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3/15/2004 Claudio Acioly / IHS 1
The impact of training and capacity building on urban policy changes and
innovations.
Claudio Acioly Jr.
IHS-Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies
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1.
Informal urbanisation: do we understand the underlying causes?
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2.
Do we have the right policies to address the problem?
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Policy Doctrines & Responses to Informal Urbanisation
Land Acquisition, land banking, land reserves for conventional housing projects
Land Acquisition, land banking, land reserves for conventional housing projects
Combination of infrastructure improvement and services + physical & layout restructuring + legalization of land tenure; integration into programs
Combination of infrastructure improvement and services + physical & layout restructuring + legalization of land tenure; integration into programs
Local Governments -urban management and governance, city-wide policies and urban productivity measures
City-wide Programmes
The 90’s
Integration to housing policies but not establishing large scale programs
The 80’s
Repression, eradication, eviction, resettlement
The 70’s
From Projects
to Programmes
land tenure regularization, sites and services, finance, integrated projects
land tenure regularization, sites and services, finance, integrated projects
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Regularisation & Integration
Legalisation of urban land tenure
Resettlement Housing Credit
Housing Estates Improvement
Social Policy Urban Policy
Municipal Housing Policy
Comprehensive & Integrated Approach
Comprehensive & Integrated Approach
Informal Settlements Unauthorised land subdivision Risk Areas
Public Housing Estates
Other target groups
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20 - 80 % of urban growth
&
15 - 70 % of the total population
INFORMAL URBANIZATION in cities of the Development Countries
To create the basic conditions for their integration to the Housing and Real Estate Market
POLICIES OF INTERVENTION
From the 1980’s onwards
Improvement and/or provision of basic infrastructure
Spatial-physical Restructuring
Legalization of Tenure & Land regularization
physical social juridical
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SUMMARY of Shifts in Housing PolicySUMMARY of Shifts in Housing Policy
•• State sponsored housing production and deliveryState sponsored housing production and delivery
•• Lowering standards to reach lower income familiesLowering standards to reach lower income families
•• Involving future beneficiaries in housing productionInvolving future beneficiaries in housing production
•• Intervention in housing inputs to facilitate housing Intervention in housing inputs to facilitate housing productionproduction
•• Enabling policies: less government involvementEnabling policies: less government involvement
•• DecentralisationDecentralisation: municipal housing policies: municipal housing policies
•• Large scale Large scale privatisationprivatisation of stateof state--owned housing owned housing stock (CEE)stock (CEE)
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3.
Do informal settlements indicate the need for different types of skills and methods to address the problem?
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Different Logic Requires Different Tools
FORMALURBANIZATION
• PLANNING
• IMPLEMENTATION OF SERVICES AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
• CONSTRUCTION
• OCCUPATION
INFORMAL URBANIZATION
• OCCUPATION
• CONSTRUCTION / consolidation
• IMPLEMENTATION OF SERVICES AND BASIC
INFRASTRUCTURE
• PLANNING
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4.
Inner city decay poses another threat: do we really understand the phenomenon?
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VACANT LAND & BUILDINGSSource: EMURB, Nadia Somek
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BUILIDINGS PARTIALLY EMPTY
Source: EMURB, Nadia Somek
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Housing problems in São Paulo’s inner city
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Land-use change in inner city
Stimulation of growth outside
InsecurityInsecurity
Poverty inPoverty ininner cityinner city
Physical segregation
Lack of investment in city centre
Economic Economic declinedecline
De-population
Vacant Vacant bldgs bldgs and lotsand lots
Economic crisis
Resid.use prohibited 1975-94
Eff
ects
Cau
ses
Problem
Problem Tree of Rio de Janeiro’s inner city
Source: Marcia Wajsenzon, IHS, 2002
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5.
Does the shift in paradigm demand a different type of understanding & attitude of professionals and governments?
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Bottlenecks impeding well-functioning of the cityBottlenecks impeding well-functioning of the city
OBSTACLES
Local Development Opportunities NOT realised.
Local Development Opportunities NOT realised.
Deficiencies in infrastructure
Deficiencies in infrastructure
Weakness of Public Sector and Municipal Institutions
Weakness of Public Sector and Municipal Institutions
Informal Urbanisation
Informal Urbanisation consequencesconsequences
Obsolete Norms Regulating Real Estate Market and Land Occupation
Regulating Real Estate Obsolete Norms
Lack of Financial Resources
Lack of Financial Resources Market and Land
Occupation
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A change in Paradigm
OBSTACLESReduction of the productivity of enterprises and households
Reduction of the productivity of enterprises and households
Reduction of the aggregated productivity of the economy
Reduction of the aggregated productivity of the economy
Affects the spatial dimensions of the city
Affects the spatial dimensions of the city
Effects on the city development and macro-economic
performance
Effects on the city development and macro-economic
performance
Generating Urban Adjustments and Adaptation of the City to New Demands and National & Economic Objectives
Generating Urban Adjustments and Adaptation of the City to New Demands and National & Economic Objectives
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Effects on Policies and City Development StrategiesEffects on Policies and City Development Strategies
Policies of Public Sector Intervention
Policies of Public Sector Intervention
Change in ParadigmsChange in Paradigms
OBSTACLESOBSTACLES
Uncertainties in Context Globalisation
Concentration of Population
Social-spatial Stratification
“Informalisation”
Urban Poverty
Environmental Deterioration
Uncertainties in Context Globalisation
Concentration of Population
Social-spatial Stratification
“Informalisation”
Urban Poverty
Environmental Deterioration
+
City Envisioning
City Envisioning CDSCDS
Urban Revitalisation and Renewal of Urban Structures
Improvement of Urban Services and Infrastructure
Projects of Physical,
Social and Economic
Integration
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6.
Are shifts in planning a necessity or an imposition, or a conscious response to the challenges?
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1From
Emphasis on Statutory Planning -Master Plans Rigidity
2To
Strategic & Action Planning
Urban Productivity Flexibility
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4Government
Enables! Market Provision
Privatization & Partnership
3Government Provides!
State Provision
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6Local
Government decides!
Decentralization
5Central Government Decides!
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7Physical Development
Spatial Planning Regulatory
8Financial &
Economic Planning
Technical Feasibility Institutional basis
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Regulatory-Normative Plans
Strategic Plan
Action plan
Action plan
Action plan
Relationship between regulatory/statutory and normative plans and other city-performance type ofplans geared to the resolution of critical problems
Physical
FinancialFinancialInstitutionalInstitutional Based on F. Davidson, 1997
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9From
Technocratic & top down planning
10To
Civil Society Participation &
bottom-up planning
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EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARADIGM EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARADIGM regarding citizen participationregarding citizen participation
HABITAT IVancouver, 1976
•CP as panacea
•self-help advocacy
•John Turner’s freedom to build
•cost recovery + labourresources
•improve projects
HABITAT II Istanbul, 1996
•CP as enabling policy
•CP as empowerment
•CP as public participation•Partnership / Stakeholders•CP as governance
•CP as self-help self-management
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Paradigm ChangeParadigm Change
Cities & macro-economic
performance
Cities & macro-economic
performance
Managing the urban economy
Managing the urban economy
Efficiency & Equity
Efficiency & Equity
Enabling Instruments
Enabling Instruments
•Deregulation
•Strategic Planning
•Civil Society Participation
•PPC Partnerships
•Land Policies
•Urban Renewal
•Local Agenda 21
• ……
•Deregulation
•Strategic Planning
•Civil Society Participation
•PPC Partnerships
•Land Policies
•Urban Renewal
•Local Agenda 21
• ……
From Urban ManagementFrom Urban Management
To Urban GovernanceTo Urban
Governance
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7.Cities in transition require different plans and different planners: what is really needed? Training needs assessment?
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The Strategic Development The Strategic Development Planning for ROTTERDAMPlanning for ROTTERDAM
KOERS 2005De Toekomstvisie
The route to 2005A future vision
19961996 20052005
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Structural AdjustmentRotterdam in Transition: searching new identity
Reconstruction (post war)Reconstruction (post war)
Urban Renewal (from 70’s)Urban Renewal (from 70’s)
Social Renewal (from 1990 onwards)Social Renewal (from 1990 onwards)
New Rotterdam (ambitious revitalisation from 2nd half 1980’s onwards)
New Rotterdam (ambitious revitalisation from 2nd half 1980’s onwards)
Broadening & Strengthening
Economic Basis
From industrial economic basis towards a service
economy.
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Rotterdam in TransitionWorking CityBusiness-likeIndustrial cityEarningDoingGoodsHard (sphere, city building)CongestionPressure on environmentAverageRed (bricks)City of necessityExclusionInactiveIlliterateSegmentationIndividualisticDivided
FROM:Residential CityAmusement-likeService citySpendingThinking (Knowledge)InformationSoftPleasant livingSustainable Grandeur GreenCity of choiceParticipationActiveLiterateIntegrationResponsibleCo-operative
TO:
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8.
Civil society engagement is challenging the status-quo of planning: do we have the right knowledge and skills to facilitate and strengthen this trend?
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Prioritisation and monitoring of physical and financial execution
Prioritisation and monitoring of physical and financial execution
Popular participation
+Participatory Budgeting and the Public Policy Councils
as instruments of citizen participation and control of government actions by the citizenship.
Popular participation
+Participatory Budgeting and the Public Policy Councils
as instruments of citizen participation and control of government actions by the citizenship.
Locally-based Strategic Planning as an instrument to control
government actions.
Democratisation in access to information, society control on municipality’s actions.
Quality and More productivity in public service delivery.
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CITY STRATEGY CityVision
ActionPlan
ActionPlan
ActionPlan
ActionPlan
OP
OP -Participatory Budgeting
-Participatory Budgeting
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9.Something is wrong with our planners, plans, governments, with our understanding: what do we do and how do we do it?
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10.Policy studies and training needs assessment will provide evidences of the institutional and human resources capacity but where to start? How to tackle the defficiencies?
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Training & Education
Overseas Institution Building
Advisory Services
Research
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Emphasis on problem identification and problem resolution with support from various action
oriented techniques and methodologies
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IHS Institution Building ExperienceIHS Institution Building Experience• INDONESIA, IUDM-Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Management, Ministry
of Public Works
• SRI LANKA, CHBC-Center of Housing, Building and Construction, National Housing Authority-NHA
• COLOMBIA, CEHAP-Center for Popular Housing Studies, National University of Colombia, Medelin, PEVAL Latin America
• TANZANIA, CHS-Center for Housing Studies
• INDIA, HSMI-Human Settlement Management Institute, HUDCO-Housing and Urban Development Coorporation
• THAILAND, National Housing Authority
• ROMANIA, Institutional Development and Training for Urban Management, Regional Training Centers for Elected and Appointed Officials
• GHANA, Institute for Local Government Studies-ILGS
• EGYPT, UTI-Urban Training and Studies Institute, HBRC-Housing Building and Research Center
• PERU, Foro Ciudad para la Vida (Federation NGO), National Urban Management Programme
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IHSInstitute for Housing
and Urban DevelopmentStudies
Department for EconomicDevelopment and
Environment
PAP Santa Cruz
NGO’s Representative
InstitutionsPublic and Private
Universities:U.A.G.R.M.
U.C.B.
Civil Society
Department of Municipal Coordination
Technical Assistance
Municipality of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Department for Planningand
Programming
Others
Technical Assistance
Technical Assistance
Technical Assistance
SINPA BOLIVIA1997-2002
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SINPA Bolivia 1999 - 2002
GeneralObjective
Specific Objectives
Urban Forum
Internacional Seminars
Regional Exchange
Tailor-madeCourses
Workshopsand
Technical Assistance
Local Technical Studiesand Studies in Other countries
Objective: Strategic Urban DevelopmentPlan to guide development and implementprioritised projects.
Specific Objectives:• Local government capacities to plan• Local government capacity to lead process of participation and articulation• Civil society organisations capable to plan andparticipate in urban management• Local government capacity to implement theStrategic Plan
Courses:Councillors and Heads of DepartmentsProfessionalsCivil society
Workshops linked with Technical Assistance:Members of the Technical Teams
Exchange: SINPA Bolivia, Zambia, Bangladesh
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+Build capacities and develop strategies for sustainable development
Partnership with theMunicipal Government of Santa Cruz
Capacity buildingcombined with
technical assistance
Nexus civil society-government promotes
new avenues forinteraction between
various actors
PDMS as catalyst
Partnerships withUniversities
Following closelythe environmental
management process
Stimulate citizen participation
Building & StrengtheningCitizenship
Management capacityfor sustainabledevelopment=
THE APPROACH OF THE SINPA BOLIVIA PROJECT
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Rapidly Changing Environment requiring:•Knowledge;
•Means and instruments;
•Attitude Changes
•Quick and innovative response
•Well-trained human resources
•Commitment
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But can training resolve the problem?
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The answer is:
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11.Training and education institutions are searching for models that effectively make knowledge available for actions. Is there any logic?
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International education: International education: relevance ?relevance ?
•• Transplant of knowledgeTransplant of knowledge•• Transfer of knowledgeTransfer of knowledge•• Retailing of KnowledgeRetailing of Knowledge•• Developing indigenous knowledgeDeveloping indigenous knowledge•• Southern institutions retailing Southern institutions retailing
knowledgeknowledge•• Globalization of educational marketGlobalization of educational market
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1
Transplant (50-60s)
Direct application of knowledge and tools
Transfer
Adaptation (appropriate technology) but still based on norms, values of industrialized countries
2
Retailing
Institutional collaboration
Replicate curriculum innovations,
Research capacity
Organize capacity to offer national services
3
Indigenous
Need to incorporate local institutional, technological, social and political realities
4
Southern institutions retailing knowledge
Widening target groups and increasing competition
5
Globalization & technological changes
Reputation, standards, career development, selective demand
6
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Technological RevolutionTechnological Revolution
Distant Learning
New forms of education
Differentiated and customized curricular development
Increase of target groups
Increasing competition among suppliers of education and training services
IT
Telematics
CD roms
Interactive education
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New mission for International Education Institutions ?
Problem-solving education
Tailor-made to local specificity and diversity
Bring real life situations
Group dynamics sessions
Human resources development – institutional reform nexus
Focusing on building Focusing on building knowledge and knowledge and individual skillsindividual skills
Focus on building up Focus on building up indigenous knowledge indigenous knowledge and capacities of and capacities of national/local national/local institutionsinstitutions
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Can training address the urban Can training address the urban challenges faced by Egyptian Cities ?challenges faced by Egyptian Cities ?
Densification & crowdingInformal urbanization
Environmental DeteriorationSpatial decentralizationThreat to Agricultural LAND
Deregulation of housingInadequate infrastructureLegal bottlenecksInstitutional bottlenecks
Human Human ResourcesResources
InstitutionsInstitutions
PROBLEMPROBLEM
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What can capacity building & What can capacity building & training do?training do?
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
Human Human ResourcesResources
InstitutionsInstitutions
•Planning and management skills, tools and methods to effectively deal with the problem?
•Policy, urban management instruments and institutional arrangements to efficiently deal with the problem?
CITIES CITIES in in EGYPTEGYPT
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Planner
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CONCLUSIONS _ 1•• Planning & planning decisions still relies on central Planning & planning decisions still relies on central
government agenciesgovernment agencies•• Emphasis still given to territorial planningEmphasis still given to territorial planning•• Less on economic and process managementLess on economic and process management•• Vision of urban management is not yet in placeVision of urban management is not yet in place•• Lack of culture of participation hinders broadening the Lack of culture of participation hinders broadening the
institutional basis of planninginstitutional basis of planning•• Local authorities still lacking autonomy to deal with its Local authorities still lacking autonomy to deal with its
problems and resourcesproblems and resources•• Institutional and organizational restructuring still far of Institutional and organizational restructuring still far of
reachreach•• Governance finds no echo in civil societyGovernance finds no echo in civil society
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CONCLUSIONS _ 2•• Enhancing individual skill development and innovative Enhancing individual skill development and innovative
aproachesaproaches is worthwhile but not sufficient to trigger is worthwhile but not sufficient to trigger institutional changesinstitutional changes
•• Training mid career professionals does little in terms of Training mid career professionals does little in terms of policy shiftpolicy shift
•• Reaching senior level and decision makers may trigger Reaching senior level and decision makers may trigger qualitative shifts in public policy but not its implementationqualitative shifts in public policy but not its implementation
•• Post graduation training still divorced from basic Post graduation training still divorced from basic undergraduate programsundergraduate programs
•• There is still need to widen understanding of local There is still need to widen understanding of local government specificities among practitioners from within government specificities among practitioners from within and outside the public sectorand outside the public sector
•• There is a need to establish a wider network of capacity There is a need to establish a wider network of capacity buildingbuilding
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CONCLUSIONS _ 3•• Training alone will not generate the impact required to Training alone will not generate the impact required to
address the problems in a meaningful and effective manneraddress the problems in a meaningful and effective manner•• Commitment of staff and professionals involved in Commitment of staff and professionals involved in
designing and delivering training is must!designing and delivering training is must!•• The link individual The link individual –– institutional performance is a sineinstitutional performance is a sine--
quaqua--non conditionnon condition•• Advocacy and political processes are an inseparable part Advocacy and political processes are an inseparable part
of the equation, of the problem and the solutionof the equation, of the problem and the solution