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THE IMPACTS OF FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE AND
SELF-EFFICACY ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL
(An Experimental Study at the Eleventh Grade of SMA N 1 Mejayan Madiun
in the Academic Year of 2015/2016)
A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Graduate Degree in English Education
By:
Kurnia Wulandari
NIM S891402033
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2016
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ABSTRACT
Kurnia Wulandari. S891402033. 2016. THE IMPACTS OF FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE AND SELF-EFFICACY ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL (An Experimental Study at the Eleventh Grade of SMA N 1 Mejayan Madiun in the Academic Year of 2015/2016). Thesis. The First Consultant: Dr. Abdul Asib, M. Pd.; the Second Consultant: Prof. Dr. Sri Samiati Tarjana. English Education Department of Graduate Program. Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.
The objective of this research was to reveal whether: (1) Fishbowl technique is more effective than Small-group Discussion technique to teach speaking; (2) the students who have high self-efficacy have better speaking skill than the students who have low self-efficacy; and (3) there is an interaction between teaching techniques and students’ self-efficacy in teaching speaking.
This research was conducted at the eleventh grade of SMA N 1 Mejayan in the Academic Year of 2015/206. There were nine classes of eleventh grade, two out of nine classes were picked up randomly by using cluster random sampling to be the sample of this research. Class XI IPA 1 was used for the control class and class XI IPA 2 was used for the experimental class, each class consists of 32 students. The instruments used in this research were self-efficacy questionnaire and speaking test. The validity, reliability, and readability of the instruments were measured before the instruments were distributed and administered to get the data. The data were analyzed by applying ANOVA and Tukey test after completing pre-requisite tests (normality and homogeneity tests).
The results of data analysis show that: (1) Fishbowl is more effective than Small-group Discussion technique to teach speaking to the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Mejayan; (2) the students who have high self-efficacy have better speaking skill than the students who have low self-efficacy; and (3) there is an interaction between teaching techniques and students’ self-efficacy in teaching speaking.
The findings of the research imply that Fishbowl technique is an effective teaching technique to teach speaking. Students who were taught using Fishbowl technique performed better in speaking than those who were taught using Small-group Discussion. Therefore, it is recommended for English teachers to conduct classroom discussion by implementing Fishbowl technique.
Keywords: experimental research, fishbowl, self-efficacy, small-groups discussion,
speaking skill
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MOTTO
Allah is with those who patiently persevere.
(Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 153)
I don’t wanna be someone who walks away so easily. I’m here to stay and make the difference that I can make.
-I Won’t Give Up, Jazon Mraz-
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DEDICATION
This thesis is fully dedicated to: Ibu and Bapak, thank you for trusting me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhadulillahirobbil’alamin,
Praise be to Allah, the most Gracious and Merciful. This thesis would not be
completed without His blessings. In addition, this thesis would not be finished
without the support and guidance of other people and institutes. Therefore, the
writer would like to express gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Joko Nurkamto, M.Pd., the Dean of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty of Sebelas Maret University for the permission to write the thesis,
2. Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd., the Head of English Education Department of Graduate
Program for providing guidance to complete the thesis,
3. Dr. Abdul Asib, M. Pd., the first consultant, who has given guidance,
correction, and suggestion to complete this thesis,
4. Prof. Dr. Sri Samiati Tarjana, the second consultant, who has patiently given
advice and correction for the completion of this thesis,
5. Drs. Yayuk Nuryanto, M. Pd., the Headmaster of SMA N 1 Mejayan for the
permission to conduct the research,
6. Ana Wijayanti S.Pd., the English teacher of SMA N 1 Mejayan for the
support and guidance during the research,
7. The eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Mejayan, especially class XI IPA 1
and class XI IPA 2 for their support and cooperation.
It is realized that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, criticism and
suggestions are highly appreciated for the improvement of this thesis.
Surakarta, May 2016
Kurnia Wulandari
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TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE .................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ........................................................................................................ ii
LEGITIMATION ................................................................................................ iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ......................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... v
MOTTO ............................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. xii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xiii
LIST OF APPENDIXES .................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
B. Problems Identification ........................................................... 6
C. Problems Limitation ............................................................... 6
D. Problem Statements ............................................................... 7
E. Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 7
F. Significances of the Study ........................................................ 8
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Speaking ................................................................................. 9
1. The Definitions of Speaking ................................................ 9
2. Microskils and Macroskills of Speaking ............................. 10
3. The Aspects of Speaking ................................................... 12
4. Speaking Assessments ........................................................ 16
B. Fishbowl Technique ................................................................. 24
1. The Definitions of Fishbowl Technique ............................ 24
2. The Steps to Implement Fishbowl Technique .................... 26
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3. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using
Fishbowl Technique .......................................................... 28
C. Small-group Discussion ........................................................... 30
1. The Definitions of Small-group Discussion ...................... 30
2. The Steps to Implement Small-group Discussion
Technique .......................................................................... 31
3. The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Small-group Discussion .................................................... 33
4. The Differences between Fishbowl and Small-group
Discussion Technique ....................................................... 36
D. Self-efficacy ............................................................................. 38
1. The Definitions of Self-efficacy ......................................... 38
2. Self-efficacy in Speaking .................................................... 39
3. The Sources of Self-efficacy .............................................. 40
4. The Aspects of Self-efficacy .............................................. 42
E. Review of Related Studies ...................................................... 45
F. Rationale .................................................................................. 48
D. Hypothesis of the Study ........................................................... 52
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Setting ..................................................................... 53
B. Research Design ..................................................................... 54
C. Population, Sample and Sampling .......................................... 55 1. Population ........................................................................... 55
2. Sample and Sampling ......................................................... 55
E. Technique of Collecting Data .................................................. 55
1. Self-efficacy Questionnaire ................................................ 56
2. Speaking Test ..................................................................... 58
F. Technique of Analyzing the Data ............................................. 59
1. Normality Test .................................................................... 59
2. Homogeneity Test ............................................................... 59
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3. ANOVA .............................................................................. 60
4. Tukey Test ............................................................................ 61
G. Statistical Hypothesis .............................................................. 62
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Data Description ..................................................................... 64
B. Normality and Homogeneity Test ........................................... 75
1. Normality Test .................................................................... 75
2. Homogeneity Test .............................................................. 76
C. Hypothesis Testing ................................................................. 77
1. ANOVA .............................................................................. 77
2. Tukey Test .......................................................................... 78
D. Discussion of the Findings ...................................................... 80
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 87
B. Implication ............................................................................. 87
C. Suggestion ............................................................................... 89
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 91
APPENDIXES .................................................................................................... 95
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Table 2.10
Table 2.11
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Table 4.9
Table 4.10
Table 4.11
Table 4.12
Table 4.13
The Aspects of Speaking ................................................................... 14
The Scale of Oral Testing Criteria by Ur ........................................... 19
The Analytical Speaking Criteria by Weir ........................................ 19
The Scoring Criteria of Speaking by Brown ..................................... 20
The Scoring Rubric Used in the Study .............................................. 22
The Steps to Implement Fishbowl Discussion ................................... 28
The Steps to Conduct Small-group Discussion .................................. 32
The Comparison Table of the Techniques ......................................... 36
The Sources of Self-efficacy .............................................................. 42
The Aspects of Self-efficacy .............................................................. 44
The Indicators of Self-efficacy ........................................................... 44
The Schedule of the Research ............................................................ 54
The Blueprint of Self-efficacy Questionnaire .................................... 57
Frequency Distribution of Data A1 .................................................... 65
Frequency Distribution of Data A2 .................................................... 67
Frequency Distribution of Data B1 .................................................... 68
Frequency Distribution of Data B2 .................................................... 69
Frequency Distribution of Data A1B1 ................................................ 70
Frequency Distribution of Data A1B2 ................................................ 72
Frequency Distribution of Data A2B1 ................................................ 73
Frequency Distribution of Data A2B2 ................................................ 74
The Result of Normality Test ............................................................. 75
The Result of Homogeneity Test ........................................................ 76
The Summary of Mean Scores ........................................................... 77
The Summary of ANOVA ................................................................. 78
The Summary of Tukey Test .............................................................. 79
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 3.2
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Fishbowl Seating Arrangement ........................................................ 25
Factors Influencing Self-efficacy ..................................................... 42
The Classes Used in the Study ......................................................... 55
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A1 .......................................... 66
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A2 .......................................... 67
The Histogram and Polygon of Data B1 .......................................... 68
The Histogram and Polygon of Data B2 .......................................... 69
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A1B1 ...................................... 71
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A1B2 ...................................... 72
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A2B1 ...................................... 73
The Histogram and Polygon of Data A2B2 ...................................... 75
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LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 3.1
Appendix 4
Appendix 4.1
Appendix 5
Appendix 5.1
Appendix 6
Appendix 6.1
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 8.1
Appendix 8.2
Appendix 8.3
Appendix 8.4
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Appendix 11
Appendix 12
Appendix 13
Appendix 14
Appendix 15
Appendix 16
Appendix 17
Appendix 18
Appendix 19
Appendix 20
Lesson Plan of Experiment Class .............................................. 95
Lesson Plan of Control Class ..................................................... 114
Blueprint of Self-efficacy Questionnaire ................................... 134
Self-efficacy Questionnaire ....................................................... 136
Computation of Questionnaire Validity..................................... 140
Sample of Validity Calculation ................................................. 144
Computation of Questionnaire Reliability ................................. 146
Reliability Calculation ............................................................... 148
Blueprint of Self-efficacy Questionnaire (After Try-out) ......... 150
Self-efficacy Questionnaire (After Try-out) .............................. 152
Result of Self-efficacy Questionnaire ........................................ 155
Blueprint of Speaking Test Instrument ...................................... 157
Speaking Test Instrument. ......................................................... 159
Scoring Rubric of Speaking ....................................................... 160
Readability of Speaking Test Instrument .................................. 162
Result of Readability Test ......................................................... 163
Speaking Scores ........................................................................ 165
Tabulation of Speaking and Self-efficacy Scores ...................... 171
Frequency Distribution and Descriptive Statistic ...................... 173
Normality Test ........................................................................... 189
Homogeneity Test ...................................................................... 197
ANOVA ..................................................................................... 198
Tukey Test ................................................................................. 199
Table r Product Moment ............................................................ 200
Table of Standard Normal Distribution ..................................... 201
Lilliefors Table .......................................................................... 202
Table of Chi Square Distribution ............................................... 203
Table of Critical Values for F Distribution................................ 204
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Appendix 21
Appendix 22
Appendix 23
Appendix 24
Table of Critical Values for q ................................................... 205
Speaking Test Transcript .......................................................... 206
Photographs .............................................................................. 218
Permit Letters............................................................................. 221
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