The Impact of the The Impact of the First World War on First World War on

AgricultureAgriculture

Agriculture during the Agriculture during the Great WarGreat War

• Food became increasingly scarce and more Food became increasingly scarce and more expensive as the war progressed. Government expensive as the war progressed. Government promoted self-sufficiency by introducing measures promoted self-sufficiency by introducing measures to make more farmland arable.to make more farmland arable.

• Attempts to grow more in Scotland not very Attempts to grow more in Scotland not very successful as amount of suitable land was limited; successful as amount of suitable land was limited; many were hill farms. Only 5 out of 19 million acres many were hill farms. Only 5 out of 19 million acres were under crops.were under crops.

• Labour shortage as many had volunteered to fight in Labour shortage as many had volunteered to fight in the war; more men in this industry than elsewhere. the war; more men in this industry than elsewhere. Number of farm workers dropped by 18,000 over Number of farm workers dropped by 18,000 over the course of the war.the course of the war.

• Main contribution from farming in Scotland was Main contribution from farming in Scotland was from sheep farming: wool and meat.from sheep farming: wool and meat.

Agriculture during the Agriculture during the Great WarGreat War

• Sheep industry enjoyed full employment and Sheep industry enjoyed full employment and high wages from 1916, when the Government high wages from 1916, when the Government bought all of Scotland’s wool production.bought all of Scotland’s wool production.

• Average wage of a ploughman more than Average wage of a ploughman more than doubled by 1919.doubled by 1919.

• Oats and vegetables all increased in amount Oats and vegetables all increased in amount being farmed and yield because of the need to being farmed and yield because of the need to grow more home products. 25% increase in the grow more home products. 25% increase in the acreage devoted to oats. acreage devoted to oats. 

• Food shortages led to ‘meatless’ days by 1918: Food shortages led to ‘meatless’ days by 1918: Wednesdays and Fridays in Scotland.Wednesdays and Fridays in Scotland.

• Food rationing in operation in Scotland by 7 Food rationing in operation in Scotland by 7 April 1918.April 1918.

Professor Elaine Professor Elaine McFarlandMcFarland

““The Defence of the Realm Act plus the The Defence of the Realm Act plus the inflation surrounding prices for agricultural inflation surrounding prices for agricultural goods does change agricultural practices goods does change agricultural practices and does change the Scottish landscape.  It and does change the Scottish landscape.  It pushes more land into cultivation, into pushes more land into cultivation, into cereal cultivation, and one crop that really cereal cultivation, and one crop that really comes to the fore is oats, there’s a 25% comes to the fore is oats, there’s a 25% increase in the acreage devoted to oats.  Of increase in the acreage devoted to oats.  Of course this is to feed the horses on which course this is to feed the horses on which the British Army still relied.”the British Army still relied.”

Agriculture after the Agriculture after the Great warGreat war

• 1920 Agricultural Act was 1920 Agricultural Act was introduced to maintain prices and introduced to maintain prices and production. production.

• However, by 1921 this Act was However, by 1921 this Act was abandoned because of the poor state abandoned because of the poor state of the economy causing hardship for of the economy causing hardship for many farm workers who lost jobs or many farm workers who lost jobs or had wages cut.had wages cut.

• Decline in Highland population: Decline in Highland population: – 341,535 in 1911, 325,853 in 1921. (a fall of c.16,000) 341,535 in 1911, 325,853 in 1921. (a fall of c.16,000) – Because of: Because of:

• Emigration Emigration • loss of life loss of life • decline in agriculturedecline in agriculture

• Land settlement improved, although there was still a shortage of decent land Land settlement improved, although there was still a shortage of decent land in the Highlands and Islands.in the Highlands and Islands.

• Highland crofters had enjoyed security of tenure from 1886. The 1919 Land Highland crofters had enjoyed security of tenure from 1886. The 1919 Land Settlement (Scotland) Act released funds and allowed the Board of Settlement (Scotland) Act released funds and allowed the Board of Agriculture to compulsorily purchase private land. Agriculture to compulsorily purchase private land.

• However, the process was laborious and slow. However, the process was laborious and slow. • Land raids occurred, especially by ex-servicemen who expected land on their Land raids occurred, especially by ex-servicemen who expected land on their

return from the trenches, in areas such as Raasay, Lewis, Uist, Skye and return from the trenches, in areas such as Raasay, Lewis, Uist, Skye and Sutherland.Sutherland.

The Highlands after the The Highlands after the Great WarGreat War