIsofBuddhism∕

Confucianism／Taoism／andsc『iptu『esofothe『『e-

∣igions.HehasbeenteachingandgivingIectu『es

↑O『15γea『s‧Heteacheswiththeuseo↑distant

education:Hep『opagatesMahaγanaBuddhismbγ

usingtheinte「netandsateIIiteTV.

In『ecentγea『s／hehasbeenactive∣γinvoIved

insucheducationtodeveIopmuIticuItu『aIism／『e﹣

Iigiousand『aciaIunitγ〃andwo『IdpeaceHewas

awa『dedthetitIesofHono『a『γDocto『ofUnive『sitγ

bγC『i什ithUnive『sitγandUnive『sitγofSouthe『n

○ueensIandaswe∣IasAd】unctP『ofesso『bγUni﹣

ve『sitγofQueensIandandC『iffithUnive『sitγ.

八／∣anγPu『e〔andassociationsa『efOundeda∣I

ove『thewo「IdonaccountofVene『abIeMaste『

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“WherevertheBuddha’steachingsaretaught

andpractised,eitherinc•untries,cities,

c•untrysides•rgatherings,allwillbe

trarlsf•rmedf•rth2better·Thew•rldwil<bein

harm•ny.Thesunandm••nwillshineclear

andbright.Windandrainwillappear

acc•rdingly·Therewillben•disast2r,•nly

pr○sperin／andstabili山.Therewillben○c○nflicts

•rwars.Allwilluph•ldtheirvirtuesandbe

kindhearted.AIwillgiveprecedenc2t••thers

•ut•fc•urtesy.Therewil>ben•theff•r

in>ustice.Thestr•ngwillnotd•minat2n•rtake

advantage•ftheweakAllwillreceivetheirfair

share…”(TheInfiniteLifeSuha)

戀箏藏【學索犖令

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