The Human SkeletonThe Human Skeleton

COLLEGE ANATOMY

Southern Boone County High School

Bill Palmer

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Slide 5.1

Parts of the skeletal system

Bones (skeleton)

Joints

Cartilages

Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)

Divided into two divisions

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Provides shape and formProvides shape and form Supporting, protecting, and allowing Supporting, protecting, and allowing

bodily movementbodily movement Produces blood for blood cellsProduces blood for blood cells Storing mineralsStoring minerals

The Skeleton Is Divided Into The Skeleton Is Divided Into Two Distinct Parts:Two Distinct Parts:

THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON IS COMPOSED OF BONES THAT ANCHOR THE APPENDAGES TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.

B1. Human Endoskeleton B1. Human Endoskeleton made ofmade of

a.a. Axial:Axial: skull, skull, backbone, ribs, backbone, ribs, sternumsternum

b.b. Appendicular:Appendicular: arms, legs, arms, legs, shoulders, shoulders, hips,wrists, hips,wrists, anklesankles

Boo !

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

Slide 5.20b

Figure 5.6

The SkullThe Skull

Slide 5.21a

Two sets of bones

Cranium

Facial bones

Bones are joined by sutures

Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Slide 5.22

Figure 5.11

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Slide 5.22

Figure 5.11

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

Slide 5.27a

The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length

Figure 5.13

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

Slide 5.27b

Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

Allow the brain to grow

Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

Figure 5.13

The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

Slide 5.26

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Slide 5.28

Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

The spine has a normal curvature

Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

Slide 5.31a

Forms a cage to protect major organs

Figure 5.19a

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

Slide 5.31b

Made-up of three parts

Sternum

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

Slide 5.32a

Limbs (appendages)

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Slide 5.33

Composed of two bones

Clavicle – collarbone

Scapula – shoulder blade

These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle

Slide 5.34a

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

Slide 5.35a

The arm is formed by a single bone

Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

Slide 5.35b

• The forearm has two bones

• Ulna

• Radius

Figure 5.21c

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

Slide 5.36

The hand

Carpals – wrist

Metacarpals – palm

Phalanges – fingers

Figure 5.22

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

The hand

Carpals – wrist

Metacarpals – palm

Phalanges – fingers

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

The hand

Carpals – wrist

Metacarpals – palm

Phalanges – fingers

The PelvisThe Pelvis

Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis

Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

Slide 5.40a

The thigh has one bone

Femur – thigh bone

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

Slide 5.40b

The leg has two bones

Tibia

Fibula

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

The foot

Tarsus – ankle

Metatarsals – sole

Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25

Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle HIP BONES COMPOSED OF THREE PAIR OF FUSED BONES

ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIC BONE

THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE UPPER BODY RESTS ON THE PELVIS PROTECTS SEVERAL ORGANS

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS URINARY BLADDER PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

Endoskeletons also Endoskeletons also have…….have…….

1c.1c. Ligaments Ligaments that hold bone to that hold bone to bonebone

1d. 1d. TendonsTendons that hold muscle to that hold muscle to bone, “muscle tenders”bone, “muscle tenders”

1e.1e. Joints Joints where 2 bones come where 2 bones come togethertogether

Types of BonesTypes of BonesTHE BONES OF THE BODY FALL INTO FOUR

GENERAL CATEGORIES: LONG BONES, SHORT

BONES, FLAT BONES, AND IRREGULAR BONES.

LONG BONES ARE LONGER THAN THEY ARE

WIDE AND WORK AS LEVERS. THE BONES OF

THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE OF

THIS TYPE. SHORT BONES ARE SHORT, CUBE-

SHAPED, AND FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND

ANKLES.

FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR

PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND

ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULARATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULAR

BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT FALLFALL

INTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEYINTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEY

HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND

SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE

BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN

THE SKULL.THE SKULL.

Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape

Bone CompositionBone Composition

Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms. Compact, or dense bone, and spongy, or cancellous, bone. Most bones contain both types. Compact bone is dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones. Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bone occurs in most bones. The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and ground substance to give the bone flexibility.

JointsJoints

(joints are also called (joints are also called articulations)articulations)

JointsJoints

Joints are classified two ways:Joints are classified two ways: 1. Function1. Function 2. Type2. Type

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSOF JOINTS

SYNARTHROSES – IMMOVABLE JOINTS

AMPHIARTHROSES – SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS

DIARTHROSES – FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS

SYNARTHROSIS (FIBROUS)FIBROUS) JOINTS JOINTS BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS TISSUE –

SYNARTHROSIS ARE LARGELY IMMOVABLE.

Sutures in Skull

AMPHIARTHROSISAMPHIARTHROSIS

(CARTILAGINOUS)(CARTILAGINOUS) JOINTS JOINTS Bones connected by cartilage

Examples

Pubic symphysis

Intervertebral joints

Figure 5.27b, c

Slightly moveable

DIARTHROSES ( (SYNOVIAL)SYNOVIAL) JOINTSJOINTS

DIARTHROSES- FREELY MOVEABLE FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTSJOINTS

ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUETISSUE

THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES SYNOVIAL FLUID- for lubricationSYNOVIAL FLUID- for lubrication

THE ENDS OF THE BONE (EPIPHYSIS) THE ENDS OF THE BONE (EPIPHYSIS) ARE COVERED WITH CARTILAGEARE COVERED WITH CARTILAGE

HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS AROUND THEMAROUND THEM

Types of DiarthrosesTypes of Diarthroses Gliding joints, the articulating Gliding joints, the articulating

surfaces are typically flatsurfaces are typically flat

Hinge joints, found in the fingers and Hinge joints, found in the fingers and elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into a concave surfacea concave surface

Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where a ball fits into a cuplike depressiona ball fits into a cuplike depression

Pivot joints, found between the Pivot joints, found between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna; proximal ends of the radius and ulna; surface fits into a ring formed by surface fits into a ring formed by bone and ligamentbone and ligament

Diarthroses JointsDiarthroses Joints

Saddle Joint-Like a rider in a saddle.Saddle Joint-Like a rider in a saddle. Only one of these in entire body-base of Only one of these in entire body-base of

thumbthumb

Diarthroses JointsDiarthroses Joints

THE DIARTHROSIS JOINTTHE DIARTHROSIS JOINT

Figure 5.28

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

SYNARTHROSIS (SYNARTHROSIS (FIBROUS)FIBROUS) JOINTS JOINTS

FONTANELLEFONTANELLESS

CHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETONCHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETON

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints

BONE GROWTH-ChildrenBONE GROWTH-Children

Slide 5.13a

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood

New cartilage is continuously formed

Older cartilage becomes ossified

Cartilage is broken down

Bone replaces cartilage

Bone Damage and DiseasesBone Damage and Diseases

ArthritisArthritis Vitamin DeficiencyVitamin Deficiency BreaksBreaks OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis

Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis

Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis

ARITHRITIS

ARITHRITIS

Bone Deformation: Lack of Bone Deformation: Lack of Vitamin DVitamin D

RICKETS“Bow-legged”

CRANIOSYNOSTOSISCRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

Caused by Caused by premature fusion premature fusion of cranial sutures.of cranial sutures.

Normally, sutures Normally, sutures allow skull to allow skull to expand and brain expand and brain grow normally.grow normally.

Can be treated by Can be treated by surgerysurgery

BONE FRACTURESBONE FRACTURES A FRACTURE is a break in a bone

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin

Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

Realignment of the bone

Types of BreaksTypes of Breaks

Comminuted-Crushed many piecesComminuted-Crushed many pieces Compression-Bone is crushedCompression-Bone is crushed Depressed-Bone is pushed inwardDepressed-Bone is pushed inward Impacted-Broken pieces are pushed Impacted-Broken pieces are pushed

toward each othertoward each other Spiral-Bone breaks in a circular patternSpiral-Bone breaks in a circular pattern Greenstick-Bone does not break Greenstick-Bone does not break

completelycompletely

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

What Bone is this?What Bone is this?

What kind of break What kind of break is this?is this? Simple or Simple or

Compound?Compound?

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

What bone is What bone is affected?affected?

What type of break What type of break do you suspect?do you suspect? Compound or Compound or

SimpleSimple

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

What bone is What bone is affected?affected?

What is the bright What is the bright object?object?

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

Clamps are Clamps are sometimes used to sometimes used to hold broken bones hold broken bones together for together for healinghealing

What bones are What bones are affected?affected?

What are the What are the clamps doing?clamps doing?

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

This is the femur of This is the femur of a four month old a four month old baby.baby.

There is a corner or There is a corner or “bucket fracture” “bucket fracture” of the distal end of of the distal end of the femur.the femur.

What may have What may have caused this break?caused this break?

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

This is the humerus This is the humerus of a young male.of a young male.

Note the rotational Note the rotational break (spiral).break (spiral).

What may have What may have caused this?caused this?

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Disease in which Disease in which bones become bones become fragile and more fragile and more likely to break.likely to break.

Affects elderly Affects elderly (more often female)(more often female)

SymptomsSymptoms nonenone

SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE

KYPHOSIS-KYPHOSIS-HunchbackHunchback

SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE

LORDOSIS-LORDOSIS-SwaybackSwayback

SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE

SCOLIOSIS-curved SCOLIOSIS-curved backback

HERNIATED DISCSHERNIATED DISCS

Ruptured disc Ruptured disc between vertebrabetween vertebra

Thighbones are usually stronger, pound Thighbones are usually stronger, pound for pound, than reinforced concrete.for pound, than reinforced concrete.

Men's bones tend to be larger and Men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than women's bones.heavier than women's bones.

The hip bone is actually six bones The hip bone is actually six bones joined to the sacrum to form the pelvisjoined to the sacrum to form the pelvis

There are 230 joints in the bodyThere are 230 joints in the body The femur is the longest bone in the The femur is the longest bone in the

bodybody

Weird Skeleton FactsWeird Skeleton Facts

You shrink 1/2" during the day, due You shrink 1/2" during the day, due to compression of the spinal columnto compression of the spinal column

Bones are 1/5 of the total body Bones are 1/5 of the total body weightweight

There are 26 bones in the footThere are 26 bones in the foot The last bone to mature is the collar The last bone to mature is the collar

bonebone One in 20 people has an extra ribOne in 20 people has an extra rib The smallest bone in your body, The smallest bone in your body,

located in your ear, is smaller than a located in your ear, is smaller than a grain of ricegrain of rice

Weird Skeleton FactsWeird Skeleton Facts

There is no such thing as a funny There is no such thing as a funny bone. This is the ulnar nerve and bone. This is the ulnar nerve and when you bump it there is a tingling when you bump it there is a tingling sensation. sensation.

Some people have small extra bones Some people have small extra bones in the feet or skull known as in the feet or skull known as “sesamoid” bones.“sesamoid” bones.

Most adults have 206 bones, babies Most adults have 206 bones, babies have about 350 bones.have about 350 bones.

Today, look at the femur and knee-Today, look at the femur and knee-joint of a cow.joint of a cow.

Friday, Dissect a pig foot to explore Friday, Dissect a pig foot to explore the joints.the joints.

Friday BONUS, learn to suture a pig Friday BONUS, learn to suture a pig foot.foot.