the impact of ilisu dam on duhok water intake on tigris river

The impact of Ilisu Dam on Duhok Water The impact of Ilisu Dam on Duhok Water

Intake on Tigris riverIntake on Tigris river

By: Ramadhan HamzaBy: Ramadhan Hamza

Supervisor: Ass. Prof. Dr. Maha Al GhabanSupervisor: Ass. Prof. Dr. Maha Al Ghaban

20132013

Kurdistan Region Government – IraqMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific ResearchUniversity of Duhok, Faculty of Engineering and Applied science /School of Planning

The River TigrisThe River Tigris

The River Tigris, which is the second-largest river in western Asia, originates near Lake Hazar (elevation 1150 m) in eastern Turkey. The Tigris is fed by several tributaries in Turkey. It forms the Turkish–Syrian boundary for 32 km, and crosses into Iraq. Within Iraq, the Tigris has several tributaries which contribute significantly to the water potential of the river. The combined Euphrates and Tigris rivers are named Shatt-al-Arab, forming a river almost a kilometer wide and 190 km long. Iran is a co-riparian of the Tigris–Euphrates system by virtue of her contribution to the River Tigris

via the lesser Zab, Diyala and Karun rivers.

Tigris river in year 2012

What is Water Security?What is Water Security?

1. Ensured 1. Ensured accessibility to the resource in accessibility to the resource in time and space.time and space.

2. Ability to 2. Ability to utilize the resource to achieve utilize the resource to achieve economic development.economic development.

3. Ability to 3. Ability to sustainably manage the water sustainably manage the water resources to ensure the right quantity and resources to ensure the right quantity and quality.quality.

What is Water Security? Con’tdWhat is Water Security? Con’td

4. Ensure that competing demands are 4. Ensure that competing demands are balancedbalanced (Irrigation, water supply and (Irrigation, water supply and sanitation, hydropower, environmental sanitation, hydropower, environmental requirement etc).requirement etc).

5. Ensure that 5. Ensure that water sharing agreement water sharing agreement with with full participation of all stakeholders is in full participation of all stakeholders is in place.place.

6. Ensure that the 6. Ensure that the environmentenvironment is protected is protected and pollution is prevented.and pollution is prevented.

Ilisu Dam•The proposed Ilisu Dam on the Tigris River in Southeastern Turkey is one of the world’s most controversial hydropower projects. If built, it will displace up to 70,000 people, drown the 10,000 year-old city of Hasankeyf, and destroy valuable biodiversity. Iraq’s government has also expressed concerns that Turkey will use the Ilisu Dam to control the flow of the Tigris to the detriment of the downstream countries.

•Because of the serious problems and strong opposition European funders pulled out of the Ilisu Project in 2002 and again in 2009. In July 2009, European export credit agencies for the first time withdrew from a project which they had already approved over social and environmental concerns.

•The Turkish government announced that it planned to continue the construction of the Ilisu Dam after Western funders pulled out, and the affected people continue their resistance. International Rivers supports the campaign against the project, and in particular monitors China’s involvement.

Storage VolumesStorage Volumes

• • Turkish Storages Turkish Storages – – 92BCM on Euphrates 92BCM on Euphrates – – 17BCM on Tigris (planned)17BCM on Tigris (planned)

• • Syrian Storages Syrian Storages – – 14.5BCM on Euphrates 14.5BCM on Euphrates – – 1.5BCM from Tigris (Previous 1.5BCM from Tigris (Previous agreements.)agreements.)

Overview Questions?Overview Questions?

Why is water so important, how much Why is water so important, how much freshwater is available to us, and how much freshwater is available to us, and how much of it are we using?of it are we using?

What causes freshwater shortages, and what What causes freshwater shortages, and what can be done about this problem?can be done about this problem?

What are the advantages and disadvantages What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing construction of Ilisu dam?of withdrawing construction of Ilisu dam?

How Water Security in Iraq is beingHow Water Security in Iraq is beingimpacted?impacted?

••Intensive construction of dams.Intensive construction of dams. ••Wars, particularly Iraq-Iran war and the Wars, particularly Iraq-Iran war and the

occupation of Kuwait.occupation of Kuwait. ••Draining of the marshes.Draining of the marshes. ••Pollution and degradation of water quality.Pollution and degradation of water quality. ••Fast urbanization.Fast urbanization. ••High rate of water use (twice the population High rate of water use (twice the population

growth rate).growth rate).

How Water Security in Iraq is beingHow Water Security in Iraq is beingimpacted?...Cont’dimpacted?...Cont’d

••Lack of long term water sharing agreement Lack of long term water sharing agreement between riparian countries, Iraq, Syria, between riparian countries, Iraq, Syria, Turkey & Iran.Turkey & Iran.

••Unsustainable approach in managing water Unsustainable approach in managing water resources in the upper reaches of Euphrates resources in the upper reaches of Euphrates and Tigris rivers basins.and Tigris rivers basins.

What is this topic about? What is this topic about?

Water Conflicts is the second of the ‘resources’ Water Conflicts is the second of the ‘resources’ topics topics

It examines the range of conflicts associated It examines the range of conflicts associated with the supply and demand patterns of the with the supply and demand patterns of the fundamental resource of water.fundamental resource of water.

Water supplies and quality vary globally, and Water supplies and quality vary globally, and actual and potential conflicts arise from the gap actual and potential conflicts arise from the gap between growing demands and diminishing between growing demands and diminishing supplies.supplies.

The risks of water insecurityThe risks of water insecurity What are the potential implications of an increasingly ‘water insecure’ What are the potential implications of an increasingly ‘water insecure’

world?world?

Water supply problemsIncreasing water shortages

may be more important than energy shortages-

because there is no alternative!

Water conflictsWhere demand exceeds supply and no effective management

operates, then there will be conflicts between the various

players involvedWater geopolitics

The conflicts between nation states, despite the international agreement called the Helsinki Rules designed to create more

equitable use of water extending across boundaries

Water transfersOf this precious resource by either diverting the actual river, or using

canals . Long carried out at a small scale but increasingly over larger

distances, and even transboundary

Human influences on water supply and scarcity Human influences on water supply and scarcity

Humans affect the hydrological cycle at Humans affect the hydrological cycle at many points of flows and storage:many points of flows and storage: Blue water flow Blue water flow is the visible part of the is the visible part of the

hydrological system: surface flows and hydrological system: surface flows and then recharging aquifersthen recharging aquifers

Green water flow Green water flow is water intercepted, is water intercepted, stores and released by vegetation by stores and released by vegetation by evaporation and transpirationevaporation and transpiration

Grey water Grey water is polluted wateris polluted water

SupplySupply can be from: can be from: Surface sourcesSurface sources groundwater sourcesgroundwater sources In the UK 2/3 of supply is from surface and In the UK 2/3 of supply is from surface and

1/3 from groundwater, with regional 1/3 from groundwater, with regional variations.variations.

Freshwater is effectively a Freshwater is effectively a finite resource finite resource since only about 1% of freshwater is easily since only about 1% of freshwater is easily available for human use.available for human use.

The The water footprint water footprint indicates how much is indicates how much is required by consumers- and in an required by consumers- and in an increasingly globalised world, the footprint increasingly globalised world, the footprint of someone in a country like the UK will not of someone in a country like the UK will not be just local as so many products using be just local as so many products using water will have been produced elsewhere! water will have been produced elsewhere!

DIFFERENT USERS?

Conflicting demands

Water conflictsWater conflicts

SUPPLY?Diminishing

DEMANDSDEMANDS??

RisingRising

•International conflicts i.e. basin crosses national boundaries•Internal conflicts ie within a country•Conservation versus exploitation

PRESSURE POINT- ie need for management.

This is shown spatially as a ‘hotspot’ of conflict, see map on next slide.Pressure and hence

tension and conflict may be over surface flow and/or groundwater

suppliesDams and diversions and

loss of wetlands are particularly contested.

Population growthConsumer demand

Industrial growthAgricultural demand

Reductions because of:•Users abstracting/polluting upstream•Deteriorating quality•Impact of climate change

Present and potential water conflict Present and potential water conflict hotspotshotspots

As water supply decreases, tensions will increase as different players try to access common water suppliesAs water supply decreases, tensions will increase as different players try to access common water supplies Many conflicts are transboundary in nature, either between states or countries Many conflicts are transboundary in nature, either between states or countries

Insert Figure 2.11 page 47 Insert Figure 2.11 page 47

River basins currently in dispute

River basins at risk in the future

Large International drainage basins

Zambezi

Orange

Okavango

La Plata

Mekong

Ganges

Ob

Lake Chad

Nile hotly disputed between Ethiopia and Sudan ,who control its headwaters, and Egypt .

Tigris-Euphrates Iraq + Syria concerns that Turkey’s GAP project will divert their water

The Aral Sea, an inland drainage basin, once the world’s 4th largest inland lake has shrunk sine the 1950s after the 2 rivers feeding it: the Amu Dayra and Syr Darya were diverted for irrigation. By 2007 the sea was 10% of original volume and split into 2 lakes. The ex soviet states are in conflict: Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan and Kazakstan.

Colorado: disputes between the 7 US states and Mexico it flows through. The river is so overused, that it no longer reaches the sea!.90% abstracted before reaches Mexico

Note: although there have been rising tensions globally, many areas demonstrate effective management to diffuse the situation and create more equitable and sustainable demand-supply balance, such as the Mekong River Committee,& the Nile River Initiative

Water transfers- a quick fix?Water transfers- a quick fix?Receiving areaSource area

Examples of existing schemes Proposed schemes

InternationalLesotho to South Africa: Lesotho Highlands Water Project Turkey to Israel by tanker

National:Snowy Mountains-AustraliaMelamchi Nepal Tagus-Mercia Spain

InternationalTurkey to Israel undersea pipelinesAustrian Alps to Spain + Greece by pipeline

National: South-North transfer- ChinaEbro -SpainOb to the Aral Sea NAWAPA Alaska to California

Water conflicts and the futureWater conflicts and the future

What are the possible conflicts and solutions to increasing demands for water?This section looks at 4 themes, and the table below summarises three scenarios for the future1. Trends in water demand globally and locally 2. Water players3. Responses to need to increasing water supply and the issues these strategies raise4. The role of technology in water supply

Business as usual

The cost of water will increaseWater consumption will increase resulting in declining storesFood transfers will mitigate shortage of water in areas where agriculture declines

Water Crisis Demand will outstrip supplyThe proportion of the world’s population without access to clean water will increaseFood insecurity and migration will increaseConflicts of water supplies (intra and inter state) become more likely

Sustainable Water

Agricultural and household water prices will double in the developed world and triple in the developing worldGlobal water consumption will fall, although the gap between per capita use will closeGreen water flows will increaseImprovements in water harvesting and farming techniques allow food yields to increase whilst water consumption declines

From: 2002 International Food Policy and Research Institute future models

Water Players and decision makersWater Players and decision makers Different players have conflicting views on water insecurityDifferent players have conflicting views on water insecurity One player may have quite complex views; most Governments will have departments One player may have quite complex views; most Governments will have departments

wanting conservation as opposed to developmentwanting conservation as opposed to development You need to identify the ‘stakeholders’ in any particular case study, and then the role of You need to identify the ‘stakeholders’ in any particular case study, and then the role of

the ‘gatekeepers’ who wield power. The next slide shows a classification of playersthe ‘gatekeepers’ who wield power. The next slide shows a classification of players

Political: water is a human need

•International organisations e.g. UN•Government •Regional & local councils•Lobbyists & pressure groups

Economic•International: World Bank & IMF •TNCs and developers•Businesses and users

Environmental•Conservationists•Scientists & planners

Social: water is a human right•Individuals•Residents•Consumers land owners, health officials, NGOs like Water Aid

Photograph of Aral Sea with grounded tanker

Responses: Management strategies Responses: Management strategies Water conflicts can be managed in a range of different ways Water conflicts can be managed in a range of different ways There is a spectrum of different management strategiesThere is a spectrum of different management strategies Some are sustainable as they balance ecological and human needsSome are sustainable as they balance ecological and human needs

Present policiesDriven by short term economic + political concernsOften do not include science and effective technology

Obstacles to sustainable management•Climate change uncertainty and effects•Natural variability of water•Pressures caused by human activities and rapid growth of transition economies towards a consumerist society•Increased water demands•Gross inefficiencies in use•Poor existing quality of supply across huge areas of world•Funding•Access to appropriate technology

Future policies?Longer term?Need more research, information and monitoring especially on aquifers in developing countriesMore partnerships?More community involvement?More accountable?

What is Sustainability? Millennium Ecosystem Assessment definition: A characteristic or state whereby the needs of the present and local population can be met without compromising the ability of future generations or populations in other locations to meet their needs.

Strategies rely on technology?

Hard and soft managementHard and soft managementHow to meet the challenge of the need for more water?How to meet the challenge of the need for more water?

Traditional ‘hard’ engineeringTraditional ‘hard’ engineering Dams; currently 845000 of which 5000 classed Dams; currently 845000 of which 5000 classed

as megadams. The aim is to increase natural as megadams. The aim is to increase natural storage capacity by artificial reservoirs. Rivers storage capacity by artificial reservoirs. Rivers most at risk at present: Yangtze, Amazon, most at risk at present: Yangtze, Amazon, Danube and many in the Himalayas Danube and many in the Himalayas

Channels, seen in most arid/semi arid countries Channels, seen in most arid/semi arid countries whatever their economic status, eg Jonglei Canal whatever their economic status, eg Jonglei Canal on Nileon Nile

Pipelines eg Australia and California Aqueduct Pipelines eg Australia and California Aqueduct and snowy Mountains scheme Australiaand snowy Mountains scheme Australia

Desalination plants eg in Middle EastDesalination plants eg in Middle East Recharging schemes for depleted aquifersRecharging schemes for depleted aquifers

Softer more environmentally and Softer more environmentally and ethically responsible ethically responsible approachesapproaches

Water conservation eg targeted drip Water conservation eg targeted drip irrigation on plants in Ethiopia, irrigation on plants in Ethiopia, includes water harvestingincludes water harvesting

Water restoration eg Northern Aral Water restoration eg Northern Aral Sea, and on smaller scale river Colne Sea, and on smaller scale river Colne in UKin UK

Integrated drainage basin Integrated drainage basin management , especially if bottom up management , especially if bottom up and community involved. and community involved.

The 4 Rs: ie The 4 Rs: ie an attitudinal fix: an attitudinal fix: Reduce, Respect, Reuse, RenewReduce, Respect, Reuse, Renew..........

Newer hard technologies •Tankers to transport water eg turkey to israel•Osmosis membranes filtering salt from brackish water eg Israel (the Ashkelon plant produces 15% of domestic demand). Also in California, Spain and China•Fertigation: fertilser and water drip feeding of crops, as in Israel

Specific Technologies seen as appropriate /intermediate with less negative externalities•Water harvesting of grey water eg Belize •Micro dams serving villages eg Nepal •Water meters to reduce use eg UK•Composting latrines – seen in National Trust properties in UK to Mumbai slums!

Water Conflicts overviewWater Conflicts overviewWater ResourcesWater Resources

• Water like energy is a Water like energy is a fundamental needfundamental need but not but not evenly distributedevenly distributed

• FactorsFactors influencing geography of supply: influencing geography of supply: Physical-surface, groundwater, desalinisationPhysical-surface, groundwater, desalinisation Human: demand, management, mismanagementHuman: demand, management, mismanagement• Increasing demand not matched by supply= Increasing demand not matched by supply=

WATER GAPWATER GAP• Implications for Implications for human well beinghuman well being- which is why it - which is why it

is named in the MDGsis named in the MDGs• Demand from various Demand from various usersusers• Water resources are often Water resources are often transboundarytransboundary

Water ConflictWater Conflict

• Potential conflictsPotential conflicts=high both local & international=high both local & international• Resource use often exceeds Resource use often exceeds recharge capacity recharge capacity

leading to long term leading to long term degradationdegradation• FutureFuture is in doubt because of unsustainable use+ is in doubt because of unsustainable use+

climate changeclimate change• Vulnerable populations Vulnerable populations most at riskmost at risk• Management strategies to ensure supply require Management strategies to ensure supply require

cooperation of many different players = changes in cooperation of many different players = changes in way water is valued & usedway water is valued & used

Water FuturesWater stress and scarcity are projected to increase because:•Climate change will make some areas more arid and rainfall more unreliable •Glacial water sources will reduce due to climate change •Unsustainable use of some supplies will decrease their quality and quantity•Demand will rise due to population and economic growth•Water wars will lead to winners and losers in water supply

Therefore, there are alternative futures –It all depends on the decisions the players make....and climate change, population trends, energy security, superpower politics, bridging the development gap etc…

Synopticity-Water-EnergySynopticity-Water-Energy Energy and Water: Solving Both Crises Together:Energy and Water: Solving Both Crises Together: Water and energy are the two most fundamental ingredients of modern Water and energy are the two most fundamental ingredients of modern

civilizationcivilization We consume massive quantities of water to generate energy, and we consume We consume massive quantities of water to generate energy, and we consume

massive quantities of energy to deliver clean watermassive quantities of energy to deliver clean water Peak Oil is topical. Peak Water or ‘Blue Gold’ is less thought about. Peak Oil is topical. Peak Water or ‘Blue Gold’ is less thought about.

There are There are tensions between the two: tensions between the two:

An issue in energy rich states ,which are semi arid/arid: to sell cheap oil An issue in energy rich states ,which are semi arid/arid: to sell cheap oil or keep to power desalinisation plantsor keep to power desalinisation plants

Water is needed to generate energy. Energy is needed to deliver water. Water is needed to generate energy. Energy is needed to deliver water. Both resources are limiting the other—and both may be running short. Is Both resources are limiting the other—and both may be running short. Is there a way out? there a way out?

water restrictions are hampering solutions for generating more energy

energy problems, particularly rising prices, are curtailing efforts to supply more clean water.

Core Case Study: Water Conflicts in Core Case Study: Water Conflicts in the Middle East - A Preview the Middle East - A Preview

of the Futureof the Future

Many countries in Many countries in the Middle East, the Middle East, which has one of which has one of the world’s highest the world’s highest population growth population growth rates, face water rates, face water shortages.shortages.

Water Conflicts in the Middle East: A Water Conflicts in the Middle East: A Preview of the FuturePreview of the Future

Most water in this dry region comes from the Most water in this dry region comes from the Nile, Jordan or Tigris rivers.Nile, Jordan or Tigris rivers.

Countries are in disagreement as to who has Countries are in disagreement as to who has water rights.water rights.

Currently, there are no cooperative Currently, there are no cooperative agreements for use of 158 of the world’s 263 agreements for use of 158 of the world’s 263 water basins that are shared by two or more water basins that are shared by two or more countries.countries.

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

Water keeps us alive, moderates climate, Water keeps us alive, moderates climate, sculpts the land, removes and dilutes wastes sculpts the land, removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants, and moves continually and pollutants, and moves continually through the hydrologic cycle.through the hydrologic cycle.

Only about 0.02% of the earth’s water supply Only about 0.02% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid freshwater.is available to us as liquid freshwater.


Comparison of Comparison of population sizes and population sizes and shares of the world’s shares of the world’s freshwater among freshwater among the continents.the continents.

Figure 14-2Figure 14-2


Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).

Water that does not sink into the ground or Water that does not sink into the ground or evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) into bodies of water.into bodies of water. The land from which the surface water drains into The land from which the surface water drains into

a body of water is called its a body of water is called its watershedwatershed or or drainage basindrainage basin..


We currently use more than half of the We currently use more than half of the world’s reliable runoff of surface water and world’s reliable runoff of surface water and could be using 70-90% by 2025.could be using 70-90% by 2025.

About 70% of the water we withdraw from About 70% of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to these sources.these sources.

Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by industries (20%) and cities and followed by industries (20%) and cities and residences (10%).residences (10%).

Stress on the World’s River BasinsStress on the World’s River Basins

Comparison of the amount of water available Comparison of the amount of water available with the amount used by humans.with the amount used by humans.

Who Should Own and Manage Who Should Own and Manage Freshwater ResourcesFreshwater Resources

There is controversy over whether water There is controversy over whether water supplies should be owned and managed by supplies should be owned and managed by governments or by private corporations.governments or by private corporations.

European-based water companies aim to European-based water companies aim to control 70% of the U.S. water supply by control 70% of the U.S. water supply by buying up water companies and entering into buying up water companies and entering into agreements with cities to manage water agreements with cities to manage water supplies.supplies.

TOO LITTLE FRESHWATERTOO LITTLE FRESHWATER

Cities are outbidding farmers for water Cities are outbidding farmers for water supplies from rivers and aquifers.supplies from rivers and aquifers.

Countries are importing grain as a way to Countries are importing grain as a way to reduce their water use.reduce their water use.

More crops are being used to produce More crops are being used to produce biofuels.biofuels.

Our water options are:Our water options are: Get more water from aquifers and rivers, Get more water from aquifers and rivers,

desalinate ocean water, waste less water.desalinate ocean water, waste less water.

USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS TO USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS TO SUPPLY MORE WATERSUPPLY MORE WATER

Large dams and reservoirs can produce Large dams and reservoirs can produce cheap electricity, reduce downstream cheap electricity, reduce downstream flooding, and provide year-round water for flooding, and provide year-round water for irrigating cropland, but they also displace irrigating cropland, but they also displace people and disrupt aquatic systems and people and disrupt aquatic systems and cause dispute between riparian countries.cause dispute between riparian countries.

Case Study: The Mosul Dam Basin – an Case Study: The Mosul Dam Basin – an Overlapped ResourceOverlapped Resource

Lake Powell, is Lake Powell, is the largest the largest reservoir in the reservoir in the Iraq.Iraq.

It hosts one of It hosts one of the hydroelectric the hydroelectric plants and the plants and the Duhok water Duhok water Intake, Intake,

The Technology SpectrumThe Technology Spectrum

Large, interconnected complex solutions

Small, distributedsimple solutions

Are intermediatesolutions in water and complex possible?

Production of water in Duhok cityProduction of water in Duhok cityfrom Khrabdeem intake on Tigris riverfrom Khrabdeem intake on Tigris river

Average production of water 2010 =129522.9 m3/d

Average production of water 2011 =176264 m3/d

Average production of water 2012 =191993 m3/d

The Past and future demand water for The Past and future demand water for Duhok CityDuhok City

134000

297308

494400

Pop

ulat

ion

134000

297308

494400Population

Khrab Deem WTPKhrab Deem WTP

Distribution StationDistribution Station

RecommendationsRecommendations

Apply strict national water management Apply strict national water management strategy based on IWRM principles.strategy based on IWRM principles.

• • Negotiate long term water sharing Negotiate long term water sharing agreements.agreements.

• • Adopt basin-wide & regional approaches to Adopt basin-wide & regional approaches to mitigate and adapt to climate changes.mitigate and adapt to climate changes.

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS 1. The Ilisu Dam is a major component of an integrated water 1. The Ilisu Dam is a major component of an integrated water

development scheme planned in the1970’s for the upper Tigris development scheme planned in the1970’s for the upper Tigris watershed. The goal of this scheme is to provide economic development watershed. The goal of this scheme is to provide economic development within the region through the generation of electricity and large scale within the region through the generation of electricity and large scale irrigated agriculture. irrigated agriculture.

2. The construction and operation of the Ilisu Dam by itself, will 2. The construction and operation of the Ilisu Dam by itself, will significantly affect the hydrology of the Tigris River. It will alter the significantly affect the hydrology of the Tigris River. It will alter the seasonal flow pattern by capturing all except large flood flows in the seasonal flow pattern by capturing all except large flood flows in the spring and releasing them in the fall and it will create large daily flow spring and releasing them in the fall and it will create large daily flow fluctuations whose influence would be felt more than 65 km downstream fluctuations whose influence would be felt more than 65 km downstream at the Iraq and Syrian border.at the Iraq and Syrian border.

3. The minimum flow level downstream. However, it does recommend an 3. The minimum flow level downstream. However, it does recommend an operational policy be adopted to release a minimum monthly average operational policy be adopted to release a minimum monthly average flow of 60 m3/s at the downstream border during operation of the dam flow of 60 m3/s at the downstream border during operation of the dam

5. The operation of the Ilisu Dam in combination with diversions from 5. The operation of the Ilisu Dam in combination with diversions from the future downstream Cizre project would probably significantly reduce the future downstream Cizre project would probably significantly reduce summer flows in Syria and Iraq below historic levels. summer flows in Syria and Iraq below historic levels.

Continued………Continued………

6. Future depletions of the Tigris river flows for planned irrigated agriculture both 6. Future depletions of the Tigris river flows for planned irrigated agriculture both upstream and downstream of Ilisu would further reduce these flows. upstream and downstream of Ilisu would further reduce these flows.

7. Capturing of coarse sediment in the reservoir will tend to induce scouring of 7. Capturing of coarse sediment in the reservoir will tend to induce scouring of the river channel downstream, lowering the river level and possibly lowering the the river channel downstream, lowering the river level and possibly lowering the adjacent water table as well.adjacent water table as well.

8. High levels of nutrients from sewage and agricultural runoff will cause 8. High levels of nutrients from sewage and agricultural runoff will cause eutrophication and anoxic conditions for downstream countries Iraq and Syria eutrophication and anoxic conditions for downstream countries Iraq and Syria with anoxic conditions that generate significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas with anoxic conditions that generate significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas methane emissions than occur from the existing landscape and will probably methane emissions than occur from the existing landscape and will probably mobilize heavy metals to downstream .mobilize heavy metals to downstream .

9. It does not appear that the proponents of the Ilisu dam have completed the 9. It does not appear that the proponents of the Ilisu dam have completed the kind of technical studies reasonably expected to evaluate environmental impacts kind of technical studies reasonably expected to evaluate environmental impacts for a major project of this type that should include hydraulic modelling, reservoir for a major project of this type that should include hydraulic modelling, reservoir water quality modelling, river and reservoir sedimentation modelling, and dam water quality modelling, river and reservoir sedimentation modelling, and dam

break analysisbreak analysis..